outline 9: origin of the earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids,
liquids, and gases
The Early Archean Earth
![Page 2: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Origin of Earth’s Matter• The earth is made of recycled elements
formed in stars that existed prior to our Sun.
• Supernova explosions produced nebular dust clouds of various elements.
• Our solar system formed from a nebular dust cloud.
![Page 3: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Crab Nebula, remnant of a supernova explosion in 1054 AD
![Page 4: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Formation of Earth
• Our planet formed along with all the other planets when our solar system formed 4.6 BY ago.
• The planets formed by planetary acretion.
• Gravity slowly brought solids and gases together.
![Page 5: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The proto-sun and rings of matter that formed the planets.
![Page 6: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The proto-sun and rings of matter that formed the planets.
![Page 7: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Formation of Earth
• All the planets had rocky cores and gaseous outer layers, just like modern Jupiter or Saturn.
• Earth was 1200 times more massive.• Ignition of the sun stripped the inner
planets of their gaseous outer layers.
![Page 8: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Size comparison between the inner, rocky planets and the outer gas giant planets
![Page 9: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Formation of Earth
• The early earth formed from meteorites, asteroids, comets, and planetesimals. It was cold and lumpy.
• It heated up and completely melted.
![Page 10: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The earth formed by planetismal accretion and meteorite impact
![Page 11: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Early Molten Earth
Heat sources:1. Gravitational compaction2. Impact energy converted to heat3. Heat from radioactive decay - most
important source
![Page 12: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Heat generated by impact and radioactive
decay began to melt the early earth.
![Page 13: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eventually the earth became completely molten and separated into layers by density.
![Page 14: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A view of earth from the moon
about 4.5 BY ago.
![Page 15: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Early Molten Earth
Earth became layered according to density.Core, 14% of volume; ironMantle, 84% of volume; ultramafic
materialCrust, 2% of volume; mafic material
or rocks
![Page 16: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Origin of Oceans and Atmosphere
• Formed by degassing of the mantle.• Modern oceanic (mafic) volcanic gases:
H2O, 79%, as steamCO2, 12%SO2, 7% N2, 1%Cl, <1%
![Page 18: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water from Rocks?
• Meteorites are 0.5% water.• An equivalent amount of water in the
mantle would fill the ocean basins 20 times!
• Volcanoes today release enough water to have filled the ocean basins 100 times during earth history!
![Page 19: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A. Stony meteorite – ultramafic in composition, olivine-rich like the mantle.
B. Stony-iron meteorite – olivine and iron that were the source of the earth’s mantle and core.
![Page 20: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solid crust and liquid water, 4.4 BY ago?
![Page 21: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The First Atmosphere
• Order of abundance after water vapor, H20 :
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
Ammonia, NH3
Methane, CH4
![Page 22: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The First Atmosphere
• Poisonous to modern life.• No free oxygen.• Contained the basic elements of life:
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen.
![Page 23: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Modern Atmosphere
• 78% nitrogen• 21% oxygen• 1% argon• 0.03% carbon dioxide• What happened to all the CO2?
Photosynthesis
![Page 24: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Modern Atmosphere
• Created by biological processes. The only planet with free oxygen.
• Photosynthetic bacteria used water and carbon dioxide to make sugar and the by-product oxygen. 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2
![Page 25: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
How do Venus and Mars help us understand Earth’s origins?
Venus: too hotMars: no liquid water
![Page 26: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Venus, shrouded in clouds of sulfuric acid
![Page 27: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Venus beneath the clouds. False colors show topography.
![Page 28: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Radar image of the surface of Venus
![Page 29: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Computer image of rift valley on the surface of Venus
![Page 30: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
View from Russian Venus lander that lasted a few minutes in 1982. Temperature was
500 degrees C (900 degrees F).
![Page 31: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mars viewed by the Hubble space telescope. 50% farther from the sun than Earth.
![Page 32: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The north pole of Mars: seasonal changes of the water-CO2 ice cap.
![Page 33: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mars viewed by a fly-by space probe
![Page 34: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Shaded relief image from MOLA produced for Sky and Telescope magazine. Shown are the Tharsis province including the major volcanoes, the Valles Marineris, and the Chryse outflow regions. The Argyre impact basin can be seen at the lower right.
![Page 35: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Ancient magnetic reversal patterns (>3 BY) on Mars suggest plate tectonic processes early in the history of Mars.
![Page 36: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Magnetic Stripes from Sea Floor Spreading
![Page 37: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Another view of the magnetic stripes on Mars.
![Page 38: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cyclone on Mars near the North Pole April 27, 1999
![Page 39: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Mars lander and Sojourner, 1997. The -100 C temps at night wore down the batteries.
![Page 40: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Sojourner getting up close and personal with the rock Yogi for a
chemical analysis
![Page 41: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sojourner did find life on Mars, or at least that’s what some folks say on the internet!
![Page 42: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Sand dunes in valley on Mars
![Page 43: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Layered Sedimentary Rocks on Mars indicate once Flowing Water
![Page 44: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
River Delta Deposits on Mars indicate once Flowing Water
![Page 45: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Mars Rover, 2 copies, Spirit and Opportunity, 2004
![Page 46: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Sedimentary rocks on Mars, photo by Opportunity Rover
![Page 47: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Water ice on Mars,
2008
![Page 50: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Frozen water on Mars beneath the soil. A frozen ocean covered with dust? Near the Martian North Pole, Phoenix Lander, August 2008.
Buried glaciers on Mars still have lots of water
![Page 51: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mars has lost an Arctic Ocean's worth of water (March 2015)http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mars-had-an-ocean-full-of-water-billions-of-years-ago/NASA scientists have determined that a primitive ocean on Mars held more water than Earth's Arctic Ocean and that the Red Planet has lost 87 percent of that water to space.
![Page 52: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
NASA’s Curiosity Rover on Mars, 2012
![Page 53: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What is the sedimentary structure?
![Page 55: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mars on the left, Earth on the right. How did these conglomerates form?
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360
![Page 56: Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gasespages.geo.wvu.edu/~kammer/g3/9.pdf · Origin of Earth’s Matter • The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042304/5ed016b9160afc65d945856b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
2012: Curiousity Rover: Conglomerate outcrop on Mars: an ancient stream bed