outline 7 vii. mechanisms of animal development a. cytoplasmic determinants 1. axes of symmetry in...
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OUTLINE 7VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development
A. Cytoplasmic determinants1. axes of symmetry in amphibians2. bicoid gene in Drosophila
B. Cell communication1. Holtfreter’s work2. mechanisms of cell recognition3. induction
C. Morphogens and pattern formation (chick limb bud)D. Hormones (in amphibian development)
1. pattern of metamorphosis2. role of thyroxin3. evidence
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OUTLINE 6
VI. Morphogenesis
A. General features of gastrulation
B. Cell movement
1. extension and contraction
2. adhesion
C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin
D. Gastrulation in the frog
E. Three layers of cells
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm
F. Neurulation
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Fig. 47.9
Gastrulation in theSea urchin
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Fig. 47.10 Gastrulation in the frog
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QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Frog gastrulation (cross section)
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Fig. 47.16 Changes in cell shape during morphogenesis
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Fig. 47.11
Neurulation in the frog
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QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Gastrulation and neurulation in the frog
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Fig. 47.7 Determination of axes of symmetry in the frog
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Fig. 21.23
Development in the fly
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Fig. 21.24
Determination of anterior - posterior axis in the fly
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ectoderm endodermmesoderm
3. resegregation
1. dissociation
2. reaggragation
Holtfretter 1955
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Fig. 47.22Spemann and Mangold: an organizer
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Fig. 47.24 Pattern formation: the chick limb bud
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Fig. 47.24Pattern formation: the chick limb bud
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Tadpole
AquaticGillsHerbivorousSwimming
Frog
TerrestrialLungsCarnivorousJumping
metamorphosis
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20 mm 20 mm
Stage 36
O
C
Stage 27
C
O
Stage 42
O
C
Omnivore Carnivore
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Omnivore Carnivore
Comparison of beaks of spadefoot tadpoles
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Carnivore Omnivore
Comparison of digestive systems of spadefoot tadpoles