3/21/2016

1

Real Time Data Collection

and Interpretation

Equipment and Techniques

Overview

NEWMOA Workshops

March 22-24, 2016

2

P2 -

3/21/2016

Outline■ Rationale for High Resolution, Real Time Site Characterizations

■ HRSC Approach

■ Overview of Tools And Techniques

3/21/2016

2

Rationale for High

Resolution, Real Time Site

Characterizations

4

Subsurface Environments: No Place for Low Resolution

Porosity

Hydraulic Conductivity

Hydraulic Head/Hydraulic Gradient

Capillary pressure

Geochemistry

3/21/2016

3

5

P5 -

3/21/2016

Problems with Conventional Investigations

■ Expectations typically set too low

■ Phased approach is slow and leads to inefficiencies

■ Little or no ability to react to data

■ Data Sets often not very comprehensive

■ Data sets not high enough in resolution to adequately describe and

understand transport and fate of contaminants

6

P6 -

3/21/2016

Advantages of High Resolution, Real Time

Investigations

■ Expectations typically set high – very comprehensive

■ Paced according to objectives and costs – minimizes inefficiencies

■ Ability to react to data

■ Data sets are high enough in resolution to adequately describe and

understand transport and fate of contaminants

■ Leads to more effective site management and remedial actions

■ Consistent with Triad and other similar programs

3/21/2016

4

7

Conventional Investigation

Murray Einarson 2008

Monitoring wells installed over time

Conventional Monitoring

Well Placement Strategy

3/21/2016

5

9

TCM Plume at 322 Days

Weak Transverse Dispersion

Rivett et al, 2000

10

What is Right Vertical Spacing?A Profile Through PCE Plume in Sandy Aquifer

PCE ug/L

Shallow, medium, deep

10 ft. vertical spacing 5 ft. vertical spacing 0.65 ft. vertical spacing

3/21/2016

6

11

Multi-Level Sampling TransectPCE in a Sandy Aquifer

Shallow, medium, deep

10-ft vertical spacing

0.8-ft vertical spacing

12

P12 -

3/21/2016

Mass and Flux Implications

75% of mass

discharge occurs

through 5% to 10%

of the plume cross

sectional area.

Guilbeault et. al. 2005

3/21/2016

7

General Approach for

High Resolution, Real Time Site

Characterizations

The High Resolution

ApproachDetailed transects of vertical profiles oriented normal to the direction of the hydraulic gradient

Sample Interval: the vertical dimension of the sampled portion of the aquifer. SHORT

Sample Spacing: the vertical distance between samples. SMALL

Triad Approach Principles: • Dynamic Work Strategies• Collaborative Data• Real-time Measurement Tools

flowDNAPL

layers

so

lub

ilit

y

profileSource

zone

3/21/2016

8

15

P15 -

3/21/2016

High Resolution, Real Time Tool Sets

■ Screening/Continuous Read/Direct Imaging ■ MIP/EC - Contaminant Distribution and Strat

■ LIF (UVOST & TARGOST) - Contaminant Distribution

■ CPT - Stratigraphy

■ HPT – Stratigraphy and Head

■ Index Of Hydraulic Conductivity - Stratigraphy and Head

■ Quantitative Sampling and Analyses■ Soil Coring and Sampling

■ Discrete Interval Groundwater Sampling Techniques

16

HP5890 Series

II GC

FID

PIDECD

Membrane

Interface

Probe

EC

Dipole

Teflon

Membr

ane

MIP

Strengths and LimitationsStrengths

• Vertically continuous, real-time data on VOC

distributions and soil electrical conductivity

• Can typically complete 150 to 250 linear feet

of exploration per day

• Ideal for locating source areas and plume

cores

Limitations

• Limited depth penetration

• Units (volts) not the same as with soil or water

concentration

• Correlations with soil/water

concentrations problematic.

• Generally does not distinguish between

analytes.

• Apparent “dragdown” of contamination

MIP Schematic

XSD

3/21/2016

9

17

Precision and Accuracy Nine Variables that Affect MIP Precision and Accuracy

1. External Pressure

2. Heat Fluctuations

3. Membrane Wear

4. Soil Type/Dragdown

5. Active Sites

(Water &

SVOCs)

7. Sorption to Nafion Dryer Tube

FID

PID

XSD

ECD

8. Disparate RFs

9. Cleanliness of

Detectors

Nafion Drier

Tube

18

MIP and Soil Core High Conc. Location:Reasonably Good ID of Plume Location – Poor Concentration Correlation

Adamson et al 2013

3/21/2016

10

19

Additional MIP Features

Heated Trunkline

• Cold weather

• Less carrydown/faster cleanup

• More efficient and accurate logging

MIP/Hydraulic Profiling Tool (MiHPT)

• Combines hydrostratigraphic data (similar to

Index of Hydraulic Conductivity) and

detector responses to contaminants

• More reliable hydrostatigraphy than is

provided by electrical conductivity loggingMIP Membrane

HPT Injection Port

EC Dipole

20

Collaborative Data – MIP with Short-Interval MWs

P20 -3/21/2016

3/21/2016

11

21

HPT Probe

Trunkline

Injection

Screen

E-log Wenner Array

Water is pumped through a tube in the

trunk-line and is injected into the formation

from the screen. An in-line pressure

transducer measures the formation pressure

response.

Courtesy of Geoprobe Systems

22

Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)

• Continuous hydrostratigraphic data

profiling

• Describes hydrostratigraphy on the basis

of the flow of water into the formation

• Real-time data generation

• Direct Push (percussion/vibration or

static push)

3/21/2016

12

23

Cone Penetrometer Technology (CPT)

• Describes stratigraphy on the

basis strain gauge ratios

• Continuous stratigraphic profiling

– Can be combined with numerous

direct sensing devices (e.g., LIF,

MIP, TarGOST, raman

spectroscopy etc)

• Real-time data generation

• Static push only

• Requires large, heavy trucks

24

Comparison of Logs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 100 200 300

EC (mS/m)

Dep

th (

m)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 500 1000

HPT Pressure (kPa)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 5 10

CPT Friction Ratio (%)

3/21/2016

13

Quantitative Soil

and Groundwater

Sampling

Techniques

26

Soil Sampling

Desirable Traits in a Coring Tool

• 100% recovery and retention– allow the core to enter the core barrel (diameter, cutting

shoe)

– core must not expand in volume (clays) or fall out (sand)

• Known depth of origin

• Minimal disruption of the structure of the strata

• Retention of pore fluids.

The core one sees at the surface should be as accurate a representation of the subsurface conditions as possible.

3/21/2016

14

27

Rock stuck in MC5 cutting shoe.

Recovery: Diameter

28

Glass vial pre-filled with methanol

Immediate Sample Preservation

Beth Parker

3/21/2016

15

29

Extracting VOCs from Low Permeability/High

foc SoilsTCE

(mg/kg)

0 1 10 100

non-detect

Medium/High Level Method

How Rigorous Does The Extraction Need to Be?

Enough to disaggregate and suspend material

Reduce/eliminate rate limiting diffusion process

Allow methanol to effectively desorb VOCs from organic carbon present within soil

30

P30 -

3/21/2016

Quantitative GW Sampling

Waterloo Advanced Profiling

System

Direct push, continuous Point Sample

Profiling Tool

High quality groundwater samples

Head and Ik data available

Limited to soils with K greater

than 10-3 cm/sec

3/21/2016

16

31

P31 -

3/21/2016

Quantitative GW Sampling

Screen Point Samplers

Various versions, various screen lengths

Not as limited to low K soils as Waterloo System

Larger screened interval, 1-3 feet options

Caution with isolation of discrete interval

32

Aquitard

A A’

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ele

vati

on

(fe

et)

DPTSE27 DPTSE28

DPTSE30DPTSE26

DPTSE23

DPTSE37

DPTSE21 DPTSE15

Low Permeability Stratum

Index of Hydraulic

Conductivity Record

LEGEND

Stratigraphic Profiling

Targeted, efficient sampling

3/21/2016

17

33

Aquitard

A A’

10

100

1,000

1,000

10010

ND 100

10,000

100

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2J7J< 2

2J2J

2J

< 2

< 2

2J

2J

7J

2J

4J

< 2

6J

5J

6J

8J730

5600

7J

< 2

4J

16

2J

14

200J

1050

4266

54

42

89

2990

73200

77000

120

33415439

1039182

51

28

91

11770

9460

386260

415456

79

131

1251012360

650

< 227

19

4834 < 2

< 2

< 2

< 2

< 2

< 2

< 2< 2

Ele

vati

on

(fe

et)

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

DPTSE27 DPTSE28

DPTSE30DPTSE26

DPTSE23

DPTSE37

DPTSE21 DPTSE15

Low Permeability Stratum

Isoconcentration (ug/L)

4900 Profiler Sample Location and Chemical Concentration (ug/L)

LEGEND

Note: MDL = 2 ug/L

100

Contaminant Profiling with VOC Data

34

Hybrid Drive PlatformsProfiling to depths of

over 500 feet

3/21/2016

18

35

P35 -

3/21/2016

Simultaneous Use of Investigation Tools

to Collect Collaborative Data

MIP - Screening

Quantitative GW sampling