“Outer Marker to Departure: Wireless Service Opportunities in the Terminal Area”

Tracy Trent, CEO

May 2007

Topics• Disclaimers & terminology• Vision for the connected aircraft

– Maximum throughput during ground interval (extend to final approach & departure?)

• Perceived technology options available today (horizon = 12 months [standardized, shippable/demonstrable])– Performance attributes– Cost impact– Efficiency & manageability

• Market & standards activity impact • Observations from the field… throughput & issues • Extracting maximum performance & security… some thoughts

Disclaimers, Common Terminology

• This presentation is NOT:– Exhaustive overview of all wireless technologies pertinent to commercial aviation (sorry, no

cellular)… focus on ground-based, high-bandwidth (>20Mbps), medium range

– A Thales, GateSync, or 802.16 “pitch”

• Some common terms (for this presentation):– Base Station/Access Point: are treated equal, transmission point

– CPE, Subscriber Station, aircraft receiver: are treated equal

– Service Flow vs. ”connection”: focused on SF for end-to-end performance

– 802.16 vs. WiMAX: electrical standard (vast options) vs. industry alliance

– 802.11 vs. WiFi: electrical standard vs. industry alliance

– OFDM vs. OFDMA: ability to have spectrum allocated by subcarrier and/or user/device

– TDMA (time) vs. FDD (freq): TDMA greater flexibility for uplink vs. downlink perf.

Appetite for Connectivity…

IFEMaint.

or UsageData

IFE Data(Usage Stats,

Survey results)

Cabin Data(Crew Reports,

Logs)

Airline Maintenance

Airline Operations

PAX ManifestFF Data

Media (video)Portal

Sources

Daily News/SSFilms

Other Content

Security

Airline MarketingAirline IT

Networks

Wireless TransportServices

Live Security Camera Feed

Airline Operations, SITA, ARINC, Vendors

IFE Vendors

Content Loading Options

…daily or monthly – from a variety of methods– SATCOM– WiMAX: 802.16 wireless data network technology – via base station, or “point to point”– WiFi: an 802.11 wireless data technology– GSM/G3: cell phone technology– USB memory stick: loaded on-board the aircraft– TDL: removable hard drive located on-board the aircraft– PDL: portable loader carried on-board the aircraft

Potential Hurdles & Issues

• Environmental – difficult environments, competing networks, difficult to predict what might exist on any given gate (day, week, month…)

• Regulatory – need for “global use,” issues surrounding certification, spectrum, “non-interference”

• Competition for resources – limited spectrum, appetite for bandwidth, priorities change, & applications don’t peacefully coexist

• Technology stability, “horizon,” & access – evolving standards, level of interoperability, access to chipsets, ability to control/manipulate

• Security – very.• Predictability – yes.• Attractive “price points” – ride the consumer “cost curve”

= Adapt, beyond Design

Wireless Technology DifferentiationPick the right tool for the right job

• MAC Protocol– Security, QOS, mobility– Distributed/contention or centralized/non-contention access– Access multiplexing (time, frequency, space, code)

• PHY Protocol– Frequency band, modulation and coding type, channel width– Antenna systems supported (MIMO, beam forming, etc.)– NLOS, LOS

• Connection Architecture– Point-to-Point (P2P) or multipoint (P2MP) – Mesh, multi-hop

• Spectrum – type & “harmonization”– Licensed or unlicensed

• Regulatory constraints– TX power limits (range), indoor vs. outdoor

Leveraging COTS Standards

IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth

WAN

MAN

LAN

PAN ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.11 WirelessLAN

ETSI HiperLAN

IEEE 802.16d,e WirelessMAN

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.22 3GPP, EDGE (GSM)

Broadband Wireless Usage ModelsOutdoor, Long Range & Mobile Wireless Data

FixedLicensed and Unlicensed

T3, T1 & DSL level service

PortableLicensed and Unlicensed

Consumer DSL level service

MobileLicensed

Wideband Data Rates

802.16d

SMB access/ Backhaul

802.16d

Resid.access

Nomadic Cellular Wideband

2.5G, 3G

Broadband

802.16e

Destinationbased

802.11 “HotSpots”

802.16d/e

802.16: Designed from Ground Up … for the Outdoor MAN (& predictability)

• Higher throughput at longer ranges (up to 30 miles)– Higher spectral efficiency: 3.5 bits/second/Hz

• Scalable system capacity– Easy addition of channels maximizes cell capacity– Flexible channel bandwidths support allocations in both licensed and license exempt spectrum

• Coverage– Standards-based mesh support and smart antenna techniques– Adaptive modulation enables ability to tradeoff bandwidth for range (dynamically)

• Quality of Service– Grant/Request MAC supports voice and video– Differentiated service levels: T1 for business; best effort for residential

• Cost & Investment Risk– Interoperable equipment – allows operator to use multiple vendors – WiMAX™-Certified– Standards-based platform improves OpEx by sparking innovation across the ecosystem…

802.11 802.16 Technical

Range • Optimized for 100 meters• Add access points for

greater coverage

• Up to 30 miles• Typical cell size 4-6 miles

• 802.16 MAC tolerates greater multi-path delay spread (reflections)

Coverage • Opt. for indoor, short range• Advanced antenna systems

for emerging 802.11n

• NLOS performance• Standard support for advanced

antenna techniques & mesh

• 802.16: 256 OFDM (vs. 64 OFDM); adaptive modulat.

• 802.16e: Up to 2048 OFDMA

Scalability • Channel bandwidth is wide (20 MHz) and fixed -> Cell planning is constrained

• Channel bandwidth is flexible from 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz

• Support for both lic. and lic. exempt bands -> easier cell planning (wide freq. support)

• Only 3 non-overlapping .11b channels; 12 for .11a

• 802.16: only limited by available spectrum

Bit rate • 2.7 bps/Hz peak data rate; Up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel

• 200+ Mbps 802.11n (TBD)

• 3.5 bps/Hz peak data rate; Up to 70 Mbps on a 20 MHz channel (projected to be 100Mbps @ 5bps/Hz, & 1Gbps for 802.16m

• 802.16: MAC efficiency constant with PHY rate increase

QoS • QoS support -> 802.11e • Decentralized (contention

based) and centralized (no implementations)

• “Designed in” for voice/ video & differentiated services

• Resource admission control and allocation

• 802.11: contention-based MAC (CSMA)

• 802.16: grant request MAC

802.16 and 802.11 Standards

802.16 Cost, Bandwidth & RangeWith standards-driven economies of scale, price decreases

and performance will increase significantly

Range < 4 miles 4-6 miles > 6 miles

Basestation cost(’07 pricing)

$5k - $20k for WISP class

$20k+ for Carrier

same same

CPE price < $300 same same

Adaptive Modulation Scheme

64 QAM 16 QAM ½ QPSK up to 16 QAM

Data Throughput(20 MHz channel*)

75 Mbps 50 Mbps 17 Mbps to 50 Mbps depending on link

quality

# of Business

Users (T1 level) 1206 138 46 to 138

# of Residential

Users (512kbps) 21552 1035 345 to 1035

1. Assumes two 10 MHz bands in the base station as benchmark for comparison purposes2. Over-subscription rate is 5x for business and 12.5x for residential. Also takes into account

overhead (efficiency) which for 802.16 is 85% independent of # of users.

Relative Performanceand Supported Channel Bandwidths

802.16

CDMA2000 ~2 Mbps ~1.6 bps/Hz1.25 MHz

~3.5 bps/Hz

~2.7 bps/Hz54 Mbps20 MHz

70 Mbps**

10, 20 MHz;3.5, 7, 14 MHz;

3, 6 MHz

802.11a

ChannelBandwidth

Maximumbps/Hz

MaximumData Rate*

* Per Access Point, or Rx/Tx pair in a base station.** Assuming 20 MHz channel bandwidth *** Assuming a 5 MHz channel

WiMAX vs. Cellular Comparison

Source: WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX – Part II: A Comparative Analysis, April, 2006

Mobility vs. Throughput

Source: Wiley 2007, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems, Bernhard H. Walke, Stefan Mangold, Lars Berlemann

IMT-Advanced (ITU Vision 2010)

Interconnection

IMT-2000

Mobility

Low

High

1 10 100 1000Peak useful data rate (Mbit/s)

EnhancedIMT-2000

Enhancement

IMT-2000

Mobility

Low

High

1 10 100 1000

Area Wireless Access

EnhancedIMT-2000

Enhancement

Digital Broadcast SystemsNomadic / Local Area Access Systems

New Nomadic / Local

Systems beyond IMT-2000 will encompass

the capabilities of previous systems

New capabilities of systems

beyond

Dashed line indicates that the exact data rates associated with systems beyond IMT-2000 are not yet determined

New Mobile Access

Roadmaps to Convergence

Source: Wiley 2007, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems, Bernhard H. Walke, Stefan Mangold, Lars Berlemann

Source: WiMAX Forum

Wireless Performance Enablers …in the Content Delivery Mission

• Channel Bandwidth– Data rate is a function of channel bandwidth and modulation spectral efficiency– 19 Mbps max data rate for a 7 MHz channel is a fraction potential (20MHz)

• Link margin– More efficient modulations require higher link margin– Link margin is a difference between received signal strength and channel noise

and interference– Received signal strength decreases with a distance– Increased TX power will increase link margin

• Content distribution algorithms– Base Station sophistication can support combination (dynamic) of broadcasting,

multicasting, and peer-to-peer distribution methods– Using hybrid & fluid architectures… cached, meshed and multihop

Range of Connectivity Scenarios

WWBWWB WWBWWB

GateSyncTM WiMAX Network

GSMNetwork

70Mbps+ Media Broadcast (50 concurrent aircraft)

Airline’sGate-based Wireless (option)

WiMAX Or WiFi

Off-AirportWiMAXBase Station

Aircraft-specificDownload orUpload(30-70Mbps)

WiMAXBroadcast &

Download

WiMAX“Crossload”

Or Mesh

CarrierGSM

Download

1

23 3

Source: Thales GateSync, 4/07

802.16 Performance Projections

OFDM, 256 sub-carriers,

20 MHz bandwidth

A GateSync example:

7MHz channel = 17-19Mbps@ 20MHz = 45Mbps (est.)Base Station Cap. = 250Mbps+ (10 Ch.)WWB Rx Pair = 40Mbps+ (2-Ch, bonded)

802.16 Management FeaturesArchitected to extract maximum performance

• Selective use of OFDMA sub-carriers allows for better utilization of available bandwidth

– Sub-carriers on links with higher margins can be assigned more efficient modulation, without penalizing the whole channel by links with lower margins

– Channel width can be adapted (by selecting a number of sub-carrier) to meet a specific link data rate requirements, with no “waste” of un-required bandwidth

• Selective (per group of sub-carriers) Tx power management can optimize data rate throughput, by improving performance margin on selected links

• Use of advanced antenna systems (beam forming and MIMO) allows significant system performance improvements – takes advantage of spatial multiplexing

– More sophisticated scheduling– Works around environmental factors

Enrichened Security Techniques

802.11 & 802.16 share some common security techniques… but, 802.16 additionally offers:

• Security sublayer which provides subscribers with privacy across the broadband wireless network by:

– Encrypted connections between SS and BS– Privacy that employs an authenticated client/server key management protocol

• A set of supported cryptographic suites and the rules for applying those to a MAC PDU payload (specified by 802.16 standard)

• BS authenticates each client SS during the initial authorization exchange… only “known” SS are admitted

• Each SS carries a unique X.509 digital certificate issued by the SS’s manufacturer

– The digital certificate contains the SS’s Public Key and SS MAC address– Encryption techniques are further enriched by use of this unique key

The Right Tool… ?

Appendices

Spectrum Allocation Chart (source: FCC)

Sampling of IEEE Working Group Initiatives

Unlicensed Frequencies

Source: Wiley 2007, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems

Bernhard H. Walke, Stefan Mangold, Lars Berlemann

Data Rates for SIMO/MIMO

For 10 MHz channel, 48 OFDM symbols

Source: WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation, Feb 2006

802.16 QoS Support

Source: WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation, Feb 2006

Sector antenna(s) atbasestation

Line-of-Site from building to airport (~3 miles

distance)

View from Antenna (primary) mount

San Diego 802.16 Test Network

T2/ParkT1/Park

AirFreight 2

Park 1

Obs 1

BS Vantage #2• Lindbergh Field/San Diego, CAApproximately 50 gates614 Acres, 300 daily departuresBusiest “single runway” airport in U.S.

• Test PointsPark 1 (.46 mi/58.8 sec)Obs 1 (.71 mi/47.8 sec)AF2 (1.3 mi/61.8 sec, 5.8GHz noise)T1/Pk (1.52 mi/60.6 sec, building & trees)T2/Pk (1.85 mi/65.5 sec, trees)

• Raw Throughput/Integration Testing – DM overhead, no optimization/tuning (.11A, 5.8GHz)

Basestation Line of Sight

Base Station Location(Elev: 240, Range .45-2.3 Mi)

IEEE 802 Working Groups

• 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group • 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

Working Group • 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group • 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG • 802.19 Coexistence TAG • 802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group • 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks

Active IEEE 802.11 Task Groups

• 802.11k - Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs

• 802.11n - High Throughput

• 802.11p - Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment

• 802.11r - Fast Roaming Fast Handoff

• 802.11s - Mesh Networking

• 802.11t - Wireless Performance Prediction

• 802.11u - Wireless Interworking With External Networks

• 802.11v - Wireless Network Management

• 802.11w - Protected Management Frames

• 802.11y - 3650-3700 MHz Operation in USA

IEEE MAC/PHY Improvements

MAC

PHY

IEEE 802.11a - 5GHz at 54 MbpsIEEE 802.11b - 2.4 GHz at 11MbpsIEEE 802.11g - 2.4 GHz at 54 Mbps

IEEE 802.11j - Operation in 4.9-5 GHz in JapanIEEE 802.11n - MIMO PHY

IEEE 802.11y - Operation in the 3.650-3.7 GHz in US

IEEE 802.11e - QOSIEEE 802.11h - TPC and DFS

IEEE 802.11i - SecurityIEEE 802.11k - Radio Resource Measurement

IEEE 802.11n - High Throughput MACIEEE 802.11p Wave - Wireless Access in Vehicular

EnvironmentIEEE 802.11r - Fast BSS Transition (Roaming)

IEEE 802.11s - ESS Mesh NetworkingIEEE 802.11u - Interworking with External Networks

IEEE 802.11v - Network Management

Higher Layers

MIMO SupportIEEE 802.16-2004

Licensed:WirelessMAN-SC™ 10–66 GHz TDD/FDD

WirelessMAN-SCa™ Below 11 GHz TDD/FDDWirelessMAN-OFDM™ Below 11 GHz TDD/FDDWirelessMAN-OFDMA Below 11 GHz TDD/FDD

License exempt::WirelessHUMAN™ Below 11 GHz TDD

IEEE 802.16e-2005Operation is limited to licensed bands suitable for

mobility below 6 GHz

IEEE 802.16-2004Two-way PMP and Mesh topology

System access, bandwidth allocation, connectionestablishment, and connection maintenance

QOS - Service Flow Scheduling, Dynamic ServiceEstablishment

Two-phase Activation ModelAuthentication, secure key exchange, and encryption.

IEEE 802.16e-2005Sleep mode, handover procedures

Higher Layers

IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16

IEEE 802.16 Standards

• IEEE 802.16d.2004 - Fixed Access, approved in 2004• IEEE 802.16e.2005 – Mobile Access, approved in 2005• IEEE 802.16f.2005 – Management Information Base, approved in 2005• IEEE 802.16g - Management Plane Procedures and Services, 7 th draft in WG

Ballot• IEEE 802.16h - Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt

Operation, 1st draft on 10/2006• IEEE 802.16i - Mobile Management Information Base, pre-draft• IEEE 802.16j - Mobile Multihop Relay, pre-draft• IEEE 802.16k – Bridging, 4th Draft on 11/2006• IEEE 802.16m, Advanced Air Interface (IMT-A), PAR submitted, under

review