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Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20181
OUTDOOR CHARACTERIZATION OF BIFACIAL MODULESAT HANWHA Q CELLS
BifiPV Workshop 2018, 10th September, Denver, CO
Hanwha Q CELLS GmbH
Dominik Buß, Evelyn Herzog, Christoph Scholz, René
Zimmermann, Björn Eisenhawer
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20182
WHO WE ARE
O V E R V I E W
Hanwha Q CELLS Co., Ltd. (NASDAQ: HQCL) is the largest cell manufacturer and one of the largest solar
module manufacturers in the world.
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
Manufacturing Plants in 3 countries
(South Korea, Malaysia and China)
Spanning Europe, North America, Asia, South
America, Africa and the Middle East
40+ SALES NETWORK
South Korea (Global Executive HQ)
and Germany (Technology &
Innovation HQ)
HEADQUARTERS TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP
R&D Centers in 4 countries
(Germany, South Korea, Malaysia
and China)
As of Q1, 2018
CELL AND
MODULE
PRODUCTION
CAPACITY OF
OUR PRODUCT RANGE
MODULESKITS &
BUNDLES
POWER
PLANTS
8+ GW
ABOUT HANWHA Q CELLS
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20183
OUTLINE
1. MOTIVATION
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
3. LONG TIME ENERGY YIELD
4. SUMMARY & RESULTS
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20184
1. MOTIVATION
- Influences on bifacial energy yield gain -
BIFACIAL
ENERGY
YIELD
Albedo: Reflectivity of
ground
Rear shading Distance to ground
Location & weatherOrientation & tilt angle
External influences which effect the energy output of bifacial systems
Mounting system &
Ground coverage ratio
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20185
1. MOTIVATION
- Approach & questions -
Approach here:
As a starting point, put bifacial modules in a “monofacial” system
design
Two questions:
• Shading in monofacial systems leads to serious mismatch.
Is rear shading & mismatch a serious problem, too?
• Which bifacial energy yield gain can be expected?
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20186
OUTLINE
1. MOTIVATION
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
3. LONG TIME ENERGY YIELD
4. SUMMARY & RESULTS
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20187
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Introduction-
1000 W/m² 10 A
0
5
10
0
500
1000
Cu
rre
nt [A
]
Irra
dia
tio
n [W
/m²]
Irradiation & Current in Bifacial module
Bifa gain
Variations in rear side contribution are small compared to total current
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20188
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Mismatch introduction-
Vmpp
Impp
MPP
IstringOP
Pmax
Pout
0
100
200
300
0
5
10
15
0 15 30 45
Po
we
r [W
]
Cu
rre
nt [A
]
Voltage [V]
Mismatch introduction
I [A] MPP
Operation point Power [W]
Mismatch loss
Mismatch losses arise at operation at non-optimal current/voltage
Mismatch losses come on top of the optical shading losses
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 20189
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Instrument module -
Features of 72 cells instrument module
Special instrument module for spatially resolved irradiation measurements
Front side:
3 cells to measure
front side irradiation
Rear side:
Spatially resolved
irradiation measurement
Data visualisation:
Rear irradiation w/ respect
to front side irradiation
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201810
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Rear irradiation along a string -
Approach
• Existing PV-System
• Move Instrument module along the string
and measure rear irradiation
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201811
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Rear illumination along a string -
7%
9%
11%
13%
1 7 13 19 25 31 37
Re
ar
vs.
fro
nt irra
dia
itio
n
Distance to table end [Cell columns]
Rear side irradiance by distance to table endVertical bars
• Rear side irradiation decreases with increasing distance from frame end
• Average rear shading factor: 8%
Module
table
en
d
Mid
dle
of
module
table
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201812
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Worst case simulation-
-4%
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Mis
ma
tch
lo
ss [%
]
Mismatch in Submodules
Mismatch losses for different string configurations
MM in string (7 / 0)
MM in string (6 / 1)
MM in string (5 / 2)
MM in string (4 / 3)
MM in string (3 / 4)
MM in string (2 / 5)
MM in string (1 / 6)
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Fu
lly r
ea
r sh
ad
ed
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Fu
lly r
ea
r sh
ad
ed
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Fu
lly r
ea
r sh
ad
ed
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Fu
lly r
ea
r sh
ad
ed
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Fu
lly r
ea
r sh
ad
ed
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Fu
lly r
ea
r sh
ad
ed
Partially rear shaded Bifa string:
MM in particular module < 4% depending on ratio unshaded/shaded
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201813
-0.2
-1.4
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
100% 86% 71% 57% 43% 29% 14% 0%
Mis
ma
tch
lo
ss [%
]
Fraction of unshaded Bifa modules in partially shaded string
Total mismatch losses in bifacial string around 0.2 % (only mounting structure shading)
Worst case mismatch losses in string are 1.4% (for moderate rear irradiation*)
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Worst case simulation-
* around or below 10% of front contribution
Mismatch for different unshaded/shaded Bifa-String configurations
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201814
OUTLINE
1. MOTIVATION
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
3. LONG TIME ENERGY YIELD
4. SUMMARY & RESULTS
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201815
3. LONG TIME ENERGY YIELD
- Long term track record -
Long term measurements in
realistic mounting scenario
Field configuration• Modules placed within module row
• Other rows in front and back
• Row distance: 5.9 m / GCR = 34%
• Orientation: South, 30°
• Height over ground: 1.2 m
• Grass ground
• Bifaciality: 60%
Compare Measurements to PVSYST-
Simulation• Version 6.6.7
• Albedo: 25%
• Rear shading factor: 8%
• Bifaciality: 60%
• Rear mismatch loss: 2.2%
0.2% total MM equals 0.2% / 9%
= 2.2% rear MM
5.9 m
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201816
0
5
10
15
20
0
50
100
150
200
2502
01
7-0
7
20
17
-08
20
17
-09
20
17
-10
20
17
-11
20
17
-12
20
18
-01
20
18
-02
20
18
-03
20
18
-04
20
18
-05
20
18
-06
20
18
-07
20
18
-08
Bifa
cia
l g
ain
[%
]
Mo
nth
ly I
rra
dia
tio
n[k
Wh/m
²]
IrradiationSum Gain Bifa HC transparent Simulated Bifa gain 5.9m
3. LONG TIME ENERGY YIELD
- Long term track record -
Comparsion of measured to simulated bifacial energy yield gain
• Total measured gain: 9%
• Total simulated gain 8%
• Generally good fit, weather conditions led to variant Albedo
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201817
OUTLINE
1. MOTIVATION
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
3. LONG TIME ENERGY YIELD
4. SUMMARY & RESULTS
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201818
4. SUMMARY & RESULTS
- Summary -
RESULTS
Significant bifacial energy yield gains can be achieved even under non-
optimized conditions (here: 9% p.a.)
Mismatch due to rear shading is only a minor problem (<1.4% MM loss) for
moderate* rear side irradiation
Simulation in the right order of magnitude but in tendency conservative due to
Albedo variances (Snow / yellowed grass)
* around or below 10% of front irradiation
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201819
BACKUP
BACKUP
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201820
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Shading bar in varying distance -
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
0 10 20 30 40
Lo
ss [%
]
Distance of obstacle to rear side [cm]
Losses by distance
Loss of rear side irradiance compared to homogeneous illumination (9%)
Total irradiance loss (front+rear)
Mismatch loss
Total Power loss
Experiment: Varying distance of shading bar
to rear side
• shading bar: 6 cm x 10 cm
• short side facing module rear
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201821
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Shading bar in varying distance -
(*) around 10% of front irradiation
-1.0%
-0.8%
-0.6%
-0.4%
-0.2%
0.0%
-9% -8% -7% -6% -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 0%
Lo
sse
s [%
]
Rear side shading [%]
Total irradiance loss (front+rear) Mismatch loss Total power loss
Mismatch behaves nearly linear under moderate(*) rear irradiation and shading
Losses as function of rear shading
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201822
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Introduction -
• Inverter MPPT controls string current to global MPP
• Each module in string is operated at this current
0
1000
2000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 100 200 300
Po
we
r [W
]
Cu
rre
nt [A
]
Voltage [V]
IV-Curve of string and single module
Module 7 IV-Curve
Module 1 IV-Curve
String IV-Curve
String MPP
Operating Point
Impp
Pmodule string
Outdoor characterization of bifacial modules at Hanwha Q CELLS | Confidential | D. Buss et al. | BifiPV WS 2018, Denver | September 201823
2. REAR SHADING & MISMATCH
- Introduction -
Mismatch loss due to operation of module with beyond-MPP current
261.2 W
272.0 W
0
100
200
300
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50
Po
we
r [W
]
Cu
rre
nt [A
]
Voltage [V]
IV-Curve of string and single moduleModule 7 IV-Curve
String IV-Curve
Module MPP
Operating Point
Impp
Module Power
Module MPPvoltage
Operating voltage
Operating power
Module MPPpower