outcomes for m ā ori: a challenge to justice murray short 2015
TRANSCRIPT
Outcomes for Māori: A challenge to justice
Murray Short2015
What I will cover
Crime and sentence numbers, rates and trends
Ethnicity statisticsCrime and victimisation risk
factorsComparative social statisticsUnited Nations commentary
Recorded Offences Per 100,000 Population
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Source: Statistics NZ, Recorded Crime Tables 2014
Adults Convicted by Offence Category
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Traffic Against person Justice, GovtProperty Drug
Source: Statistics NZ, Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics, 2013
Adults Convicted: Most Serious Sentence
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Monetary Community SentenceCustodial Conv & DischargeHome Det Other
Source: Statistics NZ, Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics, 2012
Adults Convicted : Custodial Sentences
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Source: Statistics NZ, Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics, 2012
Prison Sentences Per 100,000 Population
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2010
2012
0
50
100
150
200
250
Source: Statistics NZ, Population Estimates and Criminal Conviction and Sentencing Statistics 2012
Prison population
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Source: Department of Corrections, Offender Population Report 2013
Prisoners per 100,000 population 2011
Japa
n
Icel
and
Norway
Swed
en
Kore
a
Irela
nd
Canad
a UK
Hunga
ry
Slov
akia
Mex
ico
Pola
ndChi
le US0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Source: Te Ara The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Population and Ethnicity
2006 2011 2016 2021 20260
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
European Māori Pacific Asian
Source: Statistics NZ , National ethnic Population Projections 2006 - 2026
Convicted Adults: Ethnicity
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
European Māori PacificOther Unk/Corp
Source: Statistics NZ, Convicted Offenders 2012
Convicted Adults: Prison sentences by Ethnicity
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
European Māori PacificOther Unkn/Corp
Source: Statistics NZ, Convicted Offenders 2012
Prison Population: Ethnicity
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000* 2005 2010 20130
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
European Māori Pacific Asian Unknown
*From 2000 includes remandeesSource: Department of Corrections, Offender Volumes Report 2011 and 2014
Crime risk factors
Family factors - young mothers with low SES, parenting styles
Age between 12-20 yearsMaleChildhood conduct problemsLow engagement and participation at
schoolPoor educational outcomesLow SES(unemployment, low income
etc) Source: Ministry of Justice, Māori at Risk of Crime: Some Factors, 2009
Crime victimisation Māori experience much higher rates of
crime victimisation47.5% of Māori were the victim of at
least one crime in 2005. The Māori victimisation rate was 1.3
times the European rate.
Source; Ministry of Justice, New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey Analysis of the Māori experience 2006
Crime victimisation risk factors
Age between 15-29 yearsFlatting or rentingIn sole parent householdOn welfare benefitsIn high social disorder areaIn households of 5+ people
Source; Ministry of Justice, New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey Analysis of the Māori experience 2006
Comparative StatisticsLife expectancy 2012 (Years)
Non-Māori male – 80.2Non-Māori female – 83.7Māori male – 72.8Māori female – 76.5
Suicide 2011 (per 100,000)Non-Māori male – 14.6Non-Māori female – 3.8Māori male – 25.7 Māori female – 8.4
Statistics cont.Employment rate 2013
Non-Māori – 66.3%Māori – 57.3%
Unemployment rate 2013European – 4.9%Māori – 12.9%
Median hourly earnings wage/salaryEuropean – $22.50Māori - $18.82
Statistics cont.New school entrants with ECE
European – 98.2%Māori – 92.3%
School leavers with NCEA L2 plusEuropean – 84.7%Māori – 63.2%
Proportion adults with NCEA L4 plusEuropean – 54%Māori – 37%
Making comparisonsRather than compare the
proportion of Māori apprehensions to the proportion of Māori in the general population... we should examine whether the proportion of Māori who are young, male, unmarried, unemployed, uneducated, in substandard housing, is reflected in the apprehension statistics.
Simone Bull, Changing the broken record: New theory and data on Māori offending
The vicious cycle“As long as...crime news casts
Maori in a consistently negative light, the discourse surrounding Māori crime won’t change; therefore nor will Maori criminal justice outcomes. As Foucault (cited in Davidson, 1997) famously said, discourse is not merely a surface inscription. It brings about effects.”Simone Bull, Changing the broken record: New theory and data on Māori offending
UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention 2014
“The Working Group found indications of bias at all levels of the criminal justice process...”
“Incarceration that is the outcome of such bias constitutes arbitrary detention in violation of international law.”
UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 7 April 2014
UN Human Rights Committee Concluding Observations 2010“...the Committee notes with concern the
disproportionately high incarceration rate of Māori, in particular Māori women. It is also concerned that the proportion of Māori among persons accused of a crime as well as among victims of crime is substantially higher than their proportion within the general population, which points to underlying social causes and raises concerns regarding the possibility of discrimination in the administration of justice.”
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2012
“...the Committee is concerned that Māori and Pasifika continue to be disadvantaged in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, in spite of measures taken by the State party and improvements in the area of health and education.
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 2013“.. The Committee urges the State
party to intensify its efforts to address the overrepresentation of members of the Māori and Pasifika communities at every stage of the criminal justice system. In this regard , the Committee urges the State party to provide comprehensive data in its next periodic report on progress made to address this phenomenon.”