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TRANSCRIPT
Out of the Darkness
Iva GreyWolf, Ph.D.
APA Division 35 Mid-Winter EC MeetingSection 6 Presentation
Alaska Native/American Indian/Indigenous WomenSeattle, Washington
January 2011
• Definition • Prevalence• Dynamics• Effects• Examples of Positive Coping• Future Directions• References
Intergenerational Trauma
Intergenerational Trauma Definition
Exposure of an earlier generation to a traumatic event that continues to affect the subsequent generations
Prevalence
• Exact mechanisms of transmission of trauma have not been fully explored
• How widespread is it? There is tremendous grassroots identification
Participatory Action Research
• Research developing a scale of “perceived losses” and a scale focusing on “feelings pertaining to historical losses” Whitbeck 2004
• “Towards Wellness” is a positive strengths based approach with a focus on recovery and protective factors. Mohatt et al 2004
Dynamics • Layers of Grief Work
• Erosion of Family• Erosion of Tribal Structure• Loss of Spiritual Ties
• Trauma Work • Multiple Traumas• Historical Trauma • On-going Traumas
“…the losses are not confined to a single catastrophic period. Rather they are on-going and present.”
“There has been a continual, persistent and progressive process of loss…”(Whitbeck et al. 2004)
Continuing Dynamics
Effects on:
•Identity
•Relationship skills
•Personal behavior
•Transmission of mores and values
•Attitudes and beliefs that affect futuregenerations
“If you are going through hell..keep going”
-Winston Churchill
Some of us have kept going…the “ability of American Indians to
maintain optimism during adversity is related to spirituality, compassion, empathy, humor,
friendships and familial and community strengths.”
Goodluck (2002)
“Not About Us Without Us”The Essence of Successful
Interventions
Indigenous interventions Gone (2009)
Solutions and answers come from the communities themselves.
Campbell (2009) based on the works of Mohatt et al.
The Essence of Successful Interventions
Match the IndividualCommunity Based InterventionsStage Based, First Things FirstMulti-disciplinary & InterdisciplinaryEvidence Based Practices or Practice Based Evidence
Examples of Positive Coping
Holistic…reflects the medicine wheel familiar to many tribes/nations
‘Takini” Lakota meaning “to come back to life” Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart
Musk Ox story Campbell 2009
Successful Delivery
• Be strength based…tell them what is right, what can be built upon
• Respectful• Relational • Spiritual
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