our solar system
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Our Solar System. The Solar System. S olar system- the sun and all planets and other bodies that travel around it P lanet any of the primary bodies that orbit the Sun Scientists have long debated the origins of the solar system. Nebular Hypothesis. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Our Solar System
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The Solar SystemSolar system- the sun and all planets and other bodies that
travel around it
Planet any of the primary bodies that orbit the Sun
• Scientists have long debated the origins of the solar system.
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Nebular HypothesisSolar nebula- rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the
sun and planets formed
• In 1796, French mathematician Pierre Simon, advanced a hypothesis now known as the nebular hypothesis.
• Modern scientific calculations support this theory
• The sun is composed of about 99% of all of the matter that was contained in the solar nebula.
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Formation of PlanetsPlanetesimal- small body from which
a planet originated in the early stages of development of the solar system
• While the sun was forming in the center of the solar nebula, planets were forming in the outer regions.
• Some planetesimals joined together through collisions and through the force of gravity to form larger bodies called protoplanets.
• Growing and condensing into planets and moons approx. 5bya.
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Formation of Planets
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Inner Planets• Also known as terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
• The features of a newly formed planet depended on the distance between the planet and the Sun.
• The inner planets are smaller, rockier, and denser than the outer planets.
• Lighter elements may have been blow or boiled away by the sun
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Outer Planets• Also known as gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
• These outer planets formed far from the sun and therefore were cold.
• They did not lose their lighter elements, such as helium and hydrogen, or their ices, such as water ice, methane ice, and ammonia ice.
• The intense heat and pressure in the planet's interiors melted the ice to form layers of liquids and gases.
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Early Models of the Solar System
• Aristotle suggested an Earth-centered, or geocentric, model of the solar system. In this model, the sun, the stars, an the planets revolved around Earth.
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Early Models of the Solar System
• Ptolemy proposed changes to Aristotle’s model. He thought that planets moved in small circles, called epicycles, as they revolved in larger circles around Earth.
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Early Models of the Solar System• Copernicus proposed a sun-centered, or
heliocentric, model of the solar system.
• In this model, the planets revolved around the sun in the same direction, but different speeds and distances from the sun.
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Kepler’s LawsLaw of Ellipses
• Each planet orbits the sun in a path called an ellipse, not in a circle.
• An ellipse is a closed curve whose shape is determined by two points, or foci, within the ellipse.
• In planetary orbits, one focus is located within the sun.
• Elliptical orbits vary in shape.• Eccentricity-- the degree of elongation of an elliptical orbit
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Kepler’s LawsLaw of Equal Areas
• Equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time as an object orbits the sun.
• When the object is near the sun, it moves relatively rapidly. When the object is far from the sun, it moves relatively slowly.
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Kepler’s Laws
Law of Periods
orbital period the time required for a body to complete a single orbit
• The law of periods describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and the orbital period of the planet.
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Newton’s Model of Orbits• Gravity is an attractive force that exists
between any two objects in the universe.
• The gravitational pull is strongest closer to the sun, and weakest further from the sun.
• While gravity pulls an object towards the sun, inertia keeps the object moving forward in a straight line. This forms the ellipse of a stable orbit.
• Inertia- tendency of objects to resist being moved or, if moving, to resist a change in speed or direction unless an outside force acts on the object
Newton discovers the force gravity.
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Important Terms
Rotation- the spin of a body on its axis; constitutes day and night.
Revolution - the length of time it takes to travel around the Sun constitutes a year
Astronomical Unit (AU)- the average distance between the Sun and Earth; used to measure the large scale of the solar system approx. 14,959,800 km (93,000,000 miles)
Light Year- the distance light travels in one year
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Planets Outside Our Neighborhood
• Exoplanets are planets that circle stars other than Earth’s sun.
• Exoplanets cannot be directly observed with telescopes or planets.
• Most exoplanets can be detected only because their gravity tugs on stars that they orbit.
• All of the exoplanets that have been identified are larger than Saturn because current technology can only detect large planets.
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