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Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object;

science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge generate

conflicting results.

Can we resolve such conflicts?

Page 3: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

“We see and understand things not as they are but as we are.”

Discuss this claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing.

Page 4: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

What similarities and differences are there between historical

and scientific explanations?

Page 5: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

1. Does language play roles of equal importance in different areas of knowledge?

2. In areas of knowledge such as the arts and the sciences, do we learn more from work that follows or that breaks with accepted conventions?

Page 6: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

1. Does language play roles of equal importance in different areas of knowledge?

Key words: ‘equal importance’

• How do you measure the importance of language? Isn't it subjective?

• Mathematics: Is language necessary?• History: Is it possible to describe historical events in an

unbiased way?• Media: How does language shape the story?• Sciences: Can language be kept value-neutral?• Religion: Does religious experience lie beyond language?

Page 7: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

2. In areas of knowledge such as the arts and the sciences, do we learn more from work that follows or that breaks with accepted conventions?

Key words: ‘learn more’, ‘accepted conventions’

• ‘Learn’ in what senses?• Consider radical artwork or unconventional scientific

approaches. Examples?• Consider work that follows conventions• Are both necessary for progress?• What role does creative imagination play in the Sciences?

In the Arts?

Page 8: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

Page 9: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

" ... we will always learn more about human life and human personality from novels than from

scientific psychology." (Noam Chomsky)

To what extent would you agree?

• What can scientific psychology reveal?• What can novels reveal?• What is meant by ‘human life and human personality’?• How does literature help us understand human

nature?• To what extent does observing human beings affect

their behaviour?• How much of a problem is bias in the human sciences?

Page 10: Our senses tell us that a table, for example, is a solid object; science tells us that the table is mostly empty space. Thus two sources of knowledge

Evaluate the role of intuition in different areas of knowledge.

• What is intuition?• How reliable is intuition?• In what ways can it be flawed?• Can it be well supported? Tested? Measured?• How important is intuition in mathematics?

Natural sciences? History? Art? Religion?

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