our planet chapter 4 organization of life hierarchy of an ecosystem
TRANSCRIPT
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OUR PLANET
Chapter 4 Organization of Life
Hierarchy Of AnEcosystem
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Life On Earth
Biosphere – The region on Earth where all living thingsare found; From the highest mountain to the ocean floor
The biosphere is divided into many biomes which are made up of many individual…
Ecosystems – All of the living andnon-living elements in an area
Abiotic Factors – The non-livingelements; Sunlight, soil & water
Biotic Factors – The living elementsfrom bacteria to blue whales
Compare the biotic & abiotic factors of a desert & marsh.
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Exploring The Ecosystem
Living things within an ecosystem can be grouped into a…
Community – A group of various species that interactEx: Grass, elephants & wildebeests
Within that community are many…
Populations – A group of the samespecies living in a specific areaEx: A population of wildebeests
And a population is made of many…
Organisms – An individual living thingEx: Bob the Wildebeest
Habitat – An area where anorganism lives
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What word would a scientist use to describe this area?
An EcosystemList theAbioticFactors
Sunlight
Water
Soil
Temperature
List theBiotic
Factors
Bird
Bugs
Frog
Fish
Plants
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What term describes all of these interacting species?
A Community
This lake would be considered part of the blue jay’s…
Habitat
What term describes all of the
lily pads in this
image?
A population
What term describes the frog
sitting by the lake?
An organism
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What Is A Species?
Species – A group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring, such as the Canis lupus familiaris, aka…
Dogs!How can thesevery differentanimals stillbelong to thesame species?
Because theymake puppiesthat continueto reproduce.
Why aren’t there any mommy & daddy ligers?
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Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?
1. Describe three extreme regionsof the biosphere.
2. Where can an ecosystem be foundin Barnegat?
3. Provide some abiotic factors thatare common to the north pole.
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OUR PLANET
Chapter 4
Theory Of Evolution
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How Can Life On Earth Change?
Once upon a time, most people believed that living things on Earth had not changed since the
beginning of time.
But evidence, including the fossil record, proves otherwise!
Variations or mutations (changes in DNA) can become an…
Adaptation – An inherited traitthat increases the chancefor an organism to surviveand reproduce
Over long periods of time, ifthe adaptation becomes common,the species may evolve into something new.
Can an organism evolve?
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How Can Species Evolve?
The Story of Darwin’s Finches
Charles Darwin – Studied many finches from the Galapagos Islands and found that theyall had one common ancestor,the Warbler Finch
So what happened, the birdsput on their best suited beakin order to eat?!?
No! The Warbler Finch flew from S. America to the Galapagos Islands and bore many different
offspring.
Birds survived longer if their beak matchedthe food that was available at each island.
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Which Traits Are The Best?
The story of the Peppered MothWhich peppered moth variation is better, black or white?
Originally, the white moth was better suited to the light trees found in England and had a larger population.
But during the IndustrialRevolution, soot and ashdarkened the trees givingblack moths an advantage.
Today, the environment iscleaner and the white moth population is increasing again.
Because the environment is constantly changing, there isn’t one specific trait that guarantees
success.
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The Stages Of Evolution
1. Offspring all act and look differently
2. Many of these differences are inherited
3. Many offspring won’t survive long enough to reproduce
4. Individuals with the best traits for survival will be able to reproduce more often, passing on those traits
5. Over long periods of time, the better suited individuals will increase with each generation, changing the species
Matching Struggle to Survive #3Evolution #5Variation/Mutations #1&2Natural Selection #4
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What Causes Evolution?
There are four triggers that can initiate evolution…
• Migration/Isolation – Darwin’s finches
• Environmental Changes – The peppered moth
• Artificial Selection – Breeding of organisms by humans
• Coevolution – When two species evolve in response to each other Ex: Hummingbird & flowering plant
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Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?
1. What did Darwin notice aboutthe finches he discovered?
2. Describe the five key pointsDarwin used to define evolution.
3. What adaptation increasedthe peppered moth population?
4. Give four triggers that cancause the evolution of a species.
5. What is the purpose ofartificial selection?
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OUR PLANET
Chapter 4
Diversity of Life
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Defining Life
Even with all its diversity, life on Earth has commonality.
All living things…
• Made up of one or more highly organized cells
• Grow and develop
• Reproduce offspring
• Use energy for metabolism (the chemical processes of life)
• Outward response to the environment
• Maintain homeostasis (a stable internal condition regardless of the changing external environment)
Can you explain why a fire is not alive?
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Kingdoms of Life
There are six kingdoms to organize all of life on Earth.
Archaebacteria – Single-cell organisms living in the most extreme places on Earth
• Hot springs over 100oC
• Bottom of the ocean
Bacteria- Single-cell organismsthat are commonly found everywhere
• Soil, your stomach & bathrooms
These bacteria groups do not havea nucleus and divide to reproduce.
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These Aren’t Plants!
Fungi – Organisms with a nucleus and cell wall that gets energy from decomposing matter
• Single cell yeast
• Multi-cellular mushrooms
Protists – An organism witha nucleus that is not a fungus,plant or animal
• Single cell, animal-like, amoebas
• Multicellular, plant-like, seaweed
Fungi & Protists can be single ormulticellular but both have cells with a nucleus.
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What’s A Plant?
Plants – Multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and cell wall; Produce their own food; Most plants have…
Vascular tissue – Transports water and nutrients
Lower plants, like mosses, don’t have this tissue
Also, plants can be…
Angiosperms – Produce flowersand fruit with seeds inside
orGymnosperms – Produce seedsthat are protected inside cones
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What’s An Animal?
Animals – Multicellular organisms that use other organisms as a source of food
99% of animals areinvertebrates –without backbones(often have shellsor exoskeletons)
Five of theseclasses arevertebrates –with backbones
Which class doyou belong to?
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Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?
1. Describe the six characteristicsof all living things.
2. How are archaebacteria andeubacteria similar?
3. How are fungi and protistssimilar?
4. Give two characteristics importantin classifying a rose bush.
5. How many invertebrate animalclasses can you name?