our moon. goals of this lecture understand the lunar phases introduce tides and tidal forces...
TRANSCRIPT
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Our Moon
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Goals of this Lecture
• Understand the Lunar Phases
• Introduce tides and tidal forces
• Understand Lunar Eclipses
• Understand Solar Eclipses
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Assigned Readingand Announcements
Chapter 3, all of it
Homework #1 will be posted today
Due in class on Thursday 18
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Lunar Phases
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Earth & MoonLike planets, the moon does not
emit its own right.
The Moon is ~1/4 of the Earth in diameter and ~1 percent in mass.
The rotation of the Moon and its revolution around the Earth are synchronized and take 27 days,7 hours, and 43 minutes.
The length of the Lunar orbit around Earth (Sidereal Period) is 27.32 days.
The length of the Lunar Phase (Synodic Period) is 29.53 days.
We only see one side of the moon.
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The Phases of the Moon (1)• The Moon orbits Earth in a sidereal period of
27.32 days.
27.32 days
Earth
Moon
Fixed direction in space
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The Phases of the Moon (2)
• The Moon’s synodic period (to reach the same position relative to the sun, i.e., the same lunar phase) is 29.53 days (~ 1 month).
Fixed direction in space
EarthMoon
Earth orbits around Sun => Direction toward Sun changes!
29.53 days
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One orbit in 27.32 daysOne rotation in 24 hours
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Earth Rising on the Moon
Apollo 11
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Survey QuestionIn this picture of the Earth rising, what is the
predominant direction of the sun in relation to the observer?
1) above the observer
2) below the observer
3) behind the observer
4) behind the Earth
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How long does it take for the moon to rotate once?
• One day
• About 27 days
• Half a year
• One year
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How long does it take for the moon to rotate once?
• One day
• About 27 days
• Half a year
• One year
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Lunar and Solar Eclipses
Lunar, from “Luna”Solar, from “Sol”
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Lunar Eclipse
Why is the shadow curved?Whose shadow is this?
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Reminder: angular (apparent) diameter
• Angular diam / 206,265” = linear diam./distance
• NOTE: linear diam. and distance MUST be in the same units
• It so happens that both the Moon and the Sun have angular diameter of about 0.5 degree, the exact value at a given time depending on the exact distance.
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Shadows
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A Total Lunar Eclipse (1)
Motion of the moon against the background of stars
Motion of the moon against the horizon
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A Total Lunar Eclipse (2)A total lunar eclipse can last up to 1 hour and 40 min.
During a total eclipse, the moon has a faint, red glow, reflecting sun light scattered in Earth’s atmosphere.
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Partial lunar eclipse
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During a lunar eclipse, what would you see from the moon?
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Geometry of Solar Eclipses
Umbra (shadow): sun is completely blocked out.Penumbra (almost shadow): sun is partially blocked out.
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Earth and Moon’s Orbits Are Slightly Elliptical
Sun
Earth
Moon
(Eccentricities greatly exaggerated!)
Perihelion = position closest to the sun
Aphelion = position furthest away from the sun
Perigee = position closest to Earth
Apogee = position furthest away from Earth
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Annular Solar Eclipses
The angular sizes of the moon and the sun vary, depending on their distance from Earth.
When Earth is near perihelion and the moon is near apogee, we see an annular solar eclipse.Perig
eeApogee
Perihelion
Aphelion
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Annular eclipse
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Looking Back on an Eclipsed Earth; 1999 August 11 Credit: Mir Space Station Crew
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Total Eclipse of June 21st 2001
The umbra is never more than 270 km in diameter and sweeps across Earth's surface at 1600 km/hr (1000 mph)!
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Survey Question
The phase of the moon at a solar eclipse is?
a) new
b) 1st quarter
c) full
d) it depends on the year
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How come there isn't an eclipse every full moon and new moon?
• The main reason is that the moon’s orbit is tilted from the earth’s orbit.
• A total eclipse from a given point on the surface of the Earth is not a common occurrence. For example, it will be two decades before the next total solar eclipse visible in North America occurs.
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To sun
Effects of Moon on Earth: Tides
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Spring Tides
Occur at every new and full moon
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Neap tides
Occur at every first- and third-quarter moon
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Earth's rotation slows down by 0.0023 s/100 years.Only 900 million years ago, Earth' day was 18 hrs long.The moon's orbit is growing larger by about 4 cm/yr.
Friction drags the tidal bulges eastward out of the direct earth-moon line
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We see only one side of the moon, because the tidal friction has slowed the rotation of the moon so that its rotation and
revolution are synchronized
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The Tidally-Locked Orbit of the Moon
The Earth exerts tidal forces on the moon’s rocky interior.
It is rotating with the same period around its axis as it is orbiting Earth (tidally locked).
We always see the same side of the moon facing Earth.
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Solar day and Sidereal day
• The apparent solar day = the time from high noon to high noon.
• The average length of the apparent solar day = 24 hours
• Sidereal day = the time from a star to the same position.
• Because the sun moves in respect to stars, the sidereal day is different from the solar day.
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The Length of the Solar Day
Earth revolves about 360o/365 ~ 1o around Sun
Earth rotates at a rate of 360o/(24x60)=0.25o/minute
So need an extra 1o/0.25o =4 minutes to complete a solar day