other project of soc sci@2

8/18/2019 OTHER Project of Soc Sci@2

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Family

In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people affiliated by

consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage), or co-residence (as implied by theetymology of the English word family!"#) and$or shared consumption (see nurture %inship)&'embers of the immediate family includes spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, sons and$ordaughters& 'embers of the extended family may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins,nephews, nieces, and$or siblings-in-law& ometimes these are also considered members of theimmediate family, depending on an indiidual*s specific relationship&

In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the socialization of children&!citation needed #

+s the basic unit for raising children, anthropologists generally classify most family organizationas matrifocal (a mother and her children) conugal (a husband, his wife, and children, also calledthe nuclear family) auncular (for example, a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her

children) or extended (parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent*sfamily)& exual relations among the members are regulated by rules concerning incest such asthe incest taboo&

.he word family is used metaphorically!by whom?# to create more inclusie categories such ascommunity, nationhood, global illage and humanism&

.he field of genealogy aims to trace family lineages through history&

/amily is also an important economic unit studied in family economics&

Social reproduction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrifocal_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avuncularhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village_(term)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrifocal_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avuncularhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village_(term)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human


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+ group portrait of a mother, son and daughter on glass,

0oman Empire

1ne of the primary functions of the family inoles proiding a framewor% for the productionand reproduction of persons, biologically and$or socially& .his can occur through the sharing ofmaterial substances (such as food) the giing and receiing of care and nurture ( nurture%inship) ural rights and obligations and moral and sentimental ties& .hus, one*s experience ofone*s family shifts oer time& /rom the perspectie of children, the family is a family oforientation: the family seres to locate children socially and plays a maor role in theirenculturation and socialization& /rom the point of iew of the parent(s), the family is a family of procreation, the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children 2oweer, producing children is not the only function of the family in societies with a sexual diision oflabor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for theformation of an economically productie household&

3hristopher 2arris notes that the western conception of family is ambiguous, and confused withthe household, as reealed in the different contexts in which the word is used& !4# 1liia 2arris states this confusion is not accidental, but indicatie of the familial ideology of capitalist, western countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a nuclear family should lietogether, and that those not so related should not lie together despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal nuclear family type&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family


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+ mother with her children, 5erlin, 6ermany, "478

+ miner with his children, 9est irginia, "4;7

.he dierse data coming from ethnography, history, law and social statistics, establish that thehuman an institution and not a biological fact found on the natural relationship of consanguinity&.he different types of families occur in a wide ariety of settings, and their specific functions andmeanings depend largely on their relationship to other social institutions& +lthough the conceptof consanguinity originally referred to relations by blood, cultural anthropologists hae arguedthat one must understand the idea of blood metaphorically and that many societies understandfamily through other concepts rather than through genetic distance& ociologists hae a special

interest in the function and status of these forms in stratified (especially capitalist) societies&2oweer, in societies with the presence of extended families, their basis is more structured in thereality of actual relatedness rather than on een affinity or anything else entirely& 2erbert 6intis,economist and eolutionary scholar, in his response to the boo% Sex at Dawn, critieter Laslett, the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in 9estern democracieswas fueled by the religio-cultural alue system proided by elements of =udaism, early3hristianity, 0oman 3atholic canon law and the >rotestant 0eformation&

'uch sociological, historical and anthropological research dedicates itself to the understandingof this ariation, and of changes in the family that form oer time& .imes hae changed it ismore acceptable and encouraged for mothers to wor% and fathers to spend more time at homewith the children& .he way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow andlearn aluable life lessons& .here is great importance of communication and e


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Conjugal (nuclear or single) family

.he term nuclear family is commonly used, especially in the ?nited tates, to refer to conugalfamilies& + conugal family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children whoare not of age&ociologists distinguish between conugal families (relatiely independent of the

%indred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintainrelatiely close ties with their %indred)& 2oweer, in the 8"st century, the nuclear family,according to the 8@"@ 3ensus, is disappearing at a rapid rate are homes with traditionalnuclear familiesA'om, Bad and two children& .he nuclear family is being replaced by otherfamily structures such as blended parents, single parents, and domestic partnerships&

Matrifocal family

+ matrifocal family consists of a mother and her children& 6enerally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly eery society& .his %indof family is common where women hae the resources to rear their children by themseles, or

where men are more mobile than women& +s a definition, a family or domestic group ismatrifocal when it is centred on a woman and her children& In this case the father(s) of thesechildren are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place& .hechildren*s mother is not necessarily the wife of one of the children*s fathers&

Extended family

ettled ami (Lapplander) family of farmers in tensele, Csterbotten, weden, early 8@thcentury

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother


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.he term extended family is also common, especially in ?nited tates& .his term has twodistinct meanings& /irst, it seres as a synonym of consanguinal family (consanguine meansof the same blood)& econd, in societies dominated by the conugal family, it refers to%indred (an egocentric networ% of relaties that extends beyond the domestic group) who donot belong to the conugal family& .hese types refer to ideal or normatie structures found in

particular societies& +ny society will exhibit some ariation in the actual composition andconception of families&

Blended family

.he term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parentsremarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family +lso in sociology, particularly in the wor%s of social psychologist 'ichael Lamb, traditional family refers to amiddleclass family with a bread-winning father and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children, and nontraditional to exceptions from this rule& 'ost ofthe ? households are now non-traditional under this definition&

In terms of communication patterns in families, there are a certain set of beliefs within the familythat reflect how its members should communicate and interact& .hese family communication patterns arise from two underlying sets of beliefs& 1ne being conersation orientation (the degreeto which the importance of communication is alued) and two, conformity orientation (thedegree to which families should emphasize similarities or differences regarding attitudes, beliefs,and alues)&

Monogamous family

+ monogamous family is based on legal or social monogamy& In this case, an indiidual has onlyone (official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time (i&e& serial monogamy)& .his meansthat a person may not hae seeral different legal spouses at the same time, as this is usually prohibited by bigamy laws, in urisdictions that reolygamy is a marriage that includes more than two partners& 9hen a man is married to morethan one wife at a time, the relationship is called polygyny and when a woman is married tomore than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry& If a marriage includes multiple husbandsand wies, it can be called polyamory,!87# group or conoint marriage&

Polygyny

>olygyny is a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife & In moderncountries that permit polygamy, polygyny is typically the only form permitted& >olygyny is practiced primarily (but not only) in parts of the 'iddle East and +frica and is often associatedwith Islam&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamilyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lamb_(psychologist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamy#Serial_monogamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygynyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamilyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lamb_(psychologist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamy#Serial_monogamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygynyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam


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Polyandry

>olyandry is a form of marriage whereby a woman ta%es two or more husbands at the same time&/raternal polyandry, where two or more brothers are married to the same wife, is a common formof polyandry& >olyandry was traditionally practiced in areas of the 2imalayan mountains, among

.ibetans in Depal, in parts of 3hina and in parts of northern India& >olyandry is most common insocieties mar%ed by high male mortality or male absenteeism&

Kinship terminology

egrees of !inship

/amily in a wagon, Lee 3ounty, 'ississippi, +ugust "4F&

+ first-degree relatie is one who shares F@G of your BD+, such as a full sibling, parent or progeny&


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Kinshipegree of

relationship

"enetic

o#erlapInbred train not applicable 44GIdentical twins not applicable "@@G/ull sibling first-degree F@G (8H88H8)>arent-offspring! first-degree F@G (8H")1ffspring$progeny first-degree F@G (8H")2alf-sibling second-degree 8FG (8H8)$; siblings or sibling-cousin second-degree J&FG (8H88⋅8H;)6randmother$grandfather second-degree 8FG (8H8) Diece$nephew third-degree 8FG (8⋅8H)

+unt$uncle third-degree 8FG (8⋅8H

)2alf-aunt, half-uncle third-degree "8&FG (8⋅8H;)2alf-niece$half-nephew third-degree "8&FG (8⋅8H;)6reat grandparent third-degree "8&FG (8H)/irst cousin fourth-degree "8&FG (8⋅8H;)Bouble first cousin fourth-degree 8FG (8H8H)2alf-first cousin fourth-degree 7&8FG (8H;)/irst cousin once remoed fifth-degree 7&8FG (8⋅8HF)econd cousin sixth-degree &"8FG &"G (8H78H7)Bouble second cousin sixth-degree 7&8FG (;⋅8H7)

.riple second cousin sixth-degree "8&FG (K⋅8H7

)uadruple second cousin sixth-degree 4&KG (7⋅8H7).hird cousin seenth-degree @&JK"G (8⋅8HK)/ourth cousin tenth-degree @&8@G (8⋅8H"@)

$erminologies


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/amily tree showing the relationship of each person to the blue person&

wedish family eating, "4@8

In his boo% Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, anthropologist Lewis2enry 'organ ("K"KM"KK") performed the first surey of %inship terminologies in use aroundthe world& +lthough much of his wor% is now considered dated, he argued that %inship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions& /or example, most %inship terminologiesdistinguish between sexes (the difference between a brother and a sister) and betweengenerations (the difference between a child and a parent)& 'oreoer, he argued, %inshipterminologies distinguish between relaties by blood and marriage (although recently some

anthropologists hae argued that many societies define %inship in terms other than blood)&

'organ made a distinction between %inship systems that use classificatory terminology andthose that use descriptive terminology& 3lassificatory systems are generally and erroneouslyunderstood to be those that class together with a single term relaties who actually do not haethe same type of relationship to ego& (9hat defines same type of relationship under suchdefinitions seems to be genealogical relationship& .his is problematic gien that any genealogicaldescription, no matter how standardized, employs words originating in a fol% understanding of%inship&) 9hat 'organ*s terminology actually differentiates are those (classificatory) %inshipsystems that do not distinguish lineal and collateral relationships and those (descriptie) %inshipsystems that do& 'organ, a lawyer, came to ma%e this distinction in an effort to understand

eneca inheritance practices& + eneca man*s effects were inherited by his sisters* children ratherthan by his own children&'organ identified six basic patterns of %inship terminologies:

• 2awaiian: only distinguishes relaties based upon sex and generation&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_of_Consanguinity_and_Affinity_of_the_Human_Familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Morganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Morganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_tribehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_of_Consanguinity_and_Affinity_of_the_Human_Familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Morganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Morganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_tribehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship


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• udanese: no two relaties share the same term&

• Es%imo: in addition to distinguishing relaties based upon sex and generation, alsodistinguishes between lineal relaties and collateral relaties&

• Iro


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Extended family with roots in 3ape .own, Nimberley and >retoria, outh +frica

/ather and child, Bha%a, 5angladesh


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'ost 9estern societies employ Es%imo %inship terminology& .his %inship terminologycommonly occurs in societies based on conugal (or nuclear ) families, where nuclear familieshae a degree of relatie mobility& 'embers of the nuclear use descriptie %inship terms:

• Father: a male parent

• Mother: a female parent

• Son: a male child of the parent(s)

• aughter: a female child of the parent(s)

• Brother: a male sibling

• Sister: a female sibling

• "randfather: the father of a parent

• "randmother: the mother of a parent

• Cousins: two people who share at least one grandparent in common, but neither the same parents&

uch systems generally assume that the mother*s husband is also the biological father& In somefamilies, a woman may hae children with more than one man or a man may hae children withmore than one woman& .he system refers to a child who shares only one parent with another

child as a half-brother or half-sister& /or children who do not share biological or adoptie parents in common, English-spea%ers use the term stepbrother or stepsister to refer to theirnew relationship with each other when one of their biological parents marries one of the otherchild*s biological parents& +ny person (other than the biological parent of a child) who marriesthe parent of that child becomes the stepparent of the child, either the stepmother orstepfather& .he same terms generally apply to children adopted into a family as to children born into the family& In the ?nited tates, one in fie mothers hae children by different fathersamong mothers with two or more children the figure is higher, with 8KG haing children with atleast two different men& uch families are more common among 5lac%s and 2ispanics, andamong the lower socioeconomic class&!

.ypically, societies with conugal families also faor neolocal residence thus upon marriage a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation) and forms anew nuclear family (family of procreation)& 2oweer, in western society the single parent familyhas been growing more accepted and has begun to ma%e an impact on culture& ingle parentfamilies are more commonly single mother families than single father& .hese families sometimesface difficult issues besides the fact that they hae to rear their children on their own, forexample low income ma%ing it difficult to pay for rent, child care, and other necessities for ahealthy and safe home& 'embers of the nuclear families of members of one*s own (former)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugal_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfatherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmotherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolocalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugal_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfatherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmotherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolocal


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nuclear family may class as lineal or as collateral& Nin who regard them as lineal refer to them interms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family:

• 6randparent

o "randfather: a parent*s father

o "randmother: a parent*s mother

• 6randchild

o "randson: a child*s son

o "randdaughter: a child*s daughter

/or collateral relaties, more classificatory terms come into play, terms that do not build on the

terms used within the nuclear family:

• &ncle: father*s brother, mother*s brother, father*s sister*s husband, mother*s sister*shusband

• 'unt: father*s sister, mother*s sister, father*s brother*s wife, mother*s brother*s wife

• ephe: brother*s son, sister*s son, husband*s brother*s son, husband*s sister*s son, wife*s brother*s son, wife*s sister*s son

•

iece: brother*s daughter, sister*s daughter, husband*s brother*s daughter, husband*ssister*s daughter, wife*s brother*s daughter, wife*s sister*s daughter

9hen additional generations interene (in other words, when one*s collateral relaties belong tothe same generation as one*s grandparents or grandchildren), the prefixes great- or grand-modifies these terms& +lso, as with grandparents and grandchildren, as more generationsinterene the prefix becomes great-grand-, adding another great- for each additionalgeneration& 'ost collateral relaties hae neer had membership of the nuclear family of themembers of one*s own nuclear family&

• Cousin: the most classificatory term the children of uncles or aunts& 1ne can further

distinguish cousins by degrees of collaterality and by generation& .wo persons of thesame generation who share a grandparent count as first cousins (one degree ofcollaterality) if they share a great-grandparent they count as second cousins (twodegrees of collaterality) and so on& If two persons share an ancestor, one as a grandchildand the other as a great-grandchild of that indiidual, then the two descendants class asfirst cousins once remoed (remoed by one generation) if they shared ancestor figuresas the grandparent of one indiidual and the great-great-grandparent of the other, theindiiduals class as first cousins twice remoed (remoed by two generations), and so

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin


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on& imilarly, if they shared ancestor figures as the great-grandparent of one person andthe great-great-grandparent of the other, the indiiduals class as second cousins onceremoed& 2ence one can refer to a third cousin once remoed upwards&

3ousins of an older generation (in other words, one*s parents* first cousins), although technically

first cousins once remoed, are often classified with aunts and uncles& imilarly, a personmay refer to close friends of one*s parents as aunt or uncle, or may refer to close friends asbrother or sister, using the practice of fictie %inship& English-spea%ers mar% relationships bymarriage (except for wife$husband) with the tag -in-law& .he mother and father of one*s spouse become one*s mother-in-law and father-in-law the female spouse of one*s child becomes one*sdaughter-in-law and the male spouse of one*s child becomes one*s son-in-law& .he term sister-in-law refers to three essentially different relationships, either the wife of one*s sibling, or thesister of one*s spouse, or, in some uses, the wife of one*s spouse*s sibling& 5rother-in-lawexpresses a similar ambiguity& .he terms half-brother and half-sister indicate siblings whoshare only one biological or adoptie parent&

$ypes of !inship

Patrilineal

>atrilineality, also %nown as the male line or agnatic kinship, is a form of %inship system inwhich an indiidual*s family membership deries from and is traced through his or her father*slineage& It generally inoles the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by personsrelated through male %in&

+ patriline (father line) is a person*s father, and additional ancestors, as traced only throughmales& 1ne*s patriline is thus a record of descent from a man in which the indiiduals in allinterening generations are male& In cultural anthropology, a patrilineage is a consanguineal maleand female %inship group, each of whose members is descended from the common ancestorthrough male forebears&

Matrilineal

'atrilineality is a form of %inship system in which an indiidual*s family membership deriesfrom and is traced through his or her mother*s lineage& It may also correlate with a societal

system in which each person is identified with their matriline M their mother*s lineage M andwhich can inole the inheritance of property and$or titles& + matriline is a line of descent from afemale ancestor to a descendant in which the indiiduals in all interening generations aremothers M in other words, a mother line& In a matrilineal descent system, an indiidual isconsidered to belong to the same descent group as her or his mother& .his matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent pattern&

Bilateral descent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilinealityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinealityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_descenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother-in-lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilinealityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinealityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_descenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_group


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5ilateral descent is a form of %inship system in which an indiidual*s family membership deriesfrom and is traced through both the paternal and maternal sides& .he relaties on the mother*sside and father*s side are e


15/41

/amily arrangements in the

?nited tates

hae become more dierse with no particular household arrangement representing half of the?nited tates population&

3ontemporary society generally iews the family as a haen from the world, supplying absolutefulfillment& Oinn and Eitzen discuss the image of the family as haen !&& a place of intimacy,loe and trust where indiiduals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern

society& Buring industrialization, !t#he family as a repository of warmth and tenderness(embodied by the mother) stands in opposition to the competitie and aggressie world ofcommerce (embodied by the father)& .he family*s tas% was to protect against the outside world&2oweer, Oinn and Eitzen note, .he protectie image of the family has waned in recent years asthe ideals of family fulfillment hae ta%en shape& .oday, the family is more compensatory than protectie& It supplies what is itally needed but missing in other social arrangements& !

.he popular wisdom, according to Oinn and Eitzen, sees the family structures of the past assuperior to those today, and families as more stable and happier at a time when they did not haeto contend with problems such as illegitimate children and diorce& .hey respond to this, saying,there is no golden age of the family gleaming at us in the far bac% historical past& Besertion by

spouses, illegitimate children, and other conditions that are considered characteristics of moderntimes existed in the past as well&

$he postmodern family+

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce


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>ercentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, "4K@ and 8@@J

1thers argue that whether or not one iews the family as declining depends on one*s definitionof family& 'arried couples hae dropped below half of all +merican households& .his drop isshoc%ing from traditional forms of the family system& 1nly a fifth of households were followingtraditional ways of haing married couples raising a family together& In the 9estern 9orld,marriages are no longer arranged for economic, social or political gain, and children are nolonger expected to contribute to family income& Instead, people choose mates based on loe& .hisincreased role of loe indicates a societal shift toward faoring emotional fulfilment andrelationships within a family, and this shift necessarily wea%ens the institution of the family&

'argaret 'ead considers the family as a main safeguard to continuing human progress&

1bsering, 2uman beings hae learned, laboriously, to be human, she adds: we hold our present form of humanity on trust, !and# it is possible to lose it &&& It is not without significancethat the most successful large-scale abrogations of the family hae occurred not among simplesaages, liing close to the subsistence edge, but among great nations and strong empires, theresources of which were ample, the populations huge, and the power almost unlimited !

'any countries (particularly 9estern) hae, in recent years, changed their family laws in order toaccommodate dierse family models& /or instance, in the ?nited Ningdom, in cotland, the Family $aw %Scotland& Act '(() proides cohabitants with some limited rights& In 8@"@, Irelandenacted the 3iil >artnership and 3ertain 0ights and 1bligations of 3ohabitants +ct 8@"@& .herehae also been moes at an international leel, most notably, the 3ouncil of Europe *uropean

Convention on the $egal Status of Children +orn out of ,edlock !

which came into force in "4JK&3ountries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are proided with legalrights as stipulated in the text of this 3onention& .he 3onention was ratified by the ?N in"4K" and by Ireland in "4KK&

,edipal family model and fascism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Partnership_and_Certain_Rights_and_Obligations_of_Cohabitants_Act_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Partnership_and_Certain_Rights_and_Obligations_of_Cohabitants_Act_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe


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.he model, common in the western societies, of the family triangle, husband-wife-childrenisolated from the outside, is also called the oedipal model of the family, and it is a form of patriarchal family& 'any philosophers and psychiatrists hae analyzed such a model& In such afamily, they argue, the young deelop in a pererse relationship, wherein they learn to loe thesame person who beats and oppresses them& .hey beliee that young children grow up and

deelop loing a person who is oppressing them physically or mentally, and that these childrenare not taught in a way that will raise affectionate children&uch philosophers claim that thefamily therefore constitutes the first cell of the fascist society, as the children will carry thisattitude of loe for oppressie figures in their adult life& .hey claim that fathers torment theirsons& Beleuze and 6uattari, in their analysis of the dynamics at wor% within a family, trac%down all arieties of fascism, from the enormous ones that surround and crush us to the pettyones that constitute the tyrannical bitterness of our eeryday lies&

+s it has been explained by Beleuze, 6uattari and /oucault, as well as other philosophers and psychiatrists such as Laing and 0eich, the patriarchal-family conceied in the 9est traditionseres the purpose of perpetuating a propertarian and authoritarian society.he child grows

according to the oedipal model, which is typical of the structure of capitalist societies, and he becomes in turn owner of submissie children and protector of the woman&

+s the young undergoes physical and psychological repression from someone for whom theydeelop loe, they deelop a loing attitude towards authority figures& .hey will bring suchattitude in their adult life, when they will desire social repression and will form docile subectsfor society& 'ichel /oucault, in his systematic study of sexuality, argued that rather than beingmerely repressed, the desires of the indiidual are efficiently mobilized and used, to control theindiidual, alter interpersonal relationships and control the masses& /oucault belieed organizedreligion, through moral prohibitions, and economic powers, through adertising, ma%e use ofunconscious sex dries& Bominating desire, they dominate indiiduals& !7F# +ccording to the

analysis of 'ichel /oucault, in the west:the !conugal# family organization, precisely to the extent that it was insular and heteromorphouswith respect to the other power mechanisms, was used to support the great maneuersemployed for the 'althusian control of the birthrate, for the populationist incitements, for themedicalization of sex and the psychiatrization of its nongenital forms&

omestic #iolence

Bomestic iolence (B) is iolence that happens within the family& .he legal and socialunderstanding of the concept of B differs by culture& .he definition of the term domestic

iolence aries, depending on the context in which it is used & It may be defined differently inmedical, legal, political or social contexts& .he definitions hae aried oer time, and ary indifferent parts of the world&

.he 3onention on preenting and combating iolence against women and domestic iolencestates that:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipal_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipal_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_David_Lainghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertarianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submissivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_repressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshipshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipal_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_David_Lainghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertarianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submissivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_repressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshipshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence


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Pdomestic iolenceQ shall mean all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economiciolence that occur within the family or domestic unit or between former or currentspouses or partners, whether or not the perpetrator shares or has shared the sameresidence with the ictim&

In "44, the ?nited Dations Beclaration on the Elimination of iolence against 9omen identified domestic iolence as one of three contexts in which iolence against women occurs,describing it as&

>hysical, sexual and psychological iolence occurring in the family, including battering,sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related iolence, marital rape,female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousaliolence and iolence related to exploitation&

Family #iolence

/amily iolence is a broader definition, often used to include child abuse, elder abuse, and otheriolent acts between family members&

3hild abuse is defined by the 921 as:

3hild maltreatment, sometimes referred to as child abuse and neglect, includes all formsof physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation thatresults in actual or potential harm to the childRs health, deelopment or dignity& 9ithinthis broad definition, fie subtypes can be distinguished M physical abuse sexual abuseneglect and negligent treatment emotional abuse and exploitation&

Elder abuse is, according to the 921: a single, or repeated act, or lac% of appropriate action,occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm ordistress to an older person

Parental a-use of children (child a-use)

3hild abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child or children& In

the ?nited tates, the 3enters for Bisease 3ontrol and >reention (3B3) and the Bepartment for3hildren and /amilies (B3/) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts ofcommission or omission by a parent or other caregier that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child& 3hild abuse can occur in a child*s home, or in the organizations, schoolsor communities the child interacts with& .here are four maor categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse&

Parental a-use -y children

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Womenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_womenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_rapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Womenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_womenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_rapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse


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+buse of parents by their children is a common but under reported and under researched subect&>arents are arents feel a sense ofshame and humiliation to hae that problem, so they rarely see% help and there is usually little orno help aailable anyway&

Elder a-use

'ain article:

Elder abuse

Elder abuse is a single, or repeated act, or lac% of appropriate action, occurring within anyrelationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person& .his definition has been adopted by the 9orld 2ealth 1rganization from a definition putforward by +ction on Elder +buse in the ?N& Laws protecting the elderly from abuse are similar

to, and related to, laws protecting dependent adults from abuse&.he core element to the harm of elder abuse is the expectation of trust of the older persontoward their abuser& .hus, it includes harms by people the older person %nows or with whomthey hae a relationship, such as a spouse, partner or family member, a friend or neighbor, or people that the older person relies on for serices& 'any forms of elder abuse are recognized astypes of domestic iolence or family iolence&

Forced and child marriage

/orced and child marriages are practiced in certain regions of the world, particularly in +sia and

+frica, and these types of marriages are associated with a high rate of domestic iolence&

+ forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freelygien consent& .he line between forced marriage and consensual marriage may become blurred, because the social norms of many cultures dictate that one should neer oppose the desire ofone*s parents$relaties in regard to the choice of a spouse in such cultures it is not necessary foriolence, threats, intimidation etc& to occur, the person simply consents to the marriage een ifhe$she doesn*t want it, out of the implied social pressure and duty& .he customs of bride price anddowry, that exist in parts of the world, can lead to buying and selling people into marriage&

+ child marriage is a marriage where one or both spouses are under "K& 3hild marriage was

common throughout history but is today condemned by international human rights organizations&3hild marriages are often arranged between the families of the future bride and groom,sometimes as soon as the girl is born& 3hild marriages can also occur in the context of marriage by abduction&!

$he concept of family honor

'ain article:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_aggressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_aggressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_adulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_adulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_pricehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_by_abductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_by_abductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_by_abductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_aggressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_adulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_pricehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_by_abductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_by_abduction


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/amily honor

/amily honor is an abstract concept inoling the perceied


21/41

Bower

+ traditional, formal presentation of the bride price at a .hai engagement ceremony&

Bowry is property (money, goods, or estate) that a wife or wife*s family gies to her husbandwhen the wife and husband marry 1ffering dowry was common in many cultures historically(including in Europe and Dorth +merica), but this practice today is mostly restricted to someareas primarily in outh +sia (India, >a%istan, Depal, 5angladesh)&

5ride price, (also bridewealth or bride to%en), is property paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom& It is practiced mostly inub-aharan +frica, parts of outh-East +sia (.hailand, 3ambodia), and parts of 3entral +sia&

Bower is property gien to the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage, and whichremains under her ownership and control&

Property regimes and taxation

In some countries married couples benefit from arious taxation adantages not aailable to a

single person or to unmarried couples& /or example, spouses may be allowed to aerage theircombined incomes& ome urisdictions recognize common law marriage or de facto relations forthis purposes& In some urisdictions there is also an option of ciil partnership or domestic partnership&

Bifferent property regimes exist for spouses& In many countries, each marriage partner has thechoice of %eeping their property separate or combining properties& In the latter case, calledcommunity property, when the marriage ends by diorce each owns half& In lieu of a will or trust, property owned by the deceased generally is inherited by the suriing spouse&

Si/e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_factohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_factohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_propertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_propertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_propertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_propertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_factohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnershiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_propertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_propertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law


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.he total fertility rate of women aries from country to country, from a high of 7&J7 children born$woman in Diger to a low of @&K" in ingapore (as of 8@"F) /ertility is low in most EasternEuropean and outhern European countries and high in most ub-aharan +frican countries&

In some cultures, the mother*s preference of family size influences that of the children throughearly adulthood& + parent*s number of children strongly correlates with the number of childrenthat they will eentually hae&

%ights and las

%eproducti#e rights

/orced sterilization

is an example of goernment authorities coerciely interfering with reproductie rights& .heimage shows a

,e do not stand alone

Dazi poster from "47 with flags of other countries with compulsory sterilization legislation&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europeanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europeanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europeanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_sterilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europeanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europeanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europeanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_sterilization


23/41

0eproductie rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductiehealth& .hese include the right to decide on issues regarding the number of children born, family planning, contraception, and priate life, free from coercion and discrimination as well as theright to access health serices and ade+, reproductierights include the right to decide the number, timing and spacing of children, the right to

oluntarily marry and establish a family, and the right to the highest attainable standard of health,among others&/amily planning refers to the factors that may be considered by indiiduals andcouples in order for them to control their fertility, anticipate and attain the desired number ofchildren and the spacing and timing of their births&

.he state and church hae been, and still are in some countries, inoled in controlling the sizeof families, often using coercie methods, such as bans on contraception and$or abortion (wherethe policy is a natalist one - for example though tax on childlessness) or conersely,discriminatory policies against large families or een forced abortions (e&g&, 3hina*s one-child policy in place from "4JK to 8@"F)& /orced sterilization has often targeted ethnic minoritygroups, such as 0oma women in Eastern Europe, or indigenous women in >eru (during the

"44@s)

Parents0 rights

.he parents* rights moement is a moement whose members are primarily interested in issuesaffecting parents and children related to family law, specifically parental rights and obligations&'others* rights moements focus on maternal health, wor%place issues such as labor rights, breastfeeding, and rights in family law& .he fathers* rights moement is a moement whosemembers are primarily interested in issues related to family law, including child custody andchild support, that affect fathers and their children&!

Children0s rights

3hildren*s rights are the human rights of children, with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors, including their right to association with both parents,their right to human identity, their right to be proided in regard to their other basic needs, andtheir right to be free from iolence and abuse&

Marriage rights

'ain article:

'arriage laws

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_childlessnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_sterilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_sterilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents'_rights_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers'_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers'_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_supporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_childlessnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_sterilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents'_rights_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers'_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeedinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers'_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_supporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_laws


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Each urisdiction has its own marriage laws& .hese laws differ significantly from country tocountry and these laws are often controersial& +reas of controersy include women*s rights aswell as same sex marriage&

1egal reforms

Legal reforms to family laws hae ta%en place in many countries during the past few decades&.hese dealt primarily with gender eortugal ("4JF), 5razil ("4JJ), pain ("4K"),+rgentina ("4KJ), Ireland ("447), 3hile (8@@;) and 'alta (8@"")) although annulment and legalseparation were options& >hilippines still does not allow diorce& (see Biorce law by country)&.he laws pertaining to the situation of children born outside marriage hae also been reised inmany countries (see Legitimacy (law))&

2or!3family -alance

9or%-family balance is a concept inoling proper prioritizing between wor%$career and familylife& It includes issues relating to the way how wor% and families intersect and influence eachother& +t a political leel, it is reflected through policies such maternity leae and paternity leae&ince the "4F@s, social scientists as well as feminists hae increasingly criticized genderedarrangements of wor% and care, and the male breadwinner role, and policies are increasinglytargeting men as fathers, as a tool of changing gender relations&

*ealth+

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_sex_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-wbl.worldbank.org-130https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_law_by_countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_leavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_leavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_leavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_sex_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-wbl.worldbank.org-130https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_law_by_countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_leavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_leave


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6lobal maternal mortality rate per "@@ @@@ lie births, (8@"@)

!"8#

Family medicine+edit4

/amily medicine is a medical specialty deoted to comprehensie health care for people of allages it is based on %nowledge of the patient in the context of the family and the community,

emphasizing disease preention and health promotion&!"# .he importance of family medicine is being increasingly recognized&!";#

9orld infant mortality rates in 8@"8

!"F#

Maternal mortality+edit4

'aternal mortality or maternal death is defined by 921 as the death of a woman while pregnant or within ;8 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespectie of the duration and site ofthe pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggraated by the pregnancy or its management but

not from accidental or incidental causes&!"7#

2istorically, maternal mortality was a maor causeof women*s death& In recent decades, adances in healthcare hae resulted in rates of maternalmortality haing dropped dramatically, especially in 9estern countries& 'aternal mortalityhoweer remains a serious problem in many +frican and +sian counties& !"7#!"J#

5nfant and child mortality+edit4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-CIA-132https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-133https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-133https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-134https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-135https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-autogenerated1-136https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-autogenerated1-136https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-137https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-CIA-132https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-133https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-134https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-135https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-autogenerated1-136https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-autogenerated1-136https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-137https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=45


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Infant mortality is the death of a child less than one year of age& 3hild mortality is the death of achild before the child*s fifth birthday& Li%e maternal mortality, infant and child mortality werecommon throughout history, but hae decreased significantly in modern times&!"K#!"4#

Politics+edit4

>arents with child statue, 2robS%oa street, >etrTal%a,

5ratislaa

/amily policies differ significantly between countries& Bepending on urisdiction, family policymay hae a multiplicity of functions: horizontal redistribution, the enhancement of indiidualchoices, increasing fertility rates, supporting economic growth and productiity, as well asreducing gender ine


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children and child poerty& /rom an economic perspectie, employment-oriented family policy is part of an oerall redesign of welfare states geared to foster actie citizenship, also amongmothers who were formerly not employed, through the deelopment of an enabling state& 'oregenerous family policies are said to lead to higher employment rates for women, mitigate the ris% of unemployment for mothers after a substantial period of leae, support a social inestment

strategy, and offset some of the costs of raising children& /rom many feminist perspecties,family policies should aim at erofound social, economic, and cultural changes hae led in manysocieties to the decline of the male breadwinner model and the moe towards a ariety ofadult wor%er models (Baly 8@"")& Deertheless, family policy expansion has not alwaysfundamentally challenged gender ine


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for gender e


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3ertain social scientists hae adocated the abolition of the family& +n early opponent of thefamily was ocrates whose position was outlined by >lato in he -epublic&!";;# In 5oo% F of he -epublic, ocrates tells his interlocutors that a ust city is one in which citizens hae no familyties&!";F#!";7#

.he family being such a deep-rooted and much-enerated institution, few intellectuals haeentured to spea% against it& /amilialism has been atypically defined as a Psocial structure whereU a family*s alues are held in higher esteem than the alues of the indiidual members of thefamily&Q!";J# /aoritism granted to relaties regardless of merit is called nepotism&

.he 0ussian-+merican rationalist and indiidualist philosopher, noelist and playwright +yn0and compared partiality towards consanguinity with racism, as a small-scale manifestation ofthe latter&!";K# P.he worship of the family is merely racism, li%e a crudely primitie firstinstallment on the worship of the tribe& It places the accident of birth aboe a man*s alues andduty to the tribe aboe a man*s right to his own life&Q!";4# +dditionally, she spo%e in faor ofchildfree lifestyle, while following it herself&!";K#

.he 5ritish social critic, poet, mountaineer and occultist +leister 3rowley censured theinstitution of family in his wor%s: P2orrid word, familyV Its ery etymology accuses it ofserility and stagnation& $ Latin, famulus, a serant 1scan, Faamat , he dwells& U !.#hin% whathorrid images it eo%es from the mind& Dot only ictorian whereer the family has been strong,it has always been an engine of tyranny& 9ea% members or wea% neighbours: it is the mob spiritcrushing genius, or oerwhelming opposition by brute arithmetic& U In eery 'agical, or similar system, it is inariably the first condition which the +spirant must fulfill: he must once and forall and for eer put his family outside his magical circle&Q!"F@#

.he +merican ournalist 'arty Dem%o considers family to be oerrated& P>oliticians, clerics, and

ust plain fol%s extol family as our most important institution& $ I beliee family is oerrated& omany people suffer inordinately from family& U $ 'illions of people don*t een spea% with afamily member& 'illions more spend years and fortunes on therapists, trying to undo the ills thatfamily perpetrated on them& $ +ll this shouldnRt be surprising& +fter all, unli%e with friends, weare placed in our family of origin at random, with no say in the matter&Q!"F"#

$he family and social justice+edit4

1ne of the controersies regarding the family is the application of the concept of social ustice tothe priate sphere of family relations, in particular with regard to the rights of women andchildren& .hroughout much of the history, most philosophers who adocated for social ustice

focused on the public political arena, not on the family structures with the family often beingseen as a separate entity which needed to be protected from outside state intrusion& 1ne notableexception was =ohn tuart 'ill, who, in his wor% he Sub5ection of ,omen, adocated forgreater rights for women within marriage and family&!"F8# econd wae feminists argued that the personal is political, stating that there are strong connections between personal experiences andthe larger social and political structures& In the context of the feminist moement of the "47@sand "4J@s, this was a challenge to the nuclear family and family alues, as they were understoodthen&!"F# /eminists focused on domestic iolence, arguing that the reluctance - in law or in

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practice - of the state to interene and offer protection to women who hae been abused withinthe family, is in iolation of women*s human rights, and is the result of an ideology which placesfamily relations outside the conceptual framewor% of human rights&!"F;#

See also+edit4

• /amilialism

• Depotism

• 3hildlessness

• 3hildfree

• /amily economics

• 2ousehold

• tepfamily

otes and references+edit4

"& 8 !&& from Latin familia *family serants, domestics collectiely, the serants in ahousehold,* thus also *members of a household, the estate, property the household,including relaties and serants,* abstract noun formed from famulus *serant, slae !&&* &

Harper" Douglas6 2family2 6 !nline *tymology Dictionary6 -etrieved '(7897(9':6 8& W a b chneider, Baid "4K; A Criti1ue of the Study of ;inship& +nn +rbor: ?niersity of

'ichigan >ress& p& "K8

& 8 Beleuze-6uattari ("4J8)& >art 8, ch& , p& K@

;& 8 0usson, =ohn, (8@@) Human *xperience< #hilosophy" =eurosis" and the *lements of *veryday $ife, +lbany: tate ?niersity of Dew Xor% >ress& pp& 7"M7K&

F& 8 6eorge >eter 'urdoch Social Structure p& "

7& 8 9olf, Eric& "4K8 *urope and the #eople ,ithout History& 5er%eley: ?niersity of3alifornia >ress& 48

J& 8 2arner, 'ichael "4JF carcity, the /actors of >roduction, and ocial Eolution, in #opulation" *cology" and Social *volution, teen >olgar, ed& 'outon >ublishers: the2ague&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-154https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childlessnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childfreehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamilyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-1http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-154https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childlessnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childfreehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamilyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-1http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague


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K& 8 0iiYre, >eter "4KJ 1f 9omen, 'en, and 'anioc, *tnologiska Studier (K)&

4& 8 9e hae seen that people can refer to their relaties as *the family&* *+ll the familyturned up for the funeral&&&& 5ut of course, my brother didn*t bring his family along -they*re much too young&* 2ere the reference is to the offspring (as distinct from *all* the

family)& .he neighbors were ery good, too& *.he =ones came, and their two children& Itwas nice, the whole family turning up li%e that&* 2ere the usage is more restricted than*relaties* or *his relaties,* but includes ust both parents and offspring& *1f course, thechildren will be leaing home soon& It*s always sad to see the family brea% up li%e that&*2ere the reference is not only to parents and children but to their co-residence, that is, tothe household&he Family and 3ndustrial Society, "4K, 6eorge +llen ?nwin, London, page @

"@& 8 !livia Harris6 ;ate >oung" Carol ,olkowit" and -oslyn @cCullagh" ed6 !f @arriageand the @arket< ,omens Subordination 3nternationally and its $essons6 $ondon< -outeledge6 p6 70/6

""& W a b Lacan "4KM8@@", pp& 8;M8F, F7

"8& W a b /ugier >ascal, 8@@J, p&887-K

"& 8 Bintis" Herbert6 2@uch that is rue" but -emember< 3s does not 3mply !ught"2 6 Amaon6com6 -etrieved 7( !ctober '(786

";& 8 2he Collapse of @arriage by Don +rowning he Christian Century2 6 -eligion9online6org6 February ." '(()6 pp6 ':'/6 -etrieved '((.9(.97(6

"F& 8 $evitan" Sara %'(7(&6 2,orking wives and mothers< what happens to family life?2 %#DF&6 -etrieved anuary /" '(7:6

"7& 8 1regonstate&edu, Duclear family M + family group consisting of wife, husband (or oneof these) and dependent children& M Befinitions of +nthropological .erms M+nthropological 0esources M (3ourt mith) Bepartment of +nthropology, 1regon tate?niersity

"J& 8 Caruso" Debra4 immermann" Sandra %anuary '8" '(70&6 2he Disappearing =uclear Family And he Shift o =on9raditional Households Has Serious Financial 3mplications For Browing =umbers !f Americans2 6 Huffington #ost he +log6 -etrieved

: =ovember '(7:6 "K& 8 6odelier, 'aurice, trans& Dora cott, he @etamorphoses of ;inship (London: erso,

8@"" (I5D 4JK-"-K;;7J-J;7-J)), p& F7K (Blossary, entry matrifocal ) (trans& from @Etamorphoses de la parentE (Librarie +rthYme /ayard (apparently), 8@@;)) (author prof& anthropology, Zcole des hautes [tudes en sciences sociales, >aris)&

"4& 8 5lended and 5lessed M Encouraging tep-/amilies, blendedandblessed&com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Lacan3801_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Lacan3801_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Lacan3801_11-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-FugierPascal226_12-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-FugierPascal226_12-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-FugierPascal226_12-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-gintis_13-0http://smile.amazon.com/review/RKVMPRH1FYL2T/ref=cm_cr_dp_cmt?ie=UTF8&ASIN=0061707805&nodeID=283155&store=books#wasThisHelpfulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-14http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-15http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdfhttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-16http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.htmlhttp://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-17http://www.huffingtonpost.com/debra-caruso/retirement-plan-the-disappearing-nuclear-family_b_2534622.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/debra-caruso/retirement-plan-the-disappearing-nuclear-family_b_2534622.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/debra-caruso/retirement-plan-the-disappearing-nuclear-family_b_2534622.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844677467https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-19http://www.familylife.com/articles/topics/blended-familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Lacan3801_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-Lacan3801_11-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-FugierPascal226_12-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-FugierPascal226_12-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-gintis_13-0http://smile.amazon.com/review/RKVMPRH1FYL2T/ref=cm_cr_dp_cmt?ie=UTF8&ASIN=0061707805&nodeID=283155&store=books#wasThisHelpfulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-14http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-15http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-16http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-17http://www.huffingtonpost.com/debra-caruso/retirement-plan-the-disappearing-nuclear-family_b_2534622.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/debra-caruso/retirement-plan-the-disappearing-nuclear-family_b_2534622.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/debra-caruso/retirement-plan-the-disappearing-nuclear-family_b_2534622.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844677467https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_ref-19http://www.familyl

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