Other elements

Measurement of fluoride - Hand irradiation facility

Measurement of fluoride - hand irradiation and hand counting set-up

Fluoride in vivo data

Gadolinium in vivo

This system was originally developed to measure cadmium in vivo

Gadolinium in vivo

XRF of Arsenic in Skin As in skin

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109Cd source

Detection Limit = 3.5 + 0.2 ppm

8 mm phantoms

Effective Dose = 0.28 + 0.02 µSv

Background is from Compton electrons from 88 keV gamma-ray

125I source

125I source Phantom Detection Limit = 2.3 + 0.1 ppm2 mm phantomsEffective Dose = 5.5 + 0.8 nSv

In vivo MeasurementsPalm Detection Limit =2.5 + 0.5 ppmForearm Detection Limit =2.6 + 0.5 ppm