other aspects of the 2002-2003 tus · other aspects of the 2002-2003 time use survey by: ......

Other aspects of the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey By: Víctor Casero Carlos Angulo

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents 3

Introduction 5

1 Non-regulated education and training 7

2 The place where the activities are

carried out 19

3 The problem with the self-

classification of the relationship with the activity 25

4 Care received by children 29

5 Economic assessment of domestic

service for 2003 41

Schedule of tables of chapter 2 45

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Introduction In this publication a series of specific analyses of the results of the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey (TUS) are presented.

The main purpose of this survey is obtaining primary information in order to gain an insight into the scale of non-remunerated work carried out in households, the distribution of household familiar responsibilities, the population’s participation in cultural and entertainment activities, time use of special social groups (youth, unemployed, old age, ...) so that family policies and gender equality policies may be set forth or the household sector satellite accounts may be estimated.

The time use survey has a harmonized methodology within the EU Statistical Office (Eurostat). It is a non-periodic survey addressed to a sample of 20,603 households which collects information on people daily activities through the filling out of personal diaries and household and individual questionnaires.

The activity diary is the most distinctive instrument of the survey. All household members above 10 years old must fill it out in a selected day. The diary time grid spreads over 24 consecutive hours (from 6:00 am to 6:00 am of the following day) and is divided in 10 minute spans. In each of them, the informant must indicate the main activity, the secondary activity he or she is doing at the same time (if applicable) and if at that moment any other acquaintances are present. These activities are codified following a Eurostat harmonized activity list which takes into account 10 main groups: personal care, employment, study, household and family care, volunteer work and meetings, social

life and entertainment, sports and outdoor activities, hobbies and games, mass media, and travel and unspecified time use.

This statistical research allows to obtain information on the percentage of people who carry out an activity during the day, the average daily duration (in hours and minutes) dedicated to an activity by the people who carry it out, the activity distribution in an average day per type of day (weekday or weekend day) and the percentage of people who carry out that same activity at the same moment of the day (daily activity rhythms).

These indicators may be disaggregated based on the week day type or on the year quarter. As for variables relating to the individual, data are classified by gender, age, study level, marital status, relationship with the activity and professional situation, occupation, household income level, household type, etc.

Furthermore, on account of the sample design, the study also allows to obtain the main results mentioned above for each one of the autonomous communities. The sample has been enhanced in four autonomous communities -Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia and Navarre- with whose Statistics Institutes the INE has entered into collaboration agreements, with the aim of obtaining more detailed results.

The analyses contained in this publication are aimed at providing information on particular aspects included in the TUS which, due to their characteristics, have not been included in previous publications related to the survey.

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Thus, the first chapter focuses on the analysis of non-regulated education and training, particularly that which relates to INEM (National Institute of Employment) courses, Workshop Schools or other courses for employment seekers; training courses promoted by the company; computing courses; language courses in language schools; driving schools and preparation of competitive examinations. As far as possible, the profile of the people who take such training and the time they dedicate to it, both in terms of the course duration and week hours dedicated, are detailed.

The second chapter completes the exploitation of results by analysing the place where the activities are carried out. Therefore, at the bottom of this publication a table schedule has been added with a structure analogous to that of the exploitation of the results published in June 2004. Thus, information on the average time spent daily in certain places or means of transport, the percentage of people located at certain places or means of transport throughout the day and the so-called “place rhythms” shall be found there.

The third chapter presents the problem of the self-classification of the

relationship with the activity in which the two possible classifications of such relationship with the activity gathered in the survey are contrasted, one, in accordance with the common “objective” methods and the other one, from a direct question made to the informant through which he or she classifies himself or herself and which, thus, is “subjective”.

The fourth chapter on care received by children depicts regular care received by children under 10, with the analysis being divided into three age groups, from 0 to 2, from 3 to 5 and from 6 to 9 years old, based on the schooling situation of the minor as suggested by European criteria. The percentages of children who receive regular care from persons external to the household, the average weekly duration of the care received and the hourly distribution of the regular care received by children in an average weekday are provided.

The fifth and last chapter provides an economic assessment of domestic service for 2003 in which various options are presented. Among them, the option which has been obtained exclusively from information of the survey has been considered the most reasonable one.

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1. Non-regulated education and training The nature of time use surveys allows to obtain plenty of information on a wide array of issues of economic or social interest. One of them, which over time does not lose the slightest bit of topicality and appears in many researches and almost daily in mass media, is education and training. Both information from the INE and information available in other publications usually relate to what is known as regulated education and training, which has been successfully completed and which is being carried out or ongoing, and the so-called non-regulated education and training is pushed into the background.

Non-regulated and ongoing education and training

Based on the education and training section set forth in the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey1, this article wishes to describe a small part of non-regulated studies, more specifically, of non-regulated and ongoing studies, thereby meaning those taken in the last four weeks.

This small part of non-regulated studies is defined by the different courses to be considered and which result from the various options presented to the interviewees:

• INEM (National Institute of Employment) courses, Workshop Schools or other courses for employment seekers

• Training course promoted by the company (only for employed persons)

• Computing course

1 Section i. Education and training of the Individual Questionnaire of the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey. Available in electronic version (in Spanish) at: http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/um?M=%2Ft25%2Fe447&O=inebase&N=&L=

• Language course in language schools (other than the Official Language School –Escuela Oficial de Idiomas–)

• Driving schools (driving license) • Preparation of competitive

examinations (in preparatory schools or with a personal trainer)

Along with these options, there were various regulated studies and the clear instruction to indicate the kind of education or training which the informant considers the main one2. Hence, in the text the description main is added to the course or training.

Once the research framework has been defined, it is not superfluous to highlight that the first purpose of the individual questionnaire education and training section was to contrast the information on time dedicated to studies with the information provided by informants in the time use diary. Carrying out only those checkings would have meant to waste the great value which the ongoing education and training questions have by themselves. This analysis is the result of this observation, which at the same time intends to bring new information or information not very known on the subject. Thus, gaining an insight into the mentioned non-regulated ongoing main training courses has been set as the study goal, detailing as much as possible the profile of the people who take such training and the time they dedicate to it, both in terms of course duration and week hours dedicated.

2 See question 28 of the Individual Questionnaire.

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First conclusions

Table 1 indicates the percentage of people who have taken a non-regulated training course in the last four weeks. The conclusion is that only 4.6% of the population take this non-regulated training as a main activity, with the courses promoted by companies standing out, being taken by 1.5% of people. The remaining courses have similar participation percentages. Nonetheless, it must be taken into account that table 1 percentages refer to the whole of the population and that the persons likely to take each course are substantially different from one course to the other. For example, in order to be eligible to the INEM courses, the person must be unemployed, in order to be eligible to the courses promoted by the company, there must be some kind of work connection with the company and in order to obtain the driving license, the person must be over 18, although some citizens begin their preparation some months before.

Table 1. Percentage of people who have taken a non-regulated training course in the last four weeks

Training courses Both sexes

Total 4,6

INEM courses, Workshop Schools 0,5

Courses promoted by the company 1,5

Computing 0,8

Language courses in language schools 0,6

Driving schools (driving license) 0,7

Preparation of competitive examinations 0,7

The differences by sex may be seen in graph 1. Particularly, the major differences, with higher percentages for women than for men, are found in language courses in language schools and in the preparation for competitive examinations, 0.7% and 0.8% of women for 0.4% and 0.5% of men respectively; and with a higher percentage in men, courses promoted by companies, with 1.7% of men for 1.2% of women. However, it is appropriate to highlight in this last case that there are more employed men than employed women, on account of which there are more men than women who are likely to take those courses.

Graph 1. Percentage of people who have taken a non-regulated training course in the last four weeks, by sex

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

1 2 3 4 5 6

%

Men Women

Graph 2. Percentage of people who have taken a non-regulated training course in the last four weeks, by age.

0,0

0,5

1,01,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

1 2 3 4 5 6

%

Under 25 From 25 to 44From 45 to 64 65 and over

Non-regulated and ongoing training courses 1 INEM courses, Workshop Schools 4 Languages in language schools 2 Courses promoted by the company 5 Driving schools 3 Computing 6 Preparation of competitive examinations

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By ages, as seen in graph 2, people from 25 to 44 years old are those, in general, who take those courses more often. Specifically, they obtain the maximum percentage, 2.7%, in courses promoted by the company, with a wide difference over the rest of ages. It must be highlighted that in that age group there are more employed people than in the other ones.

On the other side, the only matter to be highlighted with regard to those under 25 is that they present a higher percentage than the other age groups when it comes to attending driving schools to obtain the driving license, although these data are affected by the fact that it is the age group in which the main occupation of its members is taking regulated studies, as they have stated.

Lastly, people from 45 to 64 years old do not stand out in any of the courses, but we may state that the non-regulated studies in which they participate more often are those promoted by companies and computing courses.

Training profiles

It is specially interesting to know the profile of the persons who take each one of those courses and, thus, table 2 is presented with the percentage distribution of people who have taken non-regulated training courses in the last four weeks, based on various variables. Data confirm the groups to which any subject matter expert would point out in principle and, furthermore, they allow to know the magnitude and to quantify differences. Thus, many clichés are consolidated, but some nuances which dash some preconceptions are also discovered.

To help us in this analysis, in the last column of the table we have indicated, for each variable, the general distribution of the population, which will allow us to distinguish the existing prevalences.

Obviously, a good health condition is a general profile which is present in all courses. Such persons whose perceived health condition is bad or very bad and those who have a chronic disease do not take these studies as the rest of the population.

INEM courses, Workshop Schools or other courses for employment seekers

According to table 2, among the theoretical members of one of theses courses there are 6 women for each 10 students, and, curiously, also 6 persons from 25 to 44 years old and 3 persons under 25 for each 10 students. With regard to the marital status, there is one married person for each two who are not, as well as one resident in the provincial capital for each two who reside in the remaining municipalities (which coincides with the distribution of this characteristic in the population).

Clichés about the income level are confirmed. In an INEM course there are more students with low income levels than in the population and less students from high income level households than in the population.

The most represented persons in those courses by study level are those who have reached the secondary education first cycle. Furthermore, by comparison to the population distribution, the sole underrepresented group is the group of the illiterates, without any studies or with primary education, since there would only be 1 for each 10 students, while in the population there are 3 for each 10 persons..

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Table 2. Percentage distribution of people who have taken non-regulated training courses in the last four weeks and of population of or over 10 years old, based on various variables.

1 2 3 4 5 6 Population

SexMen 39,1 58,5 45,5 34,9 51,5 38,4 48,9Women 60,9 41,5 54,5 65,1 48,5 61,6 51,1Type of municipalityProvincial capitals 33,3 44,7 36,6 47,5 29,6 46,0 34,5Rest of municipalities 66,7 55,3 63,4 52,5 70,4 54,0 65,5Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 31,1 5,0 15,1 * 10,4 18,8 18,5 26,4From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 30,7 15,7 21,1 13,7 25,0 21,0 24,3From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 17,7 20,1 22,7 19,2 24,3 21,3 18,52.000 � and over 20,5 59,2 41,2 56,7 32,0 39,2 30,7AgeUnder 25 31,1 6,9 12,5 * 13,1 49,1 25,9 19,9From 25 to 44 56,9 66,5 55,5 62,2 46,5 67,9 36,6From 45 to 64 11,2 26,6 27,4 19,2 * 4,4 * 6,1 25,465 and over * 0,8 * 0,0 * 4,5 * 5,5 .. * 0,1 18,2Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary education

14,4 * 4,6 * 6,6 * 7,5 15,0 * 0,0 34,7

Secondary education. First cycle 28,1 16,1 23,8 15,3 38,5 9,2 29,6Secondary education. Second cycle 24,3 19,2 27,5 13,7 25,8 23,6 15,9Higher professional training 14,5 15,9 10,3 * 14,0 10,3 11,3 6,1University education 18,8 44,2 31,7 49,4 * 10,5 55,9 13,7Perceived health condition Good or very good 87,4 87,5 79,9 88,2 86,5 89,1 72,2Acceptable * 9,9 10,8 17,3 * 10,9 * 10,8 10,9 19,2Bad or very bad * 2,7 * 1,7 * 2,8 * 0,9 * 2,7 .. 8,6Marital statusMarried 32,6 64,5 56,7 43,0 26,8 24,2 55,6Not married 67,4 35,5 43,3 57,0 73,2 75,8 44,4Relationship with the activityActive people 76,7 100,0 81,4 72,7 88,0 74,9 53,6Employed people 22,1 99,8 67,2 67,7 70,0 52,2 48,1- Employers and self-employed * 0,4 5,4 11,7 * 6,4 * 3,8 * 1,2 8,6- Employees 21,1 93,8 54,9 60,6 63,8 50,3 38,5Unemployed 54,6 * 0,2 14,2 * 5,0 18,0 22,7 5,6Inactive people 23,3 .. 18,6 27,3 12,0 25,1 46,4Students 18,8 .. * 4,8 * 8,8 * 5,8 23,2 13,2Retired or pensioners * 1,5 .. 7,4 * 7,3 * 0,6 .. 18,9Housework * 2,9 .. * 6,0 * 10,3 * 5,5 * 1,9 13,8Training courses1. INEM Courses, Workshop Schools 2. Courses promoted by the company 3. Computing courses4. Language courses in language schools 5. Driving schools 6. Preparation of competitive examinations* The number of sample observations is lower than 30, due to which it must be cautiously interpreted.. Void data

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When it comes to the relationship with the activity, unemployed are the most represented group in those courses, since they amount to half of the attendees, followed by employees and students.

It is appropriate to make here a digression on the characteristics of those courses, since they do not consist only of INEM courses for unemployed people. Workshop Schools attendees are also included, in the employees or students group based on their particular circumstances, and also other courses for employment seekers, without it being necessary that the person is classified as unemployed. Event the time reference plays here an important role in order to obtain the relationship with the activity in the last week, with the information on the ongoing training referring to the last four weeks. Therefore, it is not strange to find, so to say, new employees, who they have fulfilled the conditions to be considered as such in the last week and who have also taken INEM courses prior to the agreement effectiveness date and within the four relevant weeks.

Training courses promoted by the company

Unlike INEM courses, in a theoretical class of 10 students, there would only be 4 women, with 2 married persons for each 3 persons and almost the same percentage who come from the provincial capital and from the remaining municipalities, the latter being slightly higher. Both courses coincide in the fact that there are more people from 25 to 44 years old than from the remaining age groups, in this case 2 for each 3 students. There are more persons who take these courses

who come from household with a higher income level, with a substantial difference over the rest, that is, 6 persons with an income level higher than 2,000 EUR for each 10 persons who take the course.

We also observe that these courses are addressed mainly to employees, since 9 of each 10 persons who take these courses are employees, and 8 of each 10 in the population. With regard to education level, those who participate more often in these courses are persons with university studies, 4 of each 10 students.

Computing courses

In order to carry out a more accurate analysis, it is appropriate to highlight the courses’ main characteristic. Due to that, it is reasonable to consider that a part of these computing and language courses have been included in courses promoted by the company, since for the informant the fact that he or she has been proposed, required, financed, or suggested by the company takes precedence.

In commenting the data, from table 2 we infer that in a computing course there will be almost the same number of women and men, those from 25 to 44 years old will be slightly more than half of the students, followed by those from 45 to 64 years old, 3 of each 10. Only one student will be under 25 years old. It will not seem strange either that there are more married people than not married; indeed, in the table we observe that this characteristic has the same percentage distribution in the course than in the population.

The most represented study level is university level, well above its presence in the population. Finally, the household purchasing power has an

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impact when it comes to taking computing courses, since it is observed that the higher the household income level is, the more persons take such courses, taking into account the population distribution.

Employees are those who take computing courses more often, but in comparison with the population there are more employers1 and even more unemployed persons who study computing. Among the inactive persons, the retired or pensioners stand out.

Languages in language schools

In language courses, the rate of 2 women for each man appears again and the most common age is, of course, from 25 to 44 years old. The type of municipality is more or less similar, unlike the population structure, maybe on account of the lack of education institutions of this type in municipalities which are not provincial capitals.

People who study languages more often are those with a higher income level and a higher study level, even more than those who take computing courses. We find another difference between both courses in the marital status distribution; in this case, married people are underrepresented. Finally, the group which prevails most in language studies with regard to the work situation is the group of employed persons and, within that group, employees.

Driving schools

What makes driving schools different from the rest of courses is that they have small differences by sex and that those who attend them are the

1 Employers, self-empoyed, members of cooperatives, family workers

younger ones. Marital status, undoubtedly related to age, drastically differentiates the theoretical members of a driving school group; for each married person who attends the driving school there are 3 who are not married. On the other hand, the type of municipality has almost the same distribution as the population. Taking into account the income level, no clearly defined rule may be observed. Furthermore, the most represented study level is the secondary education first cycle. The work situation reflects a wider disparity in the distribution in driving schools and in the population, mainly with respect to unemployed persons and secondly with respect to employees.

It must also be taken into account that in the youngest population group, as indicated above, regulated education students prevail, due to which this group is underrepresented in this course.

Preparation of competitive examinations

A preparatory school which prepares candidates for competitive examinations shall have more women than men among their students and, if the school is not big enough, none of its students shall be above 44 years old. Furthermore, the higher the study level, taking into account the population distribution, the higher the percentage of people who wish to be civil servants.

The type of municipality has the same distribution than in language courses or in courses promoted by the company, that is, half of the people are from provincial capitals and the other half of the rest of municipalities. As in driving schools, for each married person there are 3 who are not married.

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Finally, when it comes to the relationship with the activity, unemployed are the most represented ones among the candidates to competitive examinations, in comparison with the population distribution, followed by students and employees.

Analysis of occupation variables

For the group of employed persons, the information collected in the survey allows to make a more exhaustive analysis, highlighting the last considerations. For that purpose, table 3 is presented and, similarly to table 2, it includes in the last column the percentage distribution of each group within the population.

INEM courses, Workshop Schools or other courses for employment seekers

In table 2 a considerable percentage of employed people who took these kind of courses was obtained, but the lack of samples in most of the analysed

variable categories prevents a detailed analysis.

Courses promoted by the company

Data reflect a higher representation in these courses of people who work in the private sector, 6 for each 10, theoretically speaking, since in general in a course like this there are not persons from both sectors. However, in comparison with the population distribution, there are more public sector employees who participate in courses promoted by their companies or by public bodies.

With regard to the working day and working hours, population distributions are maintained. The first work establishment activity of the employed people sets forth there are 7 service sector workers for each 10 attendees of a generic businesscourse, while in the population of employed people it would amount to 6 for each 10. Industry workers follow them in

Table 3. Percentage distribution of people who have taken non-regulated training courses in the last four weeks and of the population of employees and employed persons1, based on various variables

1 2 3 4 5 6 Population1

Employees’ employment sectorPublic sector * 42,6 37,3 32,2 25,6 * 10,0 57,4 22,4Private sector * 57,4 62,7 67,8 74,4 90,0 42,6 77,6Employees’ working day typeFull-time 77,6 91,2 88,8 91,6 79,7 72,9 87,3Part-time * 22,4 8,8 * 11,2 * 8,4 * 20,3 27,1 12,7Employees’ working hours typeContinuous working day 77,0 59,0 55,6 45,3 48,9 68,4 55,1Split shift * 23,0 41,0 44,4 54,7 51,1 31,6 44,9First work establishment activity Agriculture, stockbreeding or fishery * 6,8 * 0,2 * 2,7 * 0,4 * 6,6 * 1,2 5,7Industry * 3,9 19,2 16,8 26,1 24,9 * 3,9 19,5Construction * 6,3 6,2 * 5,5 * 1,3 * 14,0 * 1,7 10,8Services 83,0 74,4 75,0 72,3 54,5 93,2 64,01. INEM Courses, Workshop Schools 2. Courses promoted by the company 3. Computing courses4. Language courses in language schools 5. Driving schools 6. Preparation of competitive examinations* The number of sample observations is lower than 30, due to which it must be cautiously interpreted1 population is limited to employees for the first three variables, and to occupied people for the last one

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representation with 2 for each 10, which coincides with the distribution population. Construction workers would be underrepresented in such courses and those who work in agriculture, stockbreeding or fishery do not seem to tend to take this training.

Computing courses

Computing courses, restricted to the employed people, present the same scene as company courses, that is, a higher percentage of workers of the private sector that of the public one; for each 2 workers of the private sector there would be one of the public sector. And, therefore, the same consideration on the course distribution in comparison with the population distribution is valid, concluding that, proportionally, there are more public employees who take computing courses.

Based on the variables of the employees’ working day and working hours, there are no differences with the population distribution, as in courses promoted by the company. Finally, in computing courses we would find 3 students of the service sector for each 4 students of a class, followed by industry workers.

Language courses

Language courses have almost the same distribution as the population. When classifying by the employees’ employment sector, 3 of each 4 employees work in private companies. And while the type of working day outlines the same scene than in the population, the working hour type has a distribution which is slightly contrary to the population distribution, with part-time workers being the most represented ones in a language course.

As for the employed persons’ employment sector and language courses, we may say that it would be hard to find a construction employee and even more an agriculture, stockbreeding or fishery employee. Thus, it may be stated that of each 4 employed persons who study languages, 3 work in the service sector and 1 in the industry.

Driving school

The typology of these studies, by their nature, has major differences with the rest of courses, as seen in the previous comments. Even if we only consider the employed persons, this statement does not change, and, even, no similarity is found with the rest of the courses described in this section, as opposed to what happened when classifying results by sex, for example. Thus, the distribution by the employees’ employment sector produces a rate of 9 private sector employees for each 10 students, far from the population distribution.

The working day type does not reflect the population distribution either, as happened with the other courses, although full-time workers are still the most represented ones, with 8 of each 10 persons. As for working hours, we may speak of a technical draw.

Finally, employed persons from the service sector are those who attend driving schools more often, even if it is below their distribution in the population. For the remaining establishment activities it is the contrary, percentages are higher in courses than in the population. The piece of information which relates to agriculture, stockbreeding and fishery workers may also be highlighted, even though cautiously, since it is the training with a higher presence from this group.

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Table 4. Percentage of people who have taken a non-regulated training course in the last four weeks, by total duration of the course

Training course INEM Company Computing Languages Driving schools

Competitive examinations

Less than 1 month * 9,7 63,8 26,3 * 3,8 * 2,4 * 2,8From 1 to less than 3 months 30,7 12,9 22,9 * 5,5 18,9 * 3,1From 3 to less than 6 months 29,1 5,3 16,0 * 7,5 * 9,2 * 4,8From 6 months to less than 1 year 18,4 6,4 15,6 28,2 * 4,7 21,91 or more years * 10,6 * 4,7 * 5,9 30,5 * 3,9 16,0Undefined * 1,5 7,0 13,3 24,5 60,6 51,5* The number of sample observations is lower than 30, due to which it must be cautiously interpreted

Preparation of competitive examinations

The preparation of competitive examinations throws a drastic change over the previous data when classifying them by employees’ employment sector. The most represented sector is the public one, with 6 for each 10 candidates to become civil servants. The wide difference between the course rate and the population rate may also be highlighted, with 2 public employees for each 10 employees.

The working day type also differs from the rest of the courses, since it presents the highest rate of part-time employees in the whole table 3, that is, 3 for each 10. The same happens with continuous working day, with their highest rate in the whole table 3, that is, 7 for each 10. Thus, the split shift seems to deter the preparation of competitive examinations.

Finally, almost all the employed persons who prepare competitive examinations come from the service sector, as inferred from table 3.

Education and training total duration

The decision to take any course is affected by many circumstances, age, working situation, low training or knowledge, etc. Among them the course total duration is undoubtedly

included, the time during which the person shall have to attend it. Thus, although in principle the attendees know with more or less precision the duration of some courses, it is interesting to throw more light by venturing a standard total duration of these courses. There comes the surprise, because sometimes a group of the persons taking a course, and sometimes most of them, declare that the course does not have a definite duration, neither prior to the beginning of the course, nor once they have begun it1.

In accordance with data observed in table 4, the most common total duration of the INEM courses is from one to six months, and there is another important group of courses whose duration is from six months to one year.

Courses promoted by companies have a much shorter duration than INEM courses; specifically 63.8% of these courses last less than one month. It is also significant that 7% of this type of courses have an undefined duration.

1 Note that in the individual questionnaire there is a question on the education or training total duration once the interviewee has noted that he or she has taken some kind of education or training in the last four weeks. Therefore, in most cases, they are in the middle of the studies.

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Computing courses present the highest variability in total duration, from one month to less than a year, and there is also a significant number of them with an undefined duration.

Language courses offered by language schools seem to have an undefined duration or a duration above 6 months.

The maximum number of persons who declare that the duration is not defined is obtained with respect to the driving license; we could say they know when they start the course but they do not know when they will finish it. However, 18.9% of people who are studying to obtain their driving license say they will invest in it from one to three months.

One of each two competitive examinations candidates which attend preparatory schools or who have a personal trainer does not know the defined total duration of their studies either. Obviously, competitive examination candidates, even if there is a determined examination date, do not dare to hazard whether they will pass on that examination or they will have to wait to the following one or to another subsequent one, or whether they will give up. However, the most

frequent duration is from six months to one year (21.9%), and a duration of one or more years is also frequent (16.0%).

Average weekly hours dedicated to education and training

Finally, informants were asked about the average weekly hours they dedicate to such studies, and, in addition to the time spent at the place in which the course is given, they also had to note the time they dedicate to personal study or to make exercises apart from the specific time of the course, including also the time spent in tutorials or in enquiries to teachers.

In table 5 it is observed that the preparation of competitive examinations is the study to which more time is dedicated, followed by INEM courses, Workshop Schools and other courses for employment seekers. From this fact it may be inferred that the non-regulated studies to which more time is dedicated are those which are taken in order to obtain a job. Courses promoted by the company are the following ones in time spent. Therefore, courses related to the work situation, specifically to active people, are those to which more time is dedicated.

Table 5. Average weekly hours dedicated to the main non-regulated training course taken in the last four weeks

Training course Both sexes

Men Women Under 25

From 25 to 44

From 45 to 64

65 and over

INEM Courses, Workshop Schools 23:10 23:15 23:07 27:09 21:51 *19:48 ..Courses promoted by the company 10:39 11:03 10:07 13:50 10:56 9:07 ..Computing courses 9:04 9:24 8:48 12:53 8:43 8:14 *7:47Language courses in language schools 8:08 6:47 8:51 *15:46 6:52 7:07 *7:47Driving schools (driving license) 9:11 9:27 8:53 9:14 9:19 *7:10 ..Preparation of competitive examinations 26:29 25:56 26:51 29:23 26:00 *20:02 ..* The number of sample observations is lower than 30, due to which it must be cautiously interpreted.. Void data

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Although there are usually many persons who take an interest in them with a view to improve their work situation or obtain a job, courses of a more entertaining nature, computing and languages, present an average weekly dedication of 9 and 8 hours respectively. Finally, in order to obtain the driving license, about 9 hours are spent per week.

In table 5, the average daily hours that men and women, and people from the various age groups which have been defined, dedicate to those courses are also quantified.

Only language courses present a mentionable difference by sex,

specifically that women dedicate two more hours to studying than men.

By ages, those who dedicate more time to any kind of courses are the younger ones, and this number decreases with age. The biggest differences in absolute figures arise in INEM courses, Workshop Schools and other courses for employment seekers, since the younger ones dedicate 5 hours more than the rest. However, considering the hours dedicated to each type of studies, the differences in computing courses are more considerable, in which those under 25 spend about 13 hours in those course, 4 hours more than the rest.

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2. The place where the activities are carried out

The published result of the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey (TUS) do not have a set of tables which provide information on the place in which the activities have been carried out, hereinafter “the place”, a variable which has proved very interesting1. Therefore, we take this opportunity to disclose the result tables of this variable, with a structure analogous to those already published. However, we are going to comment briefly on such tables, which we have attached as a schedule, with a view to helping with their interpretation.

The TUS really focuses on the activity carried out by the informant, that which he or she has noted in a diary, over 24 hours of the day which has been previously assigned to him or her, and not so much on the place in which the activity has been carried out. Furthermore, methodologically, along with the place, means of transport have been considered. Thus, following the recommendation of Eurostat2 a classification3 has been set forth, which has permitted, from the noted main and secondary activities, to assign a code to exploit this variable. Therefore, prior to putting forward the analysis conclusions, the deductive nature of this variable must be highlighted.

1 This variable has been useful for the INE’s data collection unit in order to obtain a timetable of time spent at home, thanks to a more in-depth analysis, allowing them to optimize the interviewers’ work, by maximizing the visited houses and minimizing time and costs. 2 See Annex VI Activity Coding List. Guidelines on Harmonised European Time Use Surveys. September 2000. Eurostat. 3 The detailed classification of places and means of transport may be found in the publication: 2002-2003 Time Use Survey. Volume I. Methodology and National Results. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Madrid 2004. Also available in: http://www.ine.es /inebase/cgi/um?M=%2Ft25%2Fe447&O=inebase&N=&L=

The inclusion of the place4 in time use surveys permits, on the one hand, to simplify the main activity classification, since it is not necessary to have a more extensive classification to identify one activity carried out in different places. Thus, there is only one code for the lunch activity and we do not have to use a code for the activity “lunch at home”, another one for “lunch at the parents’”, another one for “lunch at work”, etc. However, here we shall only comment on the casuistry of this variable as a whole without relating it to its original activity.

Average time spent daily

In the first table of the schedule the average time spent daily in certain places or means of transport of the Spaniards is presented.

Home is the place in which we spend more time, 16 hours and 28 minutes. The difference between men and women in this aspect is of 2 hours and 30 minutes. We spend 2 hours and 59 minutes5 at the place of work or school and the difference by sex, which amounts to 1 hour and 53 minutes, is contrary to the time spent at home. In decreasing order of average time spent daily, we find the street (40 minutes), other people’s house (29 minutes), restaurants, cafés or bars (19 minutes) and the countryside, outdoors or sports center (13 minutes) which presents the biggest difference, in absolute figures, between men and women after home and place of work (19 minutes for men and 7 minutes for women).

4 The term place shall be used generically to designate places and means of transport. 5 The average time spent daily is obtained as the sum of hours spent at the place divided by the sum of total hours of all the Spaniards, whether they have been in that place or not.

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Graph 1. Average time spent daily in certain places or means of transport (in hours and minutes)

Men

15:113:57

0:25

0:24

0:44

1:142:05

Women

17:41

2:04

0:32

0:15

0:36

1:04

1:48

Home Work or school Other people's houseRestaurant, café, bar Street, public highway Means of transportOther places

Speaking of means of transport, we may highlight the 28 minutes spent in private means of transport, distributed almost exclusively in travels by car (18 minutes) and travels by foot (9 minutes). In public means of transport 8 minutes are spent, especially in travels by bus (5 minutes).

The remaining tables of average time spent daily only present those places considered significant and provide disaggregated information for the main time, space, household and individual classification variables.

With respect to that, we may highlight, without getting into details, that, based on the kind of week day, the average time spent is different for week days (from Monday to Thursday) and for those considered as weekend days (from Friday to Sunday). Specifically, on week days more than twice of the time is spent at work or at school than during the weekend and also more travels by foot are done and more public means of transport are used.

Households with higher income levels spend more time than the rest of households at work, at the second residence and at the beach or in the swimming pool, obviously due to their economic means. They also move around more by car.

By type of municipality, the situation is quite balanced. Those who reside in provincial capitals spend more time at the second residence and use more public means of transport.

Age is a variable which almost always presents a great analysis depth and usually is correlated to other classification variables such as study level, marital status or relationship with the activity. But, focusing only on age, those of 65 and above have the lowest presence at work or school, since obviously they do not have such occupations. As for them, the time during which they stay at home, which amounts approximately to 20 hours, only exceeded by those who do housework, implies a great difference over the two younger groups (under

21

45) which spend about 15 hours and a half at home. Among the rest of places, the older seem to prefer the street. The younger ones, in comparison to the rest of ages, spend more time at the beach or in the swimming pool and in restaurants, cafés or bars and move around more in public means of transports and by foot. Those from 25 to 44 years old stand out because they spend more time at work or school, almost as much time as those under 25 spend in restaurants, cafés or bars, and because they are those who spend more time in travels by car.

Those with a lower study level and widowers coincide with the older ones and spend less time at work and in restaurants, cafés or bars, and more in the street or at home. However, widowers stand out when it comes to spending time at other people’s houses. Singles are those who spend less time at home and more at work or school, in restaurants, cafés or bars, using all kinds of means of transport and at the beach or in the swimming pool, and in the countryside, outdoors or sports center. Married people visit their second residence more often than the rest.

As for the relationship with the activity, those who spend more time at work are employers (6 hours and 16 minutes in average), those who spend more time at home are those who dedicate to housework (19 hours and 53 minutes), those who spend more time in the street are pensioners (1 hour and 14 minutes) and those who use public means of transport more frequently are students (14 minutes).

Finally, there are differences by autonomous communities with regard to the time spent at the second

residence, from 12 minutes in average of people from Madrid, to less than 30 seconds in average of people from Navarre1, and, to a lesser extent, in the time spent in public means of transport, in travels by foot or by car and the average time spent in the countryside, or in restaurants, cafés and bars.

People percentage

A group of tables is also included which provide the percentage of people located at certain places or means of transport throughout the day with the same detail than in tables of average time spent daily. Data have been obtained by considering the persons who have been at the place at any moment of the day compared to the total of persons. From the data of these tables and of those of average time spent daily we can deduct the average time spent at the different places only by those persons which have been there at any moment of the day.

“Place rhythms”

On the other hand, the percentage of people located at certain places or means of transport throughout the day has been obtained, which we shall name place rhythms, by analogy with the published average activity rhythms. The result tables are accompanied by graphs which allow to view this rhythm. Through them, we confirm that the highest percentages of people who are at home appear at night hours; from 1:00 am to 7:00 am the percentage of people is always higher than 90%, coinciding with sleep hours2.

1 That is the reason why 0:00 appears in table 1.4 2 This piece of information may be contrasted with the published daily activity rhythms.

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Graph 2. Percentage of people located at certain places at the same moment of the day at the beginning of the hour. Both sexes.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

06:0

0

08:0

0

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

24:0

0

02:0

0

04:0

0

Day hour

%

Work or school Other people's house Restaurant, café, bar

Street, public highway Other places Means of transport

The presence at home at “lunch time”, from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm in Spain of more than half of the population also stands out. Those who are not at home during those hours, as seen in graph 2, are mainly at work or school or in some means of transport. Only 3% of Spaniards are at other people’s house and 2% at restaurants, cafés or bars at such hours. Between 1 and 3% are in the street and around 8% in other places1.

In addition to home, there are two places which play a leading role throughout the day. From 6:00 am to 5:00 pm, the main place is work or school (the highest presence concentrates from 10:00 am to 12:00

1 In graph 2 other places are considered (see classification for more details): Second residence, beach, countryside, shopping center, bank, hotel, park, doctor, hospital, dentist, hairdresser, library, church, pensioners’ home...

am). From 6:00 pm and until 5:00 am, other places play the leading role, and they obtain their highest point at 7:00 pm (18.8%), and from that moment the presence decreases rapidly. It may also be highlighted that both places rhythm has a cyclical nature although with a different scale.

Means of transport (both public and private) have a high participation above 5% from 8:00 am until 10:00 pm. Graphically, it is the only place which has three peaks at 9:00 am (6.2%), at 2:00 pm (11.5%) and at 8:00 pm (12%), which we associate mainly to the activities of going to work, going to take lunch and dinner and coming back from work, respectively.

Finally, the activities of being in the street and at other people’s house obtain their peak at 7:00 pm with 10.2% and 4.6% of persons respectively. However, the rhythm of these two places is quite different. The

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activity of being in the street also has a cyclical nature, while the activity of being at other people’s house has an

increasing trend until it achieves its peak and, subsequently, decreases when night comes.

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3. The problem with the self-classification of the relationship with the activity

In the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey (TUS) there are two possible classifications for the informants’ relationship with the activity. The first one, which we agree to name “objective”, is obtained from a series of questions of the TUS individual questionnaire based on the questions of the Economically Active Population Survey (Encuesta de Población Activa, EAPS). The second classification, which we may call “subjective”, is the answer to the situation in which the informant deemed himself or herself to be, that is, a self-classification (question 21 of the individual questionnaire).

When we put in common the information obtained by these two variables, we come to the conclusion that one of each four unemployed as per the objective criterion classifies himself or herself as a student or as doing housework. The specific data may be seen in table 1a where the distribution of the subjective classification is presented for each

objective classification category. To put it in a different way, the presented percentages amount to 100% for each objective criterion category (in columns).

If the distribution of the objective category is considered for each subjective category, which may be seen in table 1b where the presented percentages amount to 100% for each subjective criterion category (in rows), the comment is almost identical. In this case, 64.2% of those who classify themselves as unemployed would be objectively considered unemployed. And 34.4% of “subjective” unemployed would be classified as “objectively” inactive.

In spite of the data differences, the information of this table is the same, only varying the percentages by the denominator considered in each case. Therefore, only the first type tables will be analysed, that is, the self-classification categories distribution for

Table 1a. Percentage of persons in relation to the activity. Classification by objective and subjective criteria, by sex

Total persons Men WomenObjective criterion Objective criterion Objective criterion

Subjective criterion Employed Unemployed Inactive Employed Unemployed Inactive Employed Unemployed InactiveEmployed 98,3% 0,5% 0,3% 98,8% 0,7% 0,5% 97,6% 0,3% 0,3%Unemployed 0,2% 74,9% 4,6% 0,2% 85,5% 4,9% 0,3% 67,1% 4,4%Inactive 1,5% 24,6% 95,1% 1,1% 13,8% 94,6% 2,1% 32,7% 95,4%Student 0,7% 10,8% 27,1% 0,7% 11,3% 36,2% 0,8% 10,4% 21,7%Pensioner 0,3% 1,2% 38,8% 0,3% 1,7% 56,2% 0,2% 0,8% 28,3%Housework 0,4% 12,3% 28,3% 0,0% 0,4% 1,1% 0,9% 21,1% 44,5%

Table 1b. Percentage of persons in relation to the activity. Classification by subjective and objective criteria, by sex

Total persons Men WomenObjective criterion Objective criterion Objective criterion


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Table 2. Percentage of persons in relation to the activity. Classification by objective and subjective criteria, by age

Under 25 From 25 to 44 From 45 to 64Objective criterion Objective criterion Objective criterion


each one of the three objective categories considered, since the comments on the second type table would be analogous.

Going back to table 1a, the difference between the objective criterion and the subjective criterion has been highlighted with regard to the condition of unemployed. This fact will capture the comments of this analysis, since, on the one hand, the differences in this aspect repeat themselves all through the analysis and, on the other hand, both the employed objective condition and the inactive objective condition present coincidence percentages between the objective and subjective criterion which are close to 95% for almost every variable considered.

With regard to this we may comment that the final results published by the INE in July 2004 (available at the web site: www.ine.es) observe the objective criterion for the classification of active, employed and unemployed persons and the double objective and subjective criterion for the disaggregation of inactives.

Relationship with the activity by sex

By focusing on unemployed persons and by separating the data by sex the following appreciation differences are observed. While 32.9% of women do

not classify themselves as unemployed when they are so in accordance with the objective classification, only 14.5% of men have such awareness. And, since a similar percentage of them consider themselves students (11.3% of men and 10.4% of women) the difference by sex is set forth by 21.1% of women who consider that their activity is housework when, if observing the objective criteria, they would be classified as unemployed. Data confirm once again the roles played by men and women in Spanish society which already appeared in the final results published by the TUS.

Relationship with the activity by age

Given that formal education is generally a matter of young people, it is logical that 28.4% of those under 25 classify themselves as students when objectively they are unemployed and that only 66.7% coincide in their subjective and objective appreciation. This perception undoubtedly changes for the two other age groups, from 25 to 44 years old and from 45 to 64 years old, from which those who are objectively unemployed, 77.7% and 78.8% respectively, consider themselves unemployed and 14.8% and 16.9% consider that they make housework.

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Table 3. Percentage of persons in relation to the activity. Classification by objective and subjective criteria, by study level

Objective criterion Objective criterion Objective criterionSubjective criterion Employed Unemployed Inactive Employed Unemployed Inactive Employed Unemployed InactiveEmployed 97,2% 0,1% 0,2% 98,4% 0,6% 0,4% 98,0% 0,6% 0,5%Unemployed 0,4% 76,0% 2,1% 0,3% 78,3% 6,0% 0,1% 68,8% 8,2%Inactive 2,4% 23,9% 97,7% 1,3% 21,2% 93,5% 1,8% 30,6% 91,3%Student 0,4% 2,9% 23,6% 0,6% 6,4% 27,9% 1,4% 17,7% 46,7%Pensioner 0,9% 2,7% 48,6% 0,3% 1,8% 27,0% 0,1% 0,0% 17,8%Housework 0,9% 18,1% 24,8% 0,3% 13,0% 37,7% 0,2% 12,4% 25,6%

Objective criterion Objective criterionSubjective criterion Employed Unemployed Inactive Employed Unemployed InactiveEmployed 99,4% 0,8% 1,4% 98,9% 0,3% 0,4%Unemployed 0,1% 83,7% 19,1% 0,1% 69,8% 10,0%Inactive 0,5% 15,5% 79,5% 1,1% 29,9% 89,5%Student 0,1% 6,1% 17,0% 0,8% 23,4% 28,6%Pensioner 0,1% 0,4% 29,3% 0,1% 0,0% 38,9%Housework 0,2% 8,9% 32,3% 0,2% 5,3% 20,0%

Illiterates, without any studies or with primary education

Secondary education. First cycle Secondary education. Second cycle

Higher professional training University education

Table 4. Percentage of persons in relation to the activity. Classification by objective and subjective criteria, by marital status



Married Single

Widower Separated or divorced

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On the other hand, within the group of people from 25 to 44 years old there are 18.9% of persons classified as inactive who consider themselves unemployed, which is compensated with 21.9% of persons which are classified as unemployed but do not classify themselves as such.

Relationship with the activity by study level

Focusing on the study level, and continuing with unemployed and their perception, those who have completed higher professional training are those who have less doubts when it comes to classifying themselves with regard to the objective criterion (83.7% of unemployed persons consider themselves as such). At the same time, they show the highest percentage of people who consider themselves unemployed when they are objectively inactive (19.1%).

In the group of people with university education the result is somewhat lower than the average, specifically, 69.8% of those classified as unemployed define themselves as such and 23.4% of them consider themselves students.

Relationship with the activity by marital status

Unemployed who are married, when they do not consider themselves unemployed (26.1%) classify themselves mainly as persons who

make housework (23.0%) while singles classify themselves mainly as students (20.0% of 24.1%). Unemployed who are separated or divorced are, within this classification, those who are more in line with the objective criterion, since 81.5% consider themselves unemployed and, when they do not, the option which they chose to classify themselves is housework (15.9%). For their part, the members of this group are those who classify themselves as inactive less often, only 84.5% of those who objectively are, with 14.8% classifying themselves as unemployed.

The most outstanding element when we separate Spaniards by their marital status is the appreciation of the unemployed situation for the widowers group. Only 31.4% of widowers classified as unemployed consider themselves as such, and most of them define themselves as pensioners (41.7%).

This trend, surely influenced by the age structure (old persons) and mentality (they do not intend to find a job or they do not believe they are going to find one) of such group, is confirmed by the highest coincidence percentage of all which have been presented in the survey, for the classification of inactive persons: 99.6% coincides subjectively with the objective classification.

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4. Care received by children

The purpose of this document is analysing, on the basis of the 2002-2003 Time Use Survey (TUS) the regular care received by children under 10. Care required by those children1 depend, undoubtedly, on their age, on account of which a general analysis would not allow to appreciate the differences in the care they receive. Therefore, the study shall be carried out on the basis of age groups, based on the minor’s schooling situation as Eurostat2 has proposed. Thus, we shall analyse, firstly, care received by children from 0 to 2 years, secondly, those from 3 to 5 years, the most of which are schooled3 although voluntary, and, finally, care received by children from 6 to 9 years, whose schooling is compulsory.

Methodological considerations

The reader who is familiar with statistical production knows very well the need to apply a raising factor (or weight) to the sample information for a correct exploitation. That is to say that in any statistical operation based on sampling, the answers of a sample individual are considered to be representative of a determined number of population individuals, more or less wide based on the characteristics of such sample individual.

Methodologically, the TUS sample design provided a raising factor for each household and each person of 10

1 All throughout the analysis, the term child shall be used to refer to children under 10. 2 See Eurostat ‘Development of a methodology for the collection of harmonised statistics on childcare’. 3 Based on the data of the household questionnaire question to be analysed in this study, 91% of children from 3 to 5 years go either to school or to a nursery school, infant school, kindergarten, etc.

years old and over4, but not for children under 10. Thus, in order to carry out a correct analysis, each child has been given a weight, specifically, the raising factor of the household to which the child belongs.

Description of care received by the child

The classification of regular care to be considered in this study comes from the section of questions on regular care received by household members under 105. In the questionnaire there are questions on regular care received by children, differentiating care provided by the following persons: household relatives, non-remunerated persons (non-household relatives, friends, neighbours...) and/or remunerated persons (babysitters, nannies...); from care provided in institutions: nursery schools6 or schools. There were also two questions to find out about whether the institution was public or private or if the child usually took lunch there.

The children different needs suggest an analysis for the first age group, from 0 to 2 years old, of care received by children both from persons external to the household, remunerated or not, and care received in institutions. However, for the two other age groups under consideration, from 3 to 5 and from 6 to 9 years old, only care provided by persons external to the household will be analysed in detail.

4 See section on sample design in the 2002-2002 TUS methodology. 5 Question 2 of 2002-2003 TUS household questionnaire 6 The term nursery school is generically used to refer to nursery schools, kindergartens, infant schools... as it appeared in the questionnaire.

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Analysis of children from 0 to 2 years old who receive regular care

A) Percentage of children from 0 to 2 years old who receive regular care from persons external to the households or in institutions

Obviously, all children are taken care of by the household relatives in one way or another and, in addition to that, 57% of them receive care from persons external to the household or in institutions, as inferred from table 1. This piece of information allows to conclude that 43% of children from 0 to 2 years old only receive regular care from the relatives who live with them.

Focusing on care provided by persons external to the household, those who do not receive any remuneration for that, friends, neighbours, relatives who do not live with the minor..., take care of 26.8% of the children of those ages, and 10.1% of them are taken care of by persons who receive a compensation for taking care of them regularly. Altogether, 34.9% of these children receive care from one of those groups. On the other hand, on a

non-excluding basis, 34% of them are taken care of in institutions.

Apart from these generalities, in table 1 some variables are presented which characterize the household in which the child lives and go into depth, therefore, in the analysis of the external care they receive. Only the considered variables which are more revealing are shown, ruling out other ones, such as sex, the kind of household in which the child lives... which, although they would be very interesting in most researches which could be made, have not given rise to significant differences, and even have presented problems of lack of sample in some categories, which has advised against their publication.

It is observed that the higher percentage of children which receive regular care external to the household corresponds to those who live in a household with domestic service, since 9 of each 10 of such children receive some kind of care, 7 of each 10 are taken care of by persons and almost half of them attend institutions.

Table 1. Percentage of children from 0 to 2 years old who receive regu-lar care from persons external to the households, by various variables

Total Non-remune rated persons

Remunerated persons

TOTAL 57,0 34,9 26,8 10,1 34,0Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 60,5 37,2 25,0 14,6 38,4Rest of municipalities 55,1 33,5 27,8 7,6 31,6Domestic service availabilityWith domestic service 88,9 71,5 27,4 54,6 46,9Without domestic service 50,2 27,0 26,7 *0,5 31,2Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 39,7 20,8 20,8 *0,0 24,1From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 44,7 28,5 25,6 *4,8 23,5From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 65,1 36,5 32,0 *4,6 42,02.000 � and over 72,6 48,5 29,5 23,5 42,3

Taken care of by personsTotal taken care of

Taken care of in institutions

Main variables

* Obtained from less than 30 sample observations, due to which it must be cautiously interpreted

31

But, undoubtedly, the piece of information which stands out is that more than half of the children from 0 to 2 years old of such households which have domestic service receive regular care from remunerated persons, while in the whole of the population only 1 of each 10 children of those ages receives care from such persons. From this the inclusion of the care of the household children in domestic service personnel tasks is inferred.

We also observe that the percentage of children from provincial capitals who receive care from remunerated persons is almost twice that of the rest of municipalities, 14.6% and 7.6% respectively.

Finally, in the variable which differentiates households by their income, the percentages of children from households with the highest income stand out. For children from households of the two groups with a higher average net income level per month, from 1,500 EUR, the total of children who receive care from someone external to the household exceeds 65%, and those of the households whose income does not reach 1,500 EUR does not exceed 45%.

The same happens with care received in institutions: less than 42% of children from households with an average net income level higher than 1,500 EUR per month and a maximum of 24.1% of children from the rest of households.

As for care provided by remunerated persons, only those provided to children from households with an average net income level higher than 2,000 EUR per month are representative, with 23.5% of such children receiving care, somewhat more than half of the average (10.1%).

B) Average weekly duration of regular care received by children taken care of from 0 to 2 years old

Table 2 shows than in an average week children from 0 to 2 years old which are regularly taken care of by persons external to the household or in institutions receive care during an average of 30 hours, all care considered.

Care provided to these children by persons external to the household has an average duration of almost 22 hours per week, not much more than the 19 hours of care provided by non-remunerated persons and the almost 25 hours from remunerated persons. Children who have attended institutions have been taken care of in them during about 28 hours and 15 minutes.

Similarly to the previous section, in which we commented on percentages of children who receive care, those who stand out are those from 0 to 2 years old who live in households which have domestic service, since they are those who receive more care, 36 hours and 45 minutes, more than 9 hours more than those who do not have domestic service.

By type of municipality, children from 0 to 2 years old from provincial capitals receive in average more external care hours than children from the rest of municipalities; especially with regard to the duration of care provided by remunerated persons, somewhat more than 27 hours in average in a week, 5 hours more than those from the rest of municipalities. However, they coincide with children from households with domestic service, they receive less care hours those of the rest of municipalities, and the difference decreases when it comes to the average weekly duration

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Table 2. Average weekly duration of regular care received by children from 0 to 2 years old taken care of classified by the different persons external to the household who provide the care, by various variables


Remunerated persons

TOTAL 30:00 21:52 19:04 24:48 28:17Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 32:10 22:23 17:26 27:10 29:37Rest of municipalities 28:42 21:33 19:54 22:16 27:25Domestic service availabilityWith domestic service 36:45 25:55 17:35 25:08 30:33Without domestic service 27:27 19:31 19:25 *17:03 27:35Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 22:22 13:35 13:35 .. 25:40From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 24:46 15:10 13:56 *15:28 28:37From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 28:18 21:24 21:00 *23:05 25:342.000 � and over 35:18 26:37 22:55 26:08 30:36

Taken care of by personsTotal taken care of


Main variables

* Obtained from less than 30 sample observations, due to which it must be cautiously interpreted .. There is no information

of care provided by persons external to the household.

Care provided to children, differentiating by household average net income level per month, show the highest average weekly durations in households with the highest income level, both as for total external care and in each one of the factors considered.

However, rather than quantifying this last comment, we should highlight the hours during which children from households with the lowest income level are taken care of by persons external to the household, about 13 hours and a half per week, and only from remunerated persons, and there is no information about remunerated persons1. In fact, the average weekly duration of care external to the household received by these children amounts to half of the hours than

1 See in table 1 that the percentage of children from households with an average net income level under 1,000 EUR per month which receive care is 0%.

children from households with an average net income level higher than 2,000 EUR per month.


A) Percentage of children from 3 to 5 years old who receive regular care from persons external to the households

In table 3 we see that 32% of children from 3 to 5 years old receive care from persons external to the household, 26% are taken care of by non-household relatives, friends, neighbours..., that is, who receive no remuneration for that, and 7.7% receive care from remunerated persons.

These data are lower than, but close to those indicated for, children from 0 to 2 years old. Similarly, the percentages of children from 3 to 5 years old who live in households who have domestic service stand out: almost half of them are taken care of by remunerated persons and, altogether, 6 of each 10

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Table 3. Percentage of children from 3 to 5 years old who receive regular care from persons external to the households, by various variables


Remunerated persons

TOTAL 32,0 26,0 7,7Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 37,1 28,5 11,0Rest of municipalities 29,7 24,8 6,2Domestic service availabilityWith domestic service 62,5 27,8 45,0Without domestic service 26,0 25,6 *0,4Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 17,4 17,1 *0,3From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 29,7 27,9 *2,3From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 33,0 30,4 *4,92.000 � and over 45,0 28,7 19,5

Taken care of by personsMain variables


children from such households receive care external to the households while children from households which do not have domestic service do not reach 3 of each 10.

We also must highlight the difference in the percentage of children of these ages who receive care from remunerated persons, based on the type of municipality in which they live: 11% of children who live in provincial capital households, and 6.2%, almost half of the first figure, of those who live in other municipalities.

Finally, we must comment on the percentage of children from 3 to 5 years old who receive care from remunerated persons in households with an average net income level higher than 2,000 EUR per month, which is 19.5%, a high percentage in comparison with the average 7.7%. Furthermore, the higher the income of the household, the higher the percentage of children who receive regular care from persons external to the household.

B) Average weekly duration of regular care received by children from 3 to 5 years old taken care of by persons

The regular care provided to children from 3 to 5 years old by persons external to the household has an average duration of almost 15 hours per week, with the average weekly duration of care provided by non-remunerated persons amounting to 14 hours and care provided by remunerated persons amounting to 17 hours, as shown in table 4.

These average weekly durations are notoriously lower than those of children from 0 to 2 years old, even more since it has been said that the percentage of children from 3 to 5 years old who receive regular care is slightly lower than percentages of children from 0 to 2 years old. We only need to see the almost 22 hours of average weekly regular care provided by persons external to the household to children from 0 to 2 years old compared to the almost 15 hours of care to children from 3 to 5 years old.

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Table 4. Average weekly duration of regular care received by children from 3 to 5 years old taken care of by persons external to the household, by various variables


Remunerated persons

TOTAL 15:09 13:44 16:59Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 14:13 12:43 15:22Rest of municipalities 15:43 14:17 18:17Domestic service availabilityWith domestic service 16:48 11:01 16:43Without domestic service 14:24 14:17 *23:00Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 13:38 13:33 *18:19From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 13:17 12:34 *19:10From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 14:58 14:12 *14:012.000 � and over 16:45 14:30 17:10



The explanation of this fact is quite simple; it is due to the very high percentage of children from 3 to 5 years old who attend institutions1; therefore, the total number of hours they spend in institutions causes the decrease of the total number of hours they are taken care of by persons external to the household2, and, thereby, the average duration.

When we observe table 4, although there are not many differences among the considered variables, some of them are surprising. For example, to the highest percentage of children from provincial capitals who receive regular care from remunerated persons corresponds an average weekly duration of such care lower in 3 hours to the rest of children.

1 91% as indicated at the beginning of the article. 2 Actually, the total number of hours they are taken care of by persons external to the household and the total number of hours they are taken care of by household relatives will decrease.

Children from 3 to 5 years old who live in households with domestic service and receive regular care from persons external to the household receive in an average week almost 17 hours of such care, for 14 hours and a half of those who live in households which do not have such domestic service. The difference is also striking because it is contrary to the previous one, in the average weekly duration of care provided by non-remunerated persons: for children who live in households who have domestic service it amounts only to 11 hours, and for the rest of children it exceeds 14 hours.

Finally, the household income level does not clearly distinguish the average duration of regular care provided by persons external to the household to children from 3 and 5 years old. For example, children from households of the group of a lower income level are not those who receive less time of care.

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Table 5. Percentage of children from 6 to 9 years old who receive regular care from persons external to the households, by various variables


Remunerated persons

TOTAL 26,5 21,8 6,2Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 30,2 22,7 10,7Rest of municipalities 24,8 21,4 4,1Domestic service availabilityWith domestic service 58,6 25,9 43,5Without domestic service 21,4 21,1 *0,3Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 16,5 16,3 *0,1From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 18,4 17,5 *0,9From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 30,4 29,1 *2,62.000 � and over 40,0 25,9 18,4




A) Percentage of children from 6 to 9 years old who receive regular care from persons external to the households

The characteristic feature of children from 6 to 9 years old is that they go to school and, therefore, they spend a fix number of hours in the education institution which they attend. However, 26.5% of children of those ages receive care provided by persons external to the household, 21.8% by non-remunerated persons and 6.2% by remunerated persons.

By analysing table 5, the percentages of children from households with domestic service, those of children who reside in provincial capitals and those from households with an average net income level higher than 2,000 EUR per month stand out once again. However, we shall not make

any comment on that, due to the fact that, only by changing the figures, the comments made for children from 3 to 5 years old are valid.

However, as for children from 6 to 9 years old, the leap in the percentage of children who receive regular care from persons external to the households is noteworthy: from 18.4% of children of households with an average net income level lower than 1,500 EUR per month to, at least, 30.4% of children of households with an average net income level higher than 1,500 EUR per month. The same happens with the percentage of children who are taken care of by non-remunerated persons: the leap in this case is from 17.5% of children of households with an average net income level lower than 1,500 EUR per month to, at least, 25.9% of children of households with an average net income level higher than 1,500 EUR per month.

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Table 6. Average weekly duration of regular care received by children from 6 to 9 years old taken care of by persons external to the household, by various variables


Remunerated persons

TOTAL 15:36 14:55 14:12Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 15:30 13:52 14:15Rest of municipalities 15:39 15:27 14:10Domestic service availabilityWith domestic service 16:34 14:01 13:58Without domestic service 15:10 15:06 *20:05Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 18:17 18:22 *8:42From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 14:24 14:20 *15:42From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 17:00 16:46 *11:092.000 � and over 14:37 12:20 14:26



B) Average weekly duration of regular care received by children from 6 to 9 years old taken care of by persons

Children from 6 to 9 years old taken care of by persons external to the household receive care during an average of 15 hours and a half per week, those taken care of by non-remunerated persons receive care during 15 hours, and those taken care of by remunerated persons receive care during more than 14 hours, as shown in table 6.

We must highlight the higher average weekly duration of the total regular care provided by persons external to the household, and by non-remunerated persons, to children from 6 to 9 years old compared to that of children from 3 to 5 years old. On the contrary, the average weekly duration of care provided by remunerated persons is higher in almost 3 hours for children from 3 to 5 years than for children from 6 to 9 years old.

The average weekly duration of care provided by remunerated persons is

equal for provincial capital children and children from the rest of municipalities, although significant differences had been observed in percentages.

Similarly, children from households who have domestic service, in spite of the percentage differences, only receive one and a half hours more of total care than the rest of children.

The conclusions from the analyses of the average weekly duration by household income level are very different from the conclusions of previous sections. Those who receive regular care by persons during more time are children of households with an income level lower than 1,000 EUR. Time differences are even higher when we observe care provided by non-remunerated persons; there are 6 hours of difference between those who receive this care with more frequency, children from households with an average net income level lower than 1,000 EUR per month, and those who receive this care with less

37

frequency, children from households with an income level higher than 2,000 EUR.

Comparison by age groups

In conclusion, for all ages, children who live in households with domestic service are those who have higher percentages of children who are taken care of by persons external to the households, mainly by remunerated persons.

Furthermore, children of households with an average net income level higher than 2,000 EUR per month present high percentages of care provided by remunerated persons. And, although not in data, in the comments the significant differences between provincial capital children and children from the rest of municipalities have also been highlighted.

However, average weekly durations do not maintain an identical model in the three age groups. While the average weekly duration of care provided by remunerated persons is higher for children from 0 to 2 years old who live in provincial capitals than for the other children, the contrary happens for those from 3 to 5 years old, and no differences are observed for children from 6 to 9 years old.

On the other hand, children from 0 to 2 years old from households with the lowest income levels receive less hours of all the care provided external to the household than those from households with the highest income levels, 13 hours as has already been said. For children from 3 to 5 years, differences are lower, about 3 hours. The pattern of children from 6 to 9 years old is contrary, and those who

receive more hours of care are those with a lower income level.

Only the availability of the domestic service shows a certain regularity in the three age groups. Children from households with domestic service always receive more care time from persons external to the household than those from the rest of households. The average weekly duration of care provided by non-remunerated persons is lower in households with domestic service than in the rest.

Hourly distribution of regular care received by children in an average weekday

It is interesting to add to the information analysed up to now, that is, to the hours of care external to the household, the rest of hours spent by children: those they spend in institutions and those they spend with the members of their household. Thus, the hourly distribution of regular care received by children may be analysed.

This care distribution is presented in table 7 and has three substantially different sections. By carefully looking at the section titles, we shall see that the two last ones include the term weekday. This distinction is included in order to differentiate the periodicity of care received by children. On the one hand, we would assume that the time they spend in institutions does not correspond to the 7 week days but only to the 5 weekdays. However, time dedicated to take care of children by persons external to the households is not restricted to such 5 days. However, for this analysis we assume that the care provided by persons takes place exclusively in weekdays.

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In light of this approach, it must be clear what is being considered in each one of the three sections of table 5:

A) The hourly distribution of care received by children in an average day, which is obtained by dividing the total number of weekly hours during which all children have been taken care of, for each care provided, by the total number of children and by dividing such figure by 7 to obtain the daily information.

The first data column of the table, care provided by household members, is obtained as a piece of information supplementary to the total of the rest of help in the three presented sections.

B) The distribution in an average weekday, which is obtained in the same way as in A), except that the division is by 5 instead of by 7, thereby considering that care takes place only in the 5 weekdays.

C) The distribution of regular direct care received by children is obtained by subtracting the average number of sleep hours in Spain, 8 hours and 48 minutes, according to the 2002-2003

Time Use Survey itself, from the hours of regular care provided by household relatives in an average weekday, that is, from the first column data of section B).

We can justify the fact of subtracting sleep hours from care provided to children on the experience obtained from the analysis of the time use diary. The instructions for filling out the diary insisted on the need to note down what the person was doing as a main activity at each moment. Obviously, during sleep hours nobody is taking care of the child, and this has been confirmed in the diaries of the members of the household in which a child lives. That is why we consider this care to be direct.

We could consider subtracting sleep hours not only from relatives’ care, since, for example, a remunerated person who is taking care of the child could also sleep for a while. However, a more accurate assumption to subtract such hours would require more information than the information available in the survey.

Table 7. Hourly distribution of regular care received by children, by ages Taken care of by persons

Non-remune rated persons

Remunerated persons

A. In an average dayFrom 0 to 2 21:34 0:43 0:21 1:21From 3 to 5 19:33 0:30 0:10 3:46From 6 to 9 19:26 0:27 0:07 3:59

B. In an average weekdayFrom 0 to 2 20:35 1:00 0:29 1:53From 3 to 5 17:46 0:42 0:14 5:16From 6 to 9 17:36 0:37 0:09 5:34

C. Direct care in an average weekdayFrom 0 to 2 11:47 1:00 0:29 1:53From 3 to 5 8:58 0:42 0:14 5:16From 6 to 9 8:48 0:37 0:09 5:34

Household relatives


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Graph 1. Distribution of regular care received by children in an average weekday, by ages

From 0 to 2 From 3 to 5 From 6 to 9

Indirect care Household relativesNon-remune rated persons Remunerated personsTaken care of in institutions

Since the three sections of the table are linked, we will focus on the section which we consider most helpful for the analysis, that is, section C). Based on such data and indirect care (sleep hours), graph 1, which shows the differences by ages, has been designed.

Actually, no differences are noticeable between children from 3 to 5 and children from 6 to 9 years old. We must turn to table 7 to quantify them and verify that none of the presented categories has a difference of more than 20 minutes among the various children groups.

Obviously, children from 0 to 2 years old do present differences with respect to the rest of children. The younger ones receive care during almost half of the day by household members while children of 3 years old and above only receive care from household members during slightly more than one third of the day.

Visually, it can also be seen that when a child from 0 to 2 years old is not being taken care of by a household member, the child is probably being taken care of in an institution. The

same happens, and to a wider extent, with children who are 3 years old and above, who spend almost one fourth of the day in institutions.

Finally, in an average weekday, the younger ones are those who receive more time of care from persons external to the household, both from remunerated persons, one hour as seen in table 7, and from non-remunerated persons, about half an hour. Care received by children who are 3 years old and above does not amount to one hour when we add the time they are taken care of by non-remunerated and remunerated persons.

Other comments

To conclude, we may comment on the information also provided by question 2 of the household questionnaire relating to the public or private character of the institution in which the child spends more time and to the use of the supplementary meal service.

In the first point, the public or private character of the institution, data obtained from the TUS coincide with

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those available from the Non-University Education Statistic (Estadística de Enseñanzas no Universitarias) of year 2002-2003, published by the Ministry of Education and Science, which states that two thirds of schooled children, from 3 years old on, are schooled in public institutions.

With regard to how many children take lunch at the institutions, we may say that 32.9% of children under 10 who attend an institution take lunch there. Moreover, almost half of the children from 0 to 2 years old, 49.4%, take lunch at the institution, while about 30% of children from 3 years old on do it.

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5. Economic assessment of domestic service for 2003

The information obtained from the 2002-2002 Time Use Survey (TUS) allows to make a domestic service economic assessment for 2003 which may be compared with various sources.

The purpose of question 3 of the TUS household questionnaire is to find out if the household has domestic service. From that figure, we obtain the number of households which have such service, the number of persons dedicated to such tasks and the number of weekly hours worked by such persons. Along with these data, two economic assessment options shall be provided under the following assumptions:

a) Assessing the activity by the minimum interprofessional wage in force for 2003. This option also presents two methods: that of the minimum interprofessional wage and that of the minimum wage per hour effectively worked.

b) Assessing the activity by the domestic servants’ average wage, obtained from the TUS itself.

Number of domestic servants and number of worked hours

With the mentioned base information, we reach the conclusion that the number of hours with domestic service amounts to 1,648,351 and the total of persons employed in such tasks in 2003 is 1,715,8631. It is reasonable to think that part of the persons who carry our these activities may provide domestic services in two or more households.

1 Strictly speaking, all the data obtained from the TUS must be interpreted for the survey reference period, that is, the last quarter of 2002 and the first three quarters of 2003. However, since we obtain such data as averages, there is no loss of generality because we consider them solely related to 2003.

As for hours, the TUS indicates a total of 17,249.1 thousand weekly hours worked by domestic service employees, that is, an average of 10 weekly work hours per person. The interesting piece of information is the annual calculation of worked hours. It is obtained by multiplying week hours by 45.59, which is the result of dividing the average agreed working day per year for 2003 in collective bargaining agreements of the branch of households which employ domestic personnel, 1,823.5 hours2, by the standard 40 weekly hours of a full-time work. Thus, according to the TUS, the number of annual hours worked by such employees in 2003 amounts to 786,388.4 thousand hours.

Economic assessment of domestic service from the average interprofessional wage

For the first method, that is, for applying the minimum interprofessional wage, it is necessary to obtain the number of “full-time equivalent jobs” dedicated to domestic service, which is defined as the total of worked hours divided by the average worked hours in full-time jobs. In order to achieve that, we take the number of weekly worked hours and we divide it by 40, since that is the standard number of weekly hours of a full-time work. Thus, we obtain 431,229 full-time equivalent jobs.

Once these have been obtained, they are multiplied by the minimum annual interprofessional wage for 2003, 6,316.80 EUR3, in order to obtain the wages and salaries of domestic

2 2004 Labour and Social Issues Statistics Yearbook (Anuario de Estadísticas Laborales y de Asuntos Sociales). Ministry of Labour and Social Issues. 3 Royal Decree 1426/2002, of December 27, under which the minimum interprofessional wage is established for 2003 (Spanish Official Gazette of 28/12/2002).

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servants speaking in terms of national accounting.

We only need to add to this information the contributions due by the employers to the special regime of household domestic servants, since contributions due by the workers are included in the minimum interprofessional wage since it is a gross wage. These contributions amount to 171.1 million EUR1 and it must be taken into account that they only come from the 184,560 persons enrolled to the Social Security, in the Special Regime of Household Domestic Servants, for 20032.

Thus, we reach the conclusion that the domestic service economic assessment for 2003 by means of this method amounts to 2,895.1 million EUR.

In table 1 there is a summary of the development followed for this case and those to be described.

For the second method, we start directly from the number of worked hours per year. In order to obtain the assessment, the minimum wage per hour effectively worked for 2003 is applied, that is, 3.51 EUR3. Just like in the previous case, we would obtain the wages and salaries of the employees working in the domestic

1 The net Collection comes from the Contributions of the Special Regime of Domestic Servants of the Settlement of Income Budget for the Year 2003 of the Aggregated Accounts of Managing Entities, Common Services and Mutual Insurance Companies of Work Accidents and Professional Diseases of Social Security (Cotizaciones del Régimen Especial de Empleados del Hogar de la Liquidación del Presupuesto de Ingresos para el Ejercicio 2003 de las Cuentas Agregadas de las Entidades Gestoras, Servicios Comunes y Mutuas de A.T. y E.P. de la Seguridad Social). 2 Enrollment to the Social Security isn’t compulsory if the person doesn’t work a minimun fixed weekly working hours. 3 Set forth under the same Royal Decree as note 1.

service, to which the 171.1 million EUR of contributions due by the employers to the special regime of domestic servants should be added on account of the reasons already mentioned.

Thus, the domestic service economic assessment for 2003 by means of this method amounts to 2,931.3 million EUR.

This second method seems more reasonable due to the great majority of domestic servants who do not work under a full-time work contract, with a determined monthly consideration, but rather “by hours”, receiving the compensation which correspond to the worked hours.

Domestic service economic assessment from the domestic personnel average wage, obtained from the TUS itself

The previous assessment may be deemed minimal, since minimum wages have been applied. Thus, the option to apply a monthly average wage to such economic activity arises, or an average wage per hour effectively worked, which, based on the last comments of the previous section, would provide data more adjusted to reality. The problem is obtaining such average wage, whether per month or per hour effectively worked.

Thanks to the information available in the TUS, an average wage may be obtained for domestic service employees, since the individual questionnaire has collected both information on the main occupation and on the average net income level per month of such main occupation. Prior to providing the information, it must be highlighted that income has been collected by means of ranges and not

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Table 1. Summary of domestic service assessments for 2003 Assessment methods

Total jobs Full-time equivalent jobs

Wage Economic assessment

A.1) MIW per year 1.715.863 431.229 6.316,80 1 2.895.055.194,5 �

A.2) MIW per hour 1.715.863 n.a. 3,51 2 2.931.291.084,3 �

B) TUS Wage 1.715.863 431.229 7.823,20 3 3.635.833.895,9 �n.a. Non applicable to the corresponding option1 Minimum interprofessional wage per year2 Minimum interprofessional wage per hour effectively worked3 Domestic servants' average net wage per year, obtained from the TUS

Total hours per year

n.a.

786.388.386,6

n.a.

by means of the income exact figure. Thus, for the calculation we have considered that persons who have declared a certain income range receive a consideration equal to the range average point, except for the first range, from 0 to 500 EUR1 for which the monthly minimum interprofessional wage has been considered, that is, 451.20 EUR2.

Thus, the average net income level per month obtained for domestic servants has been 558.80 EUR. This wage is multiplied by 14 in order to obtain the annual wage: 7,823.2 EUR, and by the number of “full-time equivalent jobs” dedicated to domestic service, 431,229 as had already been calculated, which amounts to 3,373.6 million EUR of net wages and salaries of domestic servants, since in this case the base salary is net.

Now, consequently, we must add both the contributions due by the employers to the special regime of household domestic servants and contributions due by the workers,

1 No assumption has made for the last income range, 3,000 EUR and above, since no person working as a domestic servant has declared such range. 2 Set forth also under Royal Decree 1426/2002, of December 27, under which the minimum interprofessional wage is established for 2003 (Spanish Official Gazette of 28/12/2002).

which total: 262.2 million EUR3. In this case, domestic service economic assessment for 2003 amounts to: 3,635.8 million EUR.

By analogy with the conclusions of the first assessment, in which the minimum interprofessional wage was used, it seems clear that, in case we had an “average” wage per hour effectively worked in those tasks, the reached assessment would not differ much from the assessment obtained.

Conclusion

It is observed a variation in the results depending on the method. However, as the first method (both ways) tends to underestimate the results, because it applies minimum wages, it is considered that for the domestic service economic assessment, the most adequated method is the one obtained from the TUS, for both the calculation of full-time equivalent jobs and the calculation of net average wage.

3 The net Collection comes from the Contributions of the Special Regime of Domestic Servants of the Settlement of Income Budget for the Year 2003 of the Aggregated Accounts of Managing Entities, Common Services and Mutual Insurance Companies of Work Accidents and Professional Diseases of Social Security (Cotizaciones del Régimen Especial de Empleados del Hogar de la Liquidación del Presupuesto de Ingresos para el Ejercicio 2003 de las Cuentas Agregadas de las Entidades Gestoras, Servicios Comunes y Mutuas de A.T. y E.P. de la Seguridad Social).

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Schedule of tables of chapter 2

47

1.0 Average time spent daily in certain places or means of transportPlaces or means of transport Both sexes Men WomenHome 16:28 15:11 17:41Only home 16:25 15:08 17:39Work place and home (when they are coincident) 0:03 0:03 0:03Second residence or weekend house 0:05 0:05 0:05Work place or school out of the residence 2:59 3:57 2:04Other people’s house 0:29 0:25 0:32Restaurant, café, bar 0:19 0:24 0:15Beach, swimming pool 0:08 0:08 0:08Countryside, outdoors, sports center 0:13 0:19 0:07Shopping centers, street markets 0:03 0:02 0:03Street, public highway 0:40 0:44 0:36Other places 1:27 1:28 1:25Place not specified 0:48 0:50 0:45Other specified places 0:39 0:38 0:40Private means of transport 0:28 0:32 0:25Unspecified private means of transport 0:00 0:00 0:00Travel by foot 0:09 0:08 0:10Travel by bicycle 0:00 0:00 0:00Travel by moped, motorcycle, motorboat 0:01 0:01 0:00Travel by car 0:18 0:22 0:14Travel by truck, van, tractor 0:00 0:01 0:00Other unspecified private means of transport 0:00 0:00 0:00Public means of transport 0:08 0:07 0:09Unspecified public means of transport 0:00 0:00 0:00Travel by taxi 0:00 0:00 0:00Travel by bus, coach 0:05 0:04 0:06Travel by tram, underground 0:01 0:01 0:02Travel by train 0:01 0:01 0:01Travel by plane 0:00 0:00 0:00Travel by boat 0:00 0:00 0:00Other unspecified public means of transport 0:00 0:00 0:00Unspecified means of transport 0:33 0:35 0:30

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1.1 Average time spent daily in certain placesMain variables Home Second

residenceWork place or school

Other people’s house

Restaurant, café, bar

TOTAL 16:28 0:05 2:59 0:29 0:19SexMen 15:11 0:05 3:57 0:25 0:24Women 17:41 0:05 2:04 0:32 0:15Week day typeMonday to Thursday 16:15 0:02 3:50 0:21 0:11Friday to Sunday 16:45 0:10 1:52 0:39 0:30Size of the household in which they live1-member household 17:19 0:04 1:40 0:54 0:242-members household 17:11 0:05 2:19 0:32 0:193-members household 16:28 0:04 3:03 0:27 0:204-members household 15:54 0:06 3:29 0:26 0:195-members household and over 16:20 0:06 3:19 0:23 0:19Type of household in which they liveIndividual household 17:19 0:04 1:40 0:54 0:24Household of 2 adults without dependent children 17:14 0:05 2:17 0:32 0:19Other households without dependent children 16:27 0:05 3:01 0:22 0:23Household of 1 adult with 1 or more dependent children 16:12 0:04 3:12 0:42 0:19Household of 2 adults with dependent children 15:57 0:05 3:35 0:29 0:15Other households with dependent children 16:12 0:07 3:13 0:24 0:20Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 18:04 0:04 1:28 0:36 0:14From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 16:37 0:03 2:55 0:28 0:19From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 15:52 0:04 3:38 0:26 0:222.000 � and over 15:18 0:08 4:02 0:25 0:23Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 16:19 0:08 2:58 0:28 0:20Rest of municipalities 16:32 0:04 3:00 0:29 0:19AgeUnder 25 15:30 0:04 3:20 0:30 0:25From 25 to 44 15:15 0:04 4:13 0:30 0:23From 45 to 64 16:38 0:09 3:01 0:26 0:1665 and over 19:43 0:04 0:07 0:29 0:11Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary education 18:01 0:04 1:46 0:31 0:12Secondary education. First cycle 16:10 0:05 3:20 0:27 0:19Secondary education. Second cycle 15:20 0:06 3:47 0:28 0:26Higher professional training 14:43 0:04 4:29 0:28 0:28University education 15:16 0:08 3:49 0:27 0:27Marital statusMarried 16:50 0:06 2:50 0:28 0:15Single 15:17 0:04 3:43 0:28 0:28Widower 19:40 0:04 0:30 0:43 0:11Separated or divorced 16:17 0:01 3:18 0:27 0:22

Active people 14:31 0:05 4:58 0:26 0:24Employed people 14:08 0:05 5:29 0:25 0:24- Employers and self-employed 13:48 0:05 6:16 0:21 0:25- Employees 14:11 0:05 5:19 0:26 0:24Unemployed 17:47 0:03 0:33 0:37 0:25Inactive people 18:38 0:05 0:50 0:31 0:14Students 16:13 0:04 2:49 0:30 0:18Retired or pensioners 19:24 0:05 0:02 0:31 0:14Housework 19:53 0:06 0:03 0:33 0:09

Relationship with the activity and professional situation with respect to first job

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1.2 Average time spent daily in certain placesMain variables Beach,

swimming pool

Countryside, outdoors, sports center

Shopping centers, street

Street, public highway

Other places

TOTAL 0:08 0:13 0:03 0:40 1:27SexMen 0:08 0:19 0:02 0:44 1:28Women 0:08 0:07 0:03 0:36 1:25Week day typeMonday to Thursday 0:06 0:10 0:02 0:35 1:18Friday to Sunday 0:12 0:16 0:04 0:46 1:38Size of the household in which they live1-member household 0:07 0:10 0:03 0:52 1:262-members household 0:05 0:12 0:03 0:51 1:233-members household 0:07 0:13 0:03 0:42 1:254-members household 0:10 0:15 0:03 0:32 1:305-members household and over 0:11 0:13 0:02 0:34 1:25Type of household in which they liveIndividual household 0:07 0:10 0:03 0:52 1:26Household of 2 adults without dependent children 0:05 0:12 0:03 0:51 1:22Other households without dependent children 0:06 0:14 0:02 0:44 1:29Household of 1 adult with 1 or more dependent child. 0:10 0:08 0:03 0:29 1:30Household of 2 adults with dependent children 0:10 0:13 0:03 0:29 1:24Other households with dependent children 0:12 0:14 0:03 0:36 1:31Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 0:06 0:12 0:02 0:54 1:26From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 0:08 0:14 0:03 0:39 1:26From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 0:08 0:14 0:03 0:35 1:242.000 � and over 0:11 0:13 0:03 0:31 1:28Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 0:08 0:11 0:03 0:41 1:29Rest of municipalities 0:08 0:14 0:02 0:39 1:25AgeUnder 25 0:15 0:18 0:03 0:31 1:46From 25 to 44 0:09 0:12 0:03 0:28 1:22From 45 to 64 0:07 0:12 0:02 0:44 1:2065 and over 0:02 0:12 0:01 1:09 1:22Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary educ. 0:07 0:14 0:01 0:52 1:21Secondary education. First cycle 0:09 0:14 0:03 0:39 1:26Secondary education. Second cycle 0:09 0:12 0:03 0:31 1:36Higher professional training 0:08 0:14 0:03 0:27 1:29University education 0:10 0:12 0:04 0:29 1:31Marital statusMarried 0:07 0:12 0:02 0:44 1:21Single 0:12 0:16 0:03 0:32 1:40Widower 0:03 0:06 0:01 0:50 1:11Separated or divorced 0:08 0:10 0:05 0:38 1:17

Active people 0:08 0:12 0:03 0:28 1:21Employed people 0:08 0:12 0:03 0:26 1:15- Employers and self-employed 0:06 0:12 0:02 0:23 1:05- Employees 0:08 0:12 0:03 0:27 1:17Unemployed 0:12 0:12 0:04 0:44 2:11Inactive people 0:08 0:14 0:02 0:53 1:32Students 0:16 0:19 0:03 0:30 1:44Retired or pensioners 0:03 0:15 0:01 1:15 1:28Housework 0:06 0:08 0:02 0:44 1:27


50

1.3 Average time spent daily in certain means of transportMain variables

Total By foot Car Total Bus, coach

TOTAL 0:28 0:09 0:18 0:08 0:05 0:33SexMen 0:32 0:08 0:22 0:07 0:04 0:35Women 0:25 0:10 0:14 0:09 0:06 0:30Week day typeMonday to Thursday 0:28 0:10 0:17 0:10 0:06 0:33Friday to Sunday 0:28 0:08 0:20 0:06 0:04 0:33Size of the household in which they live1-member household 0:21 0:08 0:12 0:07 0:04 0:342-members household 0:25 0:08 0:16 0:08 0:04 0:293-members household 0:29 0:09 0:19 0:08 0:05 0:324-members household 0:32 0:10 0:20 0:09 0:05 0:355-members household and over 0:26 0:08 0:17 0:09 0:06 0:33Type of household in which they liveIndividual household 0:21 0:08 0:12 0:07 0:04 0:34Household of 2 adults without dependent children 0:25 0:08 0:16 0:08 0:04 0:29Other households without dependent children 0:27 0:08 0:18 0:08 0:05 0:31Household of 1 adult with 1 or more dependent child. 0:27 0:11 0:15 0:09 0:07 0:34Household of 2 adults with dependent children 0:34 0:11 0:22 0:08 0:05 0:36Other households with dependent children 0:27 0:09 0:17 0:09 0:06 0:33Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 0:19 0:08 0:10 0:05 0:04 0:30From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 0:27 0:09 0:16 0:08 0:05 0:34From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 0:31 0:10 0:20 0:08 0:06 0:352.000 � and over 0:37 0:10 0:26 0:11 0:06 0:32Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 0:31 0:12 0:18 0:12 0:07 0:31Rest of municipalities 0:27 0:08 0:18 0:06 0:04 0:34AgeUnder 25 0:29 0:12 0:16 0:13 0:09 0:35From 25 to 44 0:38 0:10 0:27 0:09 0:05 0:36From 45 to 64 0:26 0:08 0:17 0:06 0:04 0:3265 and over 0:11 0:06 0:05 0:03 0:02 0:24Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary educ. 0:17 0:07 0:09 0:05 0:03 0:31Secondary education. First cycle 0:26 0:08 0:16 0:07 0:05 0:37Secondary education. Second cycle 0:36 0:11 0:24 0:12 0:07 0:33Higher professional training 0:45 0:09 0:34 0:11 0:06 0:32University education 0:46 0:12 0:33 0:14 0:07 0:28Marital statusMarried 0:28 0:08 0:19 0:06 0:03 0:33Single 0:32 0:11 0:20 0:13 0:08 0:34Widower 0:12 0:07 0:04 0:04 0:03 0:24Separated or divorced 0:29 0:09 0:19 0:10 0:06 0:38

Active people 0:37 0:09 0:26 0:10 0:06 0:37Employed people 0:38 0:09 0:28 0:10 0:05 0:37- Employers and self-employed 0:34 0:07 0:25 0:06 0:03 0:37- Employees 0:39 0:09 0:29 0:11 0:06 0:37Unemployed 0:28 0:11 0:15 0:09 0:06 0:33Inactive people 0:18 0:09 0:09 0:07 0:05 0:28Students 0:27 0:13 0:12 0:14 0:10 0:33Retired or pensioners 0:13 0:07 0:06 0:04 0:02 0:25Housework 0:17 0:09 0:09 0:03 0:02 0:28

Public means of transport

Private means of transport Unspecified means of transport


51

1.4 Average time spent daily in certain placesPlaces

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10National total 16:28 0:05 2:59 0:29 0:19 0:08 0:13 0:03 0:40 1:27Andalusia 16:55 0:04 2:39 0:33 0:15 0:10 0:13 0:03 0:38 1:23Aragon 16:18 0:09 2:59 0:27 0:32 0:08 0:21 0:04 0:40 1:14Asturias (Principality of) 16:59 0:03 2:30 0:21 0:26 0:05 0:17 0:02 0:45 1:29Balearic (Islands) 16:06 0:03 3:26 0:40 0:22 0:09 0:12 0:01 0:28 1:06Canary (Islands) 16:34 0:07 3:04 0:25 0:13 0:19 0:15 0:05 0:29 1:08Cantabria 16:39 0:03 2:58 0:23 0:20 0:10 0:36 0:02 0:35 1:16Castile and Leon 16:32 0:03 2:49 0:24 0:32 0:08 0:13 0:02 0:52 1:19Castile-La Mancha 16:47 0:04 2:58 0:30 0:18 0:06 0:11 0:02 0:33 1:33Catalonia 16:11 0:02 3:21 0:27 0:17 0:07 0:12 0:03 0:39 1:27Valence Community 16:06 0:07 3:01 0:37 0:16 0:10 0:13 0:03 0:31 1:46Extremadura 17:03 0:08 2:37 0:24 0:20 0:05 0:23 0:02 0:41 1:21Galicia 16:41 0:02 2:47 0:32 0:19 0:08 0:10 0:01 0:41 1:39Madrid (Community of) 16:02 0:12 3:18 0:27 0:19 0:05 0:08 0:04 0:45 1:23Murcia (Region of) 16:54 0:08 2:55 0:27 0:16 0:09 0:13 0:02 0:30 1:19Navarre (Aut. Com. of) 15:59 0:00 3:12 0:26 0:35 0:08 0:19 0:02 0:37 1:38Basque Country 16:21 0:03 2:51 0:17 0:26 0:07 0:15 0:01 1:04 1:31Rioja (La) 16:24 0:06 3:09 0:22 0:28 0:10 0:08 0:01 0:36 1:38Ceuta and Melilla 17:31 0:01 2:32 0:22 0:21 0:15 0:08 0:01 0:34 1:12

Places1 Home 4 Other people's house 7 Countryside, outdoors, sports center 10 Other places2 Second residence 5 Restaurant, café, bar 8 Shopping centers, street markets3 Work place or school 6 Beach, swimming pool 9 Street, public highway

1.5 Average time spent daily in certain means oftransport

Means of transport11 12 13 14 15 16

National total 0:28 0:09 0:18 0:08 0:05 0:33Andalusia 0:20 0:07 0:12 0:05 0:04 0:43Aragon 0:33 0:11 0:21 0:08 0:07 0:28Asturias (Principality of) 0:30 0:11 0:18 0:07 0:06 0:26Balearic (Islands) 0:43 0:17 0:23 0:05 0:04 0:40Canary (Islands) 0:39 0:11 0:28 0:07 0:06 0:34Cantabria 0:18 0:05 0:13 0:04 0:03 0:37Castile and Leon 0:29 0:12 0:16 0:05 0:04 0:32Castile-La Mancha 0:23 0:09 0:13 0:04 0:02 0:32Catalonia 0:27 0:08 0:18 0:11 0:05 0:35Valence Community 0:30 0:10 0:19 0:06 0:04 0:34Extremadura 0:32 0:13 0:17 0:04 0:04 0:19Galicia 0:30 0:08 0:20 0:06 0:05 0:26Madrid (Community of) 0:31 0:09 0:22 0:18 0:08 0:27Murcia (Region of) 0:38 0:11 0:24 0:03 0:03 0:25Navarre (Aut. Com. of) 0:24 0:07 0:16 0:06 0:05 0:33Basque Country 0:28 0:11 0:17 0:12 0:07 0:24Rioja (La) 0:26 0:11 0:14 0:03 0:03 0:29Ceuta and Melilla 0:17 0:07 0:10 0:01 0:01 0:45

Means of transport11 Private means of transport (total) 14 Public means of transport (total)12 By foot 15 By bus, coach13 By car 16 Unspecified means of transport

Autonomous Communities


52

2.0 Percentage of people located at certain places throughout the day Places or means of transport Both sexes Men WomenHome 99,3 99,2 99,3Only home 99,2 99,2 99,3Work place and home (when they are coincident) 1,2 1,3 1,1Second residence or weekend house 1,0 1,0 1,0Work place or school out of the residence 39,4 48,4 30,7Other people’s house 16,8 14,9 18,6Restaurant, café, bar 18,0 21,6 14,5Beach, swimming pool 5,0 4,8 5,1Countryside, outdoors, sports center 8,7 11,9 5,7Shopping centers, street markets 2,6 2,2 3,0Street, public highway 34,8 34,7 34,9Other places 63,2 59,3 66,9Place not specified 45,4 43,2 47,4Other specified places 32,2 28,9 35,4Private means of transport 40,6 43,5 37,9Unspecified private means of transport 0,0 0,0 0,0Travel by foot 21,8 19,6 24,0Travel by bicycle 0,4 0,6 0,1Travel by moped, motorcycle, motorboat 1,2 1,8 0,7Travel by car 24,6 29,1 20,3Travel by truck, van, tractor 0,3 0,5 0,1Other unspecified private means of transport 0,0 0,1 0,0Public means of transport 9,6 8,2 10,9Unspecified public means of transport 0,1 0,1 0,1Travel by taxi 0,5 0,5 0,5Travel by bus, coach 7,0 5,7 8,2Travel by tram, underground 2,2 2,1 2,3Travel by train 1,2 1,0 1,4Travel by plane 0,1 0,2 0,1Travel by boat 0,0 0,0 0,0Other unspecified public means of transport 0,1 0,1 0,1Unspecified means of transport 57,8 59,4 56,2

53

2.1 Percentage of people located at certain places throughout the day Main variables Home Second

residenceWork place or school

Other people’s house


TOTAL 99,3 1,0 39,4 16,8 18,0SexMen 99,2 1,0 48,4 14,9 21,6Women 99,3 1,0 30,7 18,6 14,5Week day typeMonday to Thursday 99,5 0,4 49,8 14,0 13,8Friday to Sunday 98,9 1,9 25,4 20,5 23,5Size of the household in which they live1-member household 99,1 0,9 21,7 25,4 20,42-members household 98,9 0,9 29,1 17,6 17,53-members household 99,3 0,8 39,8 17,1 19,04-members household 99,3 1,2 46,8 15,9 17,85-members household and over 99,6 1,3 44,1 13,8 16,7Type of household in which they liveIndividual household 99,1 0,9 21,7 25,4 20,4Household of 2 adults without dependent children 98,9 0,9 28,4 17,6 17,5Other households without dependent children 99,3 1,0 38,1 13,1 19,9Household of 1 adult with 1 or more dependent child. 99,1 0,6 48,5 20,3 18,4Household of 2 adults with dependent children 99,3 1,0 48,8 18,6 16,6Other households with dependent children 99,5 1,3 43,3 14,5 17,3Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 99,2 0,8 20,2 19,1 13,6From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 99,6 0,7 38,3 17,2 17,4From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 99,3 0,9 47,5 16,4 19,32.000 � and over 99,1 1,5 52,3 14,9 21,8Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 99,1 1,4 39,5 15,6 19,3Rest of municipalities 99,4 0,8 39,3 17,4 17,3AgeUnder 25 99,4 0,9 50,5 17,1 19,4From 25 to 44 99,3 0,8 52,9 18,3 21,5From 45 to 64 99,1 1,6 37,9 15,3 17,065 and over 99,1 0,8 2,1 15,4 10,8Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary educ. 99,3 0,8 24,1 16,9 11,6Secondary education. First cycle 99,4 1,0 42,5 16,4 17,8Secondary education. Second cycle 99,1 1,2 50,2 16,9 23,4Higher professional training 99,4 1,1 56,6 17,4 24,7University education 99,0 1,4 51,1 16,8 25,0Marital statusMarried 99,1 1,2 35,5 16,8 16,0Single 99,4 0,8 51,3 16,2 22,4Widower 99,2 0,8 7,2 20,2 10,1Separated or divorced 99,7 0,3 43,3 16,6 20,6

Active people 99,3 1,0 62,2 16,0 22,3Employed people 99,2 1,0 68,2 15,3 22,5- Employers and self-employed 99,0 1,1 73,2 12,8 24,4- Employees 99,2 1,1 66,9 15,8 22,2Unemployed 99,8 0,8 10,6 22,1 20,8Inactive people 99,2 1,0 14,6 17,5 12,9Students 99,4 1,0 48,2 16,7 14,9Retired or pensioners 99,1 0,9 1,1 16,1 13,3Housework 99,3 1,2 1,2 20,2 10,2


54

2.2 Percentage of people located at certain places throughout the day Main variables Beach,

swimming pool

Countryside, outdoors, sports center

Shopping centers, street markets


Other places

TOTAL 5,0 8,7 2,6 34,8 63,2SexMen 4,8 11,9 2,2 34,7 59,3Women 5,1 5,7 3,0 34,9 66,9Week day typeMonday to Thursday 4,0 8,2 2,1 32,0 62,7Friday to Sunday 6,2 9,4 3,3 38,5 63,9Size of the household in which they live1-member household 4,2 6,8 3,0 41,6 68,42-members household 3,5 7,3 2,6 40,6 63,43-members household 4,8 8,4 2,6 36,5 63,44-members household 5,9 10,1 3,0 30,3 64,15-members household and over 5,5 8,9 1,9 31,0 58,8Type of household in which they liveIndividual household 4,2 6,8 3,0 41,6 68,4Household of 2 adults without dependent children 3,5 7,3 2,5 41,0 63,4Other households without dependent children 4,1 8,7 2,2 36,4 62,3Household of 1 adult with 1 or more dependent child. 5,6 7,0 3,0 27,9 63,9Household of 2 adults with dependent children 6,2 9,8 3,0 29,5 63,9Other households with dependent children 6,0 9,2 2,5 32,4 60,8Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 3,3 7,4 1,9 41,3 64,6From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 4,8 8,3 2,9 34,6 62,8From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 4,6 9,8 3,1 32,4 63,22.000 � and over 6,6 9,5 2,7 30,2 62,2Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 5,0 7,6 3,4 35,6 65,2Rest of municipalities 4,9 9,3 2,2 34,3 62,1AgeUnder 25 7,7 13,3 2,7 28,3 62,5From 25 to 44 5,3 8,3 3,5 28,2 62,8From 45 to 64 4,4 7,1 2,1 38,1 63,765 and over 2,0 6,7 1,5 50,5 64,0Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary educ. 4,0 8,4 1,5 40,1 60,9Secondary education. First cycle 4,8 8,6 2,7 34,0 63,0Secondary education. Second cycle 5,3 8,2 3,4 30,1 64,7Higher professional training 5,0 10,2 2,9 28,2 65,8University education 7,1 9,7 4,2 31,2 66,0Marital statusMarried 4,4 7,6 2,6 37,6 64,0Single 6,3 11,6 2,8 29,0 62,2Widower 2,3 3,9 1,4 42,2 62,4Separated or divorced 5,1 5,8 3,1 33,1 61,9

Active people 5,1 8,3 2,9 27,9 60,2Employed people 4,9 8,2 2,8 26,6 58,4- Employers and self-employed 4,3 7,4 1,7 22,0 50,0- Employees 5,0 8,3 3,1 27,6 60,2Unemployed 7,0 8,9 3,9 39,5 76,1Inactive people 4,7 9,1 2,2 42,2 66,3Students 8,2 14,3 2,5 27,9 61,2Retired or pensioners 2,6 7,9 1,6 53,2 64,6Housework 4,2 5,8 2,8 40,9 73,5


55

2.3 Percentage of people located at certain means of transport throughout the day Main variables

Total By foot Car Total Bus, coach

TOTAL 40,6 21,8 24,6 9,6 7,0 57,8SexMen 43,5 19,6 29,1 8,2 5,7 59,4Women 37,9 24,0 20,3 10,9 8,2 56,2Week day typeMonday to Thursday 42,6 23,7 24,5 11,4 8,3 58,0Friday to Sunday 38,1 19,3 24,6 7,2 5,2 57,5Size of the household in which they live1-member household 31,7 20,2 14,9 7,7 5,8 61,42-members household 36,9 20,7 20,8 8,5 5,7 55,03-members household 42,0 21,9 26,3 9,7 6,7 56,94-members household 44,5 23,5 27,9 10,2 7,7 58,85-members household and over 39,7 20,6 24,2 10,2 8,0 59,0Type of household in which they liveIndividual household 31,7 20,2 14,9 7,7 5,8 61,4Household of 2 adults without dependent children 36,7 20,6 20,6 8,2 5,4 54,8Other households without dependent children 38,2 19,7 23,6 9,1 6,5 55,2Household of 1 adult with 1 or more dependent child. 44,9 27,9 24,5 13,4 11,7 63,1Household of 2 adults with dependent children 47,1 24,7 30,5 10,3 7,6 60,6Other households with dependent children 40,5 21,5 23,7 10,8 8,4 58,3Average net income level per month of the household in which they liveUnder 1.000 � 29,9 19,2 13,7 6,6 5,1 57,8From 1.000 to 1.499,99 � 39,4 21,9 22,6 9,4 7,3 59,8From 1.500 to 1.999,99 � 44,3 23,0 27,4 9,5 7,3 59,62.000 � and over 49,7 23,8 34,7 12,4 8,2 54,8Type of municipality in which they liveProvincial capitals 44,1 26,8 23,8 14,9 10,8 54,7Rest of municipalities 38,9 19,2 25,0 6,7 5,0 59,4AgeUnder 25 44,1 27,2 23,3 16,4 13,0 61,9From 25 to 44 49,4 22,7 34,9 10,0 6,8 59,2From 45 to 64 39,1 20,3 23,6 7,7 5,5 57,465 and over 21,5 16,5 6,5 4,0 2,9 51,0Study levelIlliterates, without any studies or with primary educ. 28,7 18,2 13,0 5,8 4,7 57,8Secondary education. First cycle 38,7 19,9 22,9 8,6 6,9 62,4Secondary education. Second cycle 49,6 25,6 32,5 13,8 9,3 57,2Higher professional training 54,8 23,6 41,8 11,7 8,0 55,8University education 58,5 29,9 40,5 15,3 9,7 49,5Marital statusMarried 39,9 20,1 25,5 6,6 4,6 57,5Single 45,3 25,3 26,6 15,1 11,3 59,2Widower 23,0 17,9 7,1 4,9 3,9 51,5Separated or divorced 39,5 21,6 23,8 11,8 8,6 62,3

Active people 49,4 22,0 34,9 10,9 7,5 60,2Employed people 50,6 21,6 36,4 10,9 7,4 60,2- Employers and self-employed 45,4 18,4 32,8 5,1 3,0 62,2- Employees 51,9 22,3 37,4 12,4 8,5 59,7Unemployed 39,4 25,1 21,4 11,1 8,1 59,8Inactive people 30,8 21,7 13,0 8,1 6,5 54,9Students 43,9 30,1 20,7 18,0 14,9 59,7Retired or pensioners 23,3 16,8 8,3 4,2 3,1 51,6Housework 28,7 20,5 11,9 4,0 3,1 55,3

Public means of transport

Private means of transport Unspecified means of transport


56

2.4 Percentage of people located at certain places throughout the day Places

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10National total 99,3 1,0 39,4 16,8 18,0 5,0 8,7 2,6 34,8 63,2Andalusia 99,7 0,8 35,9 20,2 13,6 5,2 7,7 2,5 33,8 61,5Aragon 99,3 1,5 39,1 16,3 27,7 4,3 13,1 3,4 33,8 58,7Asturias (Principality of) 99,5 0,9 34,0 14,1 23,2 3,7 9,5 2,2 38,6 64,6Balearic (Islands) 99,4 0,8 46,0 22,6 21,9 6,5 7,8 2,1 28,0 63,2Canary (Islands) 99,6 1,3 40,4 17,3 12,8 8,2 9,3 4,4 27,2 53,3Cantabria 99,6 0,5 38,8 12,6 18,7 5,9 21,1 1,7 26,6 52,6Castile and Leon 99,7 0,9 37,5 15,7 26,6 4,2 9,1 2,2 43,3 65,0Castile-La Mancha 99,1 0,9 39,0 18,3 17,0 3,6 7,4 1,6 33,9 67,3Catalonia 99,0 0,5 42,3 14,1 16,2 4,7 8,2 2,4 32,2 61,1Valence Community 98,5 1,4 39,5 19,6 16,5 7,3 9,2 3,3 31,7 68,5Extremadura 99,9 1,5 36,8 21,3 19,0 3,6 13,8 2,9 36,7 65,2Galicia 99,2 0,6 37,3 17,2 16,8 4,8 7,3 1,6 36,0 66,0Madrid (Community of) 98,7 1,7 42,4 13,5 17,7 3,6 6,7 3,5 37,6 63,1Murcia (Region of) 99,7 1,5 39,1 18,4 15,0 4,2 7,2 2,0 31,4 61,9Navarre (Aut. Com. of) 99,8 0,1 42,9 17,7 26,5 4,7 11,4 3,3 31,8 68,6Basque Country 99,6 1,0 39,1 12,1 27,2 4,5 11,7 1,4 46,3 66,4Rioja (La) 99,5 1,4 42,2 13,2 24,7 5,1 6,3 2,0 32,5 69,7Ceuta and Melilla 100,0 0,2 36,8 14,3 18,1 7,4 7,5 1,0 31,1 55,8

Places1 Home 4 Other people's house 7 Countryside, outdoors, sports center 10 Other places2 Second residence 5 Restaurant, café, bar 8 Shopping centers, street markets3 Work place or school 6 Beach, swimming pool 9 Street, public highway

2.5 Percentage of people located at certain means of transport throughout the day

Means of transport11 12 13 14 15 16

National total 40,6 21,8 24,6 9,6 7,0 57,8Andalusia 30,1 15,3 18,0 5,5 4,8 69,8Aragon 46,8 26,9 26,7 11,1 10,5 61,0Asturias (Principality of) 41,7 22,8 24,9 11,2 10,0 53,7Balearic (Islands) 62,3 37,4 34,1 4,6 3,9 67,7Canary (Islands) 46,8 21,7 32,0 8,6 7,6 48,4Cantabria 27,7 11,3 19,3 5,9 5,0 59,3Castile and Leon 44,0 26,9 23,8 6,8 6,0 64,0Castile-La Mancha 38,7 21,8 21,6 4,5 3,8 64,0Catalonia 36,9 18,2 23,8 11,7 6,6 55,6Valence Community 41,9 24,0 25,5 7,9 5,8 62,3Extremadura 52,3 31,3 30,0 5,0 4,8 44,6Galicia 42,3 19,0 28,6 7,2 6,8 52,4Madrid (Community of) 43,7 24,1 26,1 18,8 11,8 44,2Murcia (Region of) 57,5 29,0 33,3 3,9 3,7 53,4Navarre (Aut. Com. of) 37,8 18,6 24,8 9,0 8,8 62,3Basque Country 43,2 27,2 24,4 15,8 10,3 53,9Rioja (La) 48,3 29,3 24,6 5,6 5,5 60,4Ceuta and Melilla 30,7 16,6 17,8 3,3 2,4 72,7

Means of transport11 Private means of transport (total) 14 Public means of transport (total)12 By foot 15 By bus, coach13 By car 16 Unspecified means of transport



57

3.1 Percentage of people located at certain places at the same moment of the day at the beginning of the hourTotal persons Total weekHour Place

Home Work place or school

Other people's house



Other places

06:00 95,1 2,0 0,4 0,1 0,0 1,5 0,807:00 90,5 4,2 0,4 0,1 0,2 1,7 2,908:00 75,3 15,2 0,5 0,1 0,6 2,3 5,909:00 58,5 27,7 0,7 0,3 1,4 5,3 6,210:00 49,1 31,8 0,9 0,4 2,3 10,1 5,411:00 40,6 32,8 1,3 0,5 3,8 14,8 6,212:00 36,1 32,5 1,6 0,7 5,1 16,2 7,813:00 41,2 28,1 2,1 1,3 4,1 13,3 10,014:00 56,3 17,3 2,7 2,2 1,8 8,3 11,515:00 63,8 14,2 3,3 2,2 1,2 6,3 9,116:00 59,2 18,0 3,4 1,7 3,0 8,0 6,617:00 48,0 19,2 3,4 1,5 5,7 13,0 9,118:00 40,5 16,9 4,1 1,6 8,9 17,6 10,419:00 40,0 13,0 4,6 2,2 10,2 18,8 11,120:00 49,6 8,5 4,2 2,5 8,4 14,7 12,021:00 67,8 4,7 3,1 2,5 4,4 8,8 8,822:00 78,6 3,0 2,4 2,7 2,2 5,7 5,523:00 84,6 2,1 1,7 2,4 1,6 4,7 2,924:00 88,9 1,6 1,1 1,7 0,8 3,6 2,201:00 91,7 1,4 1,0 1,4 0,4 3,1 1,102:00 93,3 1,2 0,8 1,0 0,2 2,6 0,903:00 94,5 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,2 2,2 0,704:00 95,3 1,0 0,8 0,5 0,2 1,8 0,505:00 95,6 1,0 0,7 0,3 0,2 1,7 0,5

Means of transport

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

06:0

0

07:0

0

08:0

0

09:0

0

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

24:0

0

01:0

0

02:0

0

03:0

0

04:0

0

05:0

0

Day hour

Home Work place or school Other people's house Restaurant, café, bar Street, public highway Other places Means of transport

58

3.2 Percentage of people located at certain places at the same moment of the day at the beginning of the hourMen Total weekHour Place





Other places

06:00 93,2 3,2 0,3 0,1 0,0 1,7 1,407:00 86,5 6,5 0,4 0,1 0,2 2,0 4,308:00 66,4 22,5 0,4 0,2 0,8 2,9 6,909:00 49,3 36,6 0,5 0,3 1,8 5,8 5,710:00 39,5 40,5 0,7 0,5 3,4 10,4 5,111:00 30,8 41,6 1,1 0,7 5,7 14,7 5,412:00 26,4 41,5 1,4 1,0 7,1 15,9 6,813:00 30,6 35,7 1,8 1,8 5,6 14,0 10,514:00 47,7 21,7 2,4 2,9 2,3 9,7 13,315:00 56,4 19,6 3,1 2,8 1,2 7,1 9,816:00 50,8 25,0 3,0 2,3 2,9 8,9 7,217:00 40,0 26,4 2,9 2,0 5,8 13,7 9,118:00 33,7 22,9 3,4 1,9 8,6 18,1 11,419:00 34,8 17,0 3,9 2,7 9,6 19,4 12,620:00 44,9 10,6 3,6 3,1 8,2 16,0 13,421:00 63,9 5,9 3,0 2,9 4,5 10,2 9,622:00 75,5 3,9 2,2 3,0 2,3 6,7 6,423:00 82,6 2,8 1,6 2,6 1,5 5,5 3,424:00 87,5 2,3 1,1 1,9 0,7 4,0 2,501:00 90,6 2,0 0,8 1,6 0,4 3,4 1,202:00 92,5 1,7 0,7 1,2 0,2 2,9 0,903:00 93,6 1,5 0,7 0,8 0,1 2,4 0,804:00 94,5 1,5 0,7 0,6 0,2 2,1 0,505:00 94,8 1,6 0,6 0,4 0,2 1,8 0,6

Means of transport

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

06:0

0

07:0

0

08:0

0

09:0

0

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

24:0

0

01:0

0

02:0

0

03:0

0

04:0

0

05:0

0

Day hour


59

3.3 Percentage of people located at certain places at the same moment of the day at the beginning of the hourWomen Total weekHour Place





Other places

06:00 97,0 0,9 0,4 0,1 0,0 1,3 0,307:00 94,4 2,0 0,5 0,0 0,1 1,4 1,608:00 83,9 8,2 0,6 0,1 0,4 1,7 5,109:00 67,3 19,2 0,8 0,2 0,9 4,9 6,710:00 58,4 23,6 1,0 0,3 1,2 9,8 5,711:00 50,0 24,2 1,5 0,4 1,9 15,0 7,012:00 45,4 23,8 1,8 0,4 3,2 16,5 8,813:00 51,4 20,8 2,2 0,7 2,7 12,6 9,514:00 64,5 13,0 2,9 1,5 1,3 7,0 9,815:00 70,9 9,0 3,4 1,6 1,2 5,4 8,416:00 67,3 11,4 3,7 1,2 3,1 7,2 6,117:00 55,7 12,3 4,0 1,0 5,6 12,4 9,118:00 47,1 11,2 4,7 1,3 9,2 17,2 9,319:00 45,0 9,3 5,3 1,8 10,8 18,2 9,720:00 54,1 6,5 4,8 1,9 8,6 13,5 10,621:00 71,5 3,5 3,2 2,1 4,3 7,5 8,022:00 81,5 2,1 2,5 2,4 2,2 4,8 4,623:00 86,5 1,4 1,7 2,2 1,7 4,0 2,424:00 90,3 1,0 1,2 1,6 0,8 3,2 2,001:00 92,7 0,8 1,1 1,2 0,4 2,8 0,902:00 94,2 0,6 0,9 0,9 0,3 2,3 0,803:00 95,3 0,5 0,9 0,5 0,2 2,0 0,604:00 96,1 0,5 0,9 0,4 0,2 1,6 0,405:00 96,5 0,5 0,8 0,2 0,2 1,5 0,3

Means of transport

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

06:0

0

07:0

0

08:0

0

09:0

0

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

24:0

0

01:0

0

02:0

0

03:0

0

04:0

0

05:0

0

Day hour


other aspects of the 2002-2003 tus · other aspects of the 2002-2003 time use survey by: ......

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