osteology and phylogeny of late jurassic ichthyosaurs from...
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http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app64-Delsett_etal_SOM.pdf
SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL FOR
Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)
Lene L. Delsett, Aubrey J. Roberts, Patrick S. Druckenmiller,
and Jørn H. Hurum
Published in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2019 64 (4): 717-743.
https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00571.2018
Supplementary Online Material
SOM 1. Phylogeny.
1. Phylogenetic characters 2. References for phylogenetic character scores 3. Character scores for phylogenetic analysis 4. References
SOM 2. Phylogenetic trees.
1. Complete phylogenetic trees. 2. Phylogenetic trees for analysis 3 and 4.
SOM. 3. Overlap between preserved elements in Undorosaurus specimens
SOM 4: Tables available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app64-Delsett_etal_SOM/Table1_PMO222667_measurements.xlsx http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app64-Delsett_etal_SOM/Table2_PMO224252_measurements.xlsx http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app64-Delsett_etal_SOM/Table3_PMO214578_measurements.xlsx
SOM 1. Phylogeny 1: Phylogenetic characters
New phylogenetic characters for the postcranium
The phylogenetic character dataset for ichthyosaurs is heavily skewed towards cranial characters,
which might pose a challenge for inferring phylogenetic relationships (Maxwell et al. 2015). One
aim of the present contribution was to add more postcranial data, and an additional 15 characters
were incorporated into the full matrix (Supp. text 1). The SML specimens PMO 222.667, PMO
224.252 and PMO 222.670 (Delsett et al. 2017) show that the ribs in ophthalmosaurids are more
morphologically variable than previously thought. While PMO 222.667 and PMO 224.252 possess
ribs with a T-shaped cross section, those of PMO 222.670 have ribs with a rounded cross section
and longitudinal striations in the distal portion. This variation is captured in a revised coding of
character 48.
In this paper two phylogenetic characters relating to coracoid shape are added. One (char. 101) is
new and is added to accommodate the presence of a process on the anterior margin of anteromedial
notch, found in Sveltonectes insolitus and the SML taxon Janusaurus lundi (Fischer et al. 2011,
Roberts et al. 2014).
There are few phylogenetic characters for the clavicle and interclavicle as they are vulnerable to
preservation biases and possibly individual variation (Johnson 1979). A character concerning the
clavicles in Moon (2017; char. 182) distinguishes between expanded and narrow medial portions of
this element. This is based on an assumption that clavicles are medially expanded in basal
ichthyosaurs and rod-like in derived taxa (Maisch and Matzke 2000), which is not correct as most
ophthalmosaurids possess an expanded medial margin with several finger-like projections. However,
there might be a phylogenetic signal in the medial outline of clavicles as two Keilhauia specimens
have a single dorsoventrally narrow finger, a variation found in Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (Delsett
et al. 2017; OUMNH J48011; pers. obs. LLD). The only character for the interclavicle in Moon
(2017; char. 181) is not suited to separate derived ichthyosaurs as all are T-shaped in ventral view.
A new character (char. 102) is instead added here for the length of the median stem compared to the
transverse bar. This relationship is characteristic on genus level for Stenopterygius and
Ophthalmosaurus (Johnson 1979, Moon and Kirton 2016).
The acromion process on the scapula is taxonomically important, but problematic to score as its
prominence results from a two factors: the amount of dorsal expansion anteriorly and the area of the
dorsolateral (Delsett et al. 2018). In Fischer et al. (2016), one character covers the acromion process
(char. 56), which is not sufficient to capture the variation in this trait, whereas the three characters
in Moon (2017) are problematic as there is overlap between the character for prominence (char. 191;
Moon 2017) of the process and the presence or absence of dorsal emargination (char. 193; Moon
2017) because these features depend on each other. Here, a combination of changed character 56
and new character 99 is used to accommodate the variation (Supp. text 1-2).
Based on previous work on pelvic girdle evolution (Delsett et al. 2017), two characters for this
region are included here (chars. 107 and 108), which relate to the relationship between the length of
the ilium, ischiopubis and femur, as this has been shown to be phylogenetically relevant for SML
taxa because several pelvic girdles are known.
Character list
Character number 1-88 are taken from Fischer et al. 2016, character 89-110 are added for this
analysis. References are given with the characters. New characters are marked with an asterisk.
Character 48 and 56 are modified for this analysis.
Dentition
1. Crown striations: presence of deep axial ridges (0), crown enamel subtly ridged or smooth (1).
2. Base of enamel layer on crown: weakly defined, invisible (0), well defined, precise (1).
3. Root cross-section in mid-jaw teeth of adults: rounded (0), quadrangular (1).
4. Deep apicobasal grooves in root: present (0), absent (1).
Skull
5. Overbite: absent or slight (0), clearly present (1).
6. Processus supranarialis of the premaxilla: present (0), absent (1).
7. Subnarialis process of the premaxilla: ends anteriorly to posterior end of naris (0), reaches
posterior end of naris (1).
8. Processus postpalatinis of the pterygoid: absent (0), present (1).
9. External part of the anterior process of the maxilla, in lateral view: extends anteriorly to the
anterior border of the naris (including reduced anterior narial opening, if present) (0), don’t (1).
10. External exposure of the maxilla: large, well visible (0), extremely reduced, nearly absent in
external view by processes of the premaxilla and the lacrimal (1).
11. Processus narialis of the maxilla in external view: present (0), absent (1).
12. Naris size: large, ≥ ½ orbit diameter (0), small, << ½ orbit diameter (1).
13. Naso-maxillary pillar dividing the naris in two (regardless of the reduction of the anterior
portion): absent (0), present (1).
14. Narialis process of the nasal: absent (0), present (1).
15. Processus narialis of prefrontal: absent (0), present (1).
16. Lacrimal-prefrontal suture in external view: straight (0), strongly crenulated (1).
17. Anterior margin of the jugal: tapering, running between lacrimal and maxilla (0), broad and
fan-like, covering large area of maxilla ventrolaterally (1).
18. Anterior margin of the jugal II: terminates prior to anterior end of lacrimal (0), reaches or
surpasses anterior end of lacrimal (1).
19. External prefrontal–parietal contact: absent (0), present (1).
20. Processus temporalis of the frontal: absent (0), present (1).
21. Anterior part of the postfrontal: simple, unpaired (0), bifurcated in a medial and anterolateral
processes (1).
22. Supratemporal-postorbital contact: absent (0), present (1).
23. Broad postfrontal-postorbital contact: absent (0), present (1).
24. Anterolateral supratemporal process that connects to parietal: absent (0), present (1).
25. Sagittal eminence of the parietal: present (0), absent (1).
26. Supratemporal–stapes contact: absent, the posteroventral process of the supratemporal does
not extend up to the shaft of the stapes (0), present (1).
27. Supratemporal fenestra reduction: absent, the supratemporal fenestra is large, elongated and
its anterior margin is set at the level of the parietal foramen or more anteriorly (0), reduced, the
supratemporal fenestra is small, rounded, and its anterior margin is set posterior to the parietal
foramen (1).
28. Squamosal shape: square (0), triangular (1), squamosal absent (2).
29. Quadratojugal exposure: extensive (0), small, largely covered by squamosal and postorbital
(1).
30. Lower temporal embayment between jugal and quadratojugal (=jugal– quadratojugal
notch or incisura postjugalis): present (0), lost (1).
31. Occipital lamella of the quadrate: present, giving the lateral surface of the quadrate a Ushape
in posterior view (0), reduced, the dorsal part of the quadrate is a simple transversely-
compressed lamella (1).
32. Basipterygoid processes: short, giving basisphenoid a square outline in dorsal view (0),
markedly expanded laterally, being wing-like, giving basisphenoid a marked pentagonal shape
in dorsal view (1).
33. Extracondylar area of basioccipital: wide (0), reduced but still present ventrally and laterally
(1); extremely reduced, being non-existent at least ventrally (2).
34. Basioccipital condyle peripheral groove: absent (0), present laterally (1), present laterally and
ventrally (2).
35. Basioccipital peg: present (0), absent (1).
36. Ventral notch in the extracondylar area of the basioccipital: present (0), absent (1).
37. Raised opisthotic facet of the basioccipital: absent (0), present (1).
38. Shape of the paroccipital process of the opisthotic: short and robust (0), elongated and
slender (1).
39. Stapedial shaft in posterior view in adults: thick (0), slender and gracile (1).
40. Stapes proximal head: slender, much smaller than opisthotic proximal head (0), massive, as
large as or larger than opisthotic (1).
41. Supraoccipital shape: semioval with reduced ventral notch (0), squared and markedly U-
shaped with a deep ventral notch (1).
Mandible
42. Angular lateral exposure: much smaller than surangular exposure (0), extensive (1)
Axial skeleton
43. Posterior dorsal/anterior caudal centra: 3.5 times or less as high as long (0), four times or
more as high as long (1).
44. Tail fin centra: strongly laterally compressed (0), as wide as high (1).
45. Neural spines of atlas-axis: completely overlapping, may be fused (0), functionally separate,
never fused (1).
46. Chevrons in apical region: present (0), lost (1).
47. Rib articulation in thoracic region: predominantly unicapitate (0), exclusively bicapitate (1).
48. Rib cross-section at mid-shaft: rounded (oval or circular) (0), ‘8’-shaped (1), T-shape
(2).[Modified]
49. Ossified haemapophyses: present (0), absent (1).
50. Tail size: as long as or longer than the rest of the body (0) distinctly shorter (1).
51. Lunate tailfin: no (0) well-developed (1).
Scapular girdle and forefin
52. Coracoid shape in adults: rounded (length to width ratio less than 1.3 and often close to 1) (0),
anteroposteriorly elongated (length to width ratio greater or equal to 1.5) (1).
53. Anteromedial process of the coracoid: absent (0), present (1).
54. Anterior notch of the coracoid: present (0); absent (1).
55. Glenoid contribution of the scapula: extensive, being at least as large as the coracoid facet (0),
reduced, being markedly smaller than the coracoid facet (1).
56. Prominent acromion process of scapula: Small dorsolateral flange (0) Large (1). [Modified].
57. Plate-like dorsal ridge on humerus: absent (0), present (1).
58. Protruding triangular deltopectoral crest on humerus: absent (0), present (1); present and
very large, matching in height the trochanter dorsalis, and bordered by concave areas (2).
59. Humerus distal and proximal ends in dorsal view (thus regardless of the size of the dorsal
and ventral processes): distal end wider than proximal end (0), nearly equal or proximal end
slightly wider than distal end (1).
60. Anterior accessory epipodial element anterior to radius: absent (0), present (1); present with
associated facet on humerus (2).
61. Humerus with posterodistally deflected ulnar facet and distally facing radial facet: absent
(0), present (1).
62. Humerus/intermedium contact: absent (0), present (1).
63. Anterodistal extremity of the humerus: prominent leading edge tuberosity (0), acute angle (1).
64. Posterior accessory epipodial element posterior to ulna: absent (0), present (1); present with
associated facet on humerus (2).
65. Shape of the posterior surface of the ulna: rounded or straight and nearly as thick as the rest
of the element (0), concave with a thin, blade-like margin (1)
66. Spatium interosseum between radius and ulna: present as a space or foramen (0), absent (1).
67. Manual pisiform: absent (0), present (1).
68. Notching of anterior facet of leading edge elements of forefin in adults: present (0), absent
(1).
69. Preaxial accessory digits on forefin: absent (0), one (1); two or more (2).
70. Posterior enlargement of forefin: number of postaxial accessory ‘complete’ digits: none (0),
one (1), two or more (2).
71. Longipinnate or latipinnate forefin architecture: one (0), two (1) digit (s) directly supported
by the intermedium.
72. Zeugo- to autopodial elements: flattened and plate-like (0), strongly thickened (1).
73. Compact and tightly packed epi- and mesopodial rows: absent, elements are loosely
connected (0), present (1).
74. Tightly packed rectangular phalanges: absent, phalanges are mostly rounded (0), present (1).
75. Digital bifurcation: absent (0), frequently occurs in digit IV (1).
76. Manual digit V: lost or reduced to small floating elements (0), present (1).
77. Forelimb–hind limb ratio: nearly equal (0), forelimb longer twice as much as hind limb.
Pelvic girdle and hind fin
78. Ischium-pubis fusion in adults: absent or minute (0), present with an obturator foramen (1);
present with no obturator foramen (2).
79. Ischium or ischiopubis shape: plate-like, flattened (0), rod-like (1).
80. Iliac anteromedial prominence: absent (0), present (1).
81. Ilium proximal region: expanded (0), narrow proximally and distally, rib-like (1).
82. Prominent, ridge-like dorsal and ventral processes demarcated from the head of the femur
and extending up to mid-shaft: absent (0), present (1).
83. Wide distal femoral blade: present (0), absent, the distal extremity of the femur being smaller
than the proximal one in dorsal view (1).
84. Astragalus/femoral contact: absent (0), present (1).
85. Femur anterodistal facet for accessory zeugopodial element anterior to tibia: absent (0),
present (1).
86. Spatium interosseum between tibia and fibula: present (0), absent (1).
87. Hind fin leading edge element in adults: notched (0), straight (1).
88. Postaxial accessory digit: absent (0), present (1).
Characters added for this analysis
89. Greatly enlarged parietal foramen: Absent (0), present (1) *.
90. Basioccipital – notochordal pit on the condylar surface: (0) absent (1) present. Moon 2017
(char. 95).
91. Basioccipital – contribution to the floor of the foramen magnum: (0) absent, excluded by the
exoccipitals (1) present, the portion contributing being flat, or concave, and covered in finished
bone. Moon 2017 (char. 101).
92. Basioccipital condyle: width and height approximately equal (0); much wider than high (1).
Maxwell et al. 2015 (char. 24).
93. Basisphenoid, dorsal view: dorsal plateau appears equal or wider than basioccipital facet, i.e.
basioccipital facet oriented mostly posteriorly (0); basioccipital facet appears equal to or wider
than dorsal plateau (1). Maxwell et al. 2015 (char. 20).
94. Parabasisphenoid – location of the carotid foramen/foramina: (0) ventral surface (1)
posterior surface. Moon 2017 (char. 107).
95. Basipterygoid processes on basisphenoid: present (0), absent (1)*.
96. Presacral vertebrae – number: (0) n < 30 (1) 30 ≤ n < 55 (2) 55 ≤ n. Moon 2017 (char. 153).
97. Anterodorsal centra – rib facet position: (0) confluent with anterior face in at least some
centra (1) not confluent in any. Moon 2017 (char. 162).
98. Gastralia: present (0) absent (1). Moon 2017 (char. 179).
99. Scapula – shape of the anterodorsal margin: fan-shaped (0) emarginated (1) Straight. (2).
Moon 2017 (char. 193).
100. Coracoid – medial facet for the scapula: (0) absent (1) present. Moon 2017 (char. 190).
101. Coracoid – anteromedial process anterior margin in ventral or dorsal view is straight or
concave (0), angled (1)*.
102. Interclavicle - Median stem is equal to or longer than the transverse bar (0), Transverse bar
is longer than median stem (1)*.
103. Humerus – relative size of radial and ulnar facets: (0) radial facet is larger than the ulnar
facet (1) radial and ulnar facets approximately equal size. Moon 2017 (char. 209).
104. Humerus – separation of radial and ulnar facets: (0) continuous (1) separated by notch.
Moon 2017 (char. 210).
105. Radius – proximodistal length to anteroposterior width: (0) longer than wide (1) wider
than long. Moon 2017 (char. 222).
106. Ulna – anteroposterior width: proximal end narrower than distal (0) about equal widths.
(1). Moon 2017 (char. 224).
107. Ilium- ischiopubis length ratio: Ischiopubis (ischium) length <2 times ilium length (0),
ischiopubis two times or more the length of the ilium*.
108. Ischiopubis- femur length ratio: Ischiopubis (ischium) longer than femur (0), equal to or
shorter than femur (1).*
109. Ischium and pubis – relative size: (0) pubis larger than ischium (1) similar size or ischium
larger. Moon 2017 (char. 259).
110. Femur – ventral process size relative to dorsal process: (0) smaller (1) same size or larger,
more prominent. Moon 2017 (char. 268).
2: References for phylogenetic character scores
Mikadocephalus
gracilirostris
Maisch & Matzke 1997; Fischer et al. 2016 ; Moon 2017
Hudsonelpidia brevirostris McGowan 1995; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Macgowania janiceps McGowan 1996; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Leptonectes tenuirostris Personal inspection; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Excalibosaurus costini McGowan 2003; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Eurhinosaurus longirostris Personal inspection; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Suevoleviathan disinteger Personal inspection; McGowan & Motani 2003; Fischer et
al. 2016; Moon 2017
Temnodontosaurus spp. Personal inspection; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Hauffiopteryx typicus Personal inspection; Maisch 2008; Fischer et al. 2016 ;
Moon 2017
Malawania anachronus Fischer et al. 2013; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Ichthyosaurus communis Personal inspection, McGowan & Motani 2003; Maxwell et
al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Stenopterygius quadriscissus Personal inspection; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Chacaicosaurus cayi Fernandez 1994; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Stenopterygius aaleniensis Personal inspection; Maxwell et al. 2012; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus Personal inspection; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017; Moon & Kirton 2017
Baptanodon natans Gilmore 1905; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Mollesaurus periallus Personal inspection; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Acamptonectes densus Fischer et al. 2012; Maxwell et al 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Leninia stellans Fischer et al. 2013; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Brachypterygius extremus Personal inspection; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Arthropterygius chrisorum Maxwell 2010; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Caypullisaurus bonapartei Personal inspection; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Aegirosaurus leptospondylus Personal inspection; Bardet & Fernandez 2000; Maxwell et
al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Athabascasaurus bitumineus Druckenmiller & Maxwell 2010; Maxwell et al. 2015;
Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Sveltonectes insolitus Fischer et al. 2011; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi Fischer et al. 2014; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Platypterygius australis Zammit et al. 2010; Maxwell et al. 2015; Moon 2017 +
Fischer et al. 2016
Pervushovisaurus
bannovkensis
Fischer et al. 2014; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016;
Moon 2017
Platypterygius hercynicus Kolb & Sander 2009; Fischer 2012; Maxwell et al. 2015;
Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Platypterygius americanus Maxwell & Kear 2010; Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al.
2016; Moon 2017
Platypterygius platydactylus Broili 1907; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Platypterygius sachicarum Maxwell et al. 2015; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Palvennia hoybergeti Personal inspection
Cryopterygius kristiansenae Personal inspection
Janusaurus lundi Personal inspection
Sisteronia seeleyi Fischer et al. 2014; Fischer et al. 2016; Moon 2017
Keilhauia nui Personal inspection
Undorosaurus gorodischensis Personal inspection; Efimov 1999; Moon 2017
Paraophthalmosaurus spp Personal inspection; Arkhangelsky 1999; Efimov 1999;
Moon 2017
Muiscasaurus catheti Maxwell et al. 2015; Moon 2017
Gengasaurus nicosiai Paparella et al. 2016; Moon 2017
PMO 222.667 Personal inspection
PMO 224.252 Personal inspection
PMO 222.670 Personal inspection
PMO 224.250 Personal inspection
PMO 222.658 Personal inspection
Modified scores compared to Fischer et al. 2016
Janusaurus lundi Modified character 33, 40, 59.
Undorosaurus: Modified character 26, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40 and 41 based on Efimov 1997 p.
121, pers. comm. Zverkov and personal observation. Scorings based on Zverkov &
Arkhangelsky 2015: 38, 39, 43, 55, 56, 52, 61,62, 65,67,68,70, 69, 72 and 75. Modified
from scorings in Zverkov & Arkhangelsky: char. 74, 78 and 79.
Paraophthalmosaurus sp.. Scorings from Zverkov & Arkhangelsky 2015 and personal
inspection. Characeter 69 scored as ? as no complete fin is known from the literature.
Gengasaurus nicosiai: Scored as in Paparella et al. 2016 and based on description in the
article. Scorings for 78 and 79 changed to ? as the article says nothing from the pelvic girdle
or hindfin was preserved.
Muiscasaurus catheti: Scored based on original description Maxwell et al. (2015) and
description in the article.
Athabascasaurus bituineus: Character 15, 22, 31, 33, 34 and 81 scored based on original
description.
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus: Character 4, 9 modified based on Moon and Kirton (2017).
Character 41 and 79 based on personal inspection. There might be some uncertainty as to
what rod-like means.
Eurhinosaurus longirostris: Character 2 modified to {01} based on pers.obs. of intraspecific
variation (SMNS 81718 and SMNS 81777 vs. SMNS 7580). Character 35 and 81 modified.
Stenopterygius quadriscissus: Character 2 and 9 modified to {01} based on pers.obs. (char.2:
Munich 1967 XVI 32 compard to SMNS55933) (char. 9: some have a long anterior process,
e.g.SMNS 51948). Character 63 modified based on pers. obs.
Stenopterygius aaleniensis: Modified character 63, based on pers. obs. of holotype.
Leptonectes tenuirostris: Modified character 81, based on CAMSM J35279 (see also Delsett
et al. 2017).
Aegirosaurus leptospondylus: Modified compared to Fischer et al. 2016 based on pers.obs.
of BSPHGM 1954 I 608: characters 47, 63, 83.
Mollesaurus periallus: Modified based on AJR pers. obs: Character 8, 17 and 23.
Caypullisaurus bonapartei: Character 17 modified based on AJR pers. obs.
Comments on Zverkov & Efimov 2019
The scorings for Undorosaurus gorodischensis are based on the Russian material, as PMO
214.578 is run as a separate OUT.
We have not included the two Grendelius species, nor Plutoniosaurus bedegensis, as
observations on the latter are only pers. obs. The species has been synonymized with
Platypterygius (Storrs et al. 2000, Kear 2005) and not redescribed after this (Delsett 2018)
The characters added by Zverkov and Efimov (2019) in their phylogenetic analysis are not
considered in this paper as a thorough review of these are beyond the scope of this paper
3: Character scores for phylogenetic analysis
Mikadocephalus_gracilirostris 0???000?0?0000000000000???0000??????????00?????????0000?00000000?0?0????0???00000000000??????00??????????????? Hudsonelpidia_brevirostris ????0???????????????????????????????????????????0???????0000000000??000?00?1000100000000???????11?????00110110 Macgowania_janiceps ?0?00???1?0000?0???????????100???????????0????????????????0000?000?0001?1001??????????????????????10????10???? Leptonectes_tenuirostris 10010?0??0000000001000000011100?0?????????0???0010001000000000000000000?10001000100000000??????210200?10110?10 Excalibosaurus_costini 100?1????0??00????????????1?????000??????????0?0?001100?000000000100000?1000?000?0000000???????1?0200?0011?1?? Eurhinosaurus_longirostris 1{01}001001100000000?0000?0001111??0?000000?00?1000100000000?0000000110000?10000000000000001?0????10020??1011011? Suevoleviathan_disinteger 0??000001001000000?0?0{01}???0101???????????0??????101?10?00?00000001?1000010110001?00001000??????101200?0011011? Temnodontosaurus_spp 00000000001000000000?11000010{01}?0000010000000000110001000000000000100000010000000100000000101?00101200?10110010 Hauffiopteryx_typicus 1???000?100100?0?0100000001111??0?0????1?00???11?11010000?0000?00100000?1001100??0000100010??0?100200?00110011 Malawania_anachronus ???????????????????????????????????????????????1??????00?110001001?0001?1001????????????????????002???0011???? Ichthyosaurus_communis 00000{01}001011000?00100000000{12}10000000000000000011111000{01}00110001001{01}1011011111000100001000111100100200100110011 Stenopterygius_quadriscissus 1{01}010001{01}0110000001001000?011100000{01}000100111111111110100100000001100{01}001{01}1111001?0001000101000100{12}00010110{01}0? Chacaicosaurus_cayi 1???0????0???0??????????????????0001???????????1????????01?0?0?001100001100??????0???????100????????????11???1 Stenopterygius_aalensis 1??1010?10010000101000101?01?????????????00???1????110010?00000001100?011??1????????????0??????1?11100001????? Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus 0100010100110101100001101101110{01}11100101{01}11011111110100111{01}210101111111110011110110001100110000110100010110011 Baptanodon_natans 10?101?11011010?00000110?101110?11?00111110?0??????01011?112101011?11?1?1001????1???????0110?00?10100?0011???? Mollesaurus_periallus 11???????01???011?????1????011?110101001??0????0?????????????????????????????????????????111?00??????????????? Acamptonectes_densus 1??1?????0???1??????????1?????01121101110100?1?0???010001{12}121010111?{12}???10???????????????1100001?1100?10?0???? Leninia_stellans ?????????01??10010000?01110{01}110?12?0??1??1???????????????????????????????????????????????1?1?????????????????? Brachypterygius_extremus 011100??00110{01}?011????1??????1?120110????1???????????0?1??100110011111111001?????????????110010????0??1111???? Arthropterygius_chrisorum ?????????0?????????????????????020010??1??11?1?????000??1112101001?1??0110???????0100????110110?1??01?0011???1 Caypullisaurus_bonapartei ????00??001101000{01}???0????0001???????????10???11????0011021200110111{12}2011101121??110?111?????????010?11011??11 Aegirosaurus_leptospondylus 0001010?1111011010010{01}0???0111???????????1????11?11???????1001000111111?1101121?1?0001110??????100???011100011 Athabascasaurus_bitumineus 10?1?10?0001??011?00101?1000010?22??00?1?10?1????????????????????????????????210010?????0??????1??????????0011 Sveltonectes_insolitus 101101??1111011010011?101?0??10020111??1?100?1?11??010111211001{01}?1?111111101121??1101111??11?101??101?101?0011 Simbirskiasaurus_birjukovi 0?11?01?00?11101100?1?????0?????20110?????????????????????????????????????????????????????110????????????????? Platypterygius_australis 011100000001110011011110000201012011?001110111??11?000011212001{12}011122011101121??1101111011001011?101?1011?011 Pervushovisaurus_bannovkensis 01110???00?111???????????????????????????1????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????? Platypterygius_hercynicus 01110????01???0?1?0111?01?0{01}1?1?20?110011??1?111???0010112120012011122011101?????111011?0011???11020??1011???1 Platypterygius_americanus 1???000?00110100?0???10????201???????????101?111??????0112100012011???0111???????1100???0??????11?10??1011???1 Platypterygius_platydactylus ????0?????????????????????????1120?1??01?101???1??100111?{12}100010011112011101??????????????1??1?11?20??1011???? Platypterygius_sachicarum 01110???0011110?????????????01???????????1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Palvennia_hoybergeti 1111011100??0?1???00011?1102??0?2211101111??0?1{12}???0101110020000111110110000????????????1110?10?0020001011???? Undorosaurus_kristiansenae 011?011?00010101100???1????111?112?00001?1????11???010001110000001?110111101111001000?1?01100001?0200110110011 Janusaurus_lundi 11??????0111??11001??11????21???2?1???1??1????11???110??1102100001011?11?00?121101100?1?0111?????0?01110111011 Sisteronia_seeleyi 0111???????????????????????????0201?10011?0???1????????1?{12}??00?2?????????????????????????101000???2???00?????? Keilhauia_nui ??????????????????????????????????????????{01}1??11???0100010021000???1????????1210001?0?10???????100100?00??0111 Undorosaurus_gorodischensis 0111????????01?????????00?????11121[01]00011101??1????010111112100?011110011{01}01100??100{01}?11?110010?0?101?1011?01? Paraophthalmosaurus_spp 1????1????????1????0????0???????1??0?????1????1????110?110111010???1?????0????????????????????????1100?????01? Muiscasaurus 1?1??01?00?101??????0?????021???21?1?????1??????????????????????????????????????????????0??0?????????????????? Gengasaurus_nicosiai ??????????????????????????????00111?11??1?0?1?11??????????0200100??11??1?0??????????????????0?01??1???1011???? PMO222667 1101??????????????????????????0010111?1???????12???0?00010?2100?01?1???0?0???????????????110011?00100?1011???? PMO224252 1?110???????????0?01????1?0???0??????????1??1?12???????????????????????1????????????????0???????00???????????? PMO222670 ??????????????????????????????????????????00??1{01}?????????????????????????????21011100?????????????????????1011 PMO224250 ????????????????????????????????11?????????????????010111102100011?110?10000?????????????110??????10000011???? PMO222658 ??????????????????????????????????????????0????????1?0??1012100001?11??????????????????????????????0??1011???? Undorosaurus nessovi 0111??????????????????????????11??????01?101??1????01011111210?101111001110???????????????????????????????????
4. References Delsett, L.L. 2018. Ichthyosaurs from the Jurassic ‐ Cretaceous boundary on Spitsbergen. 357 pp., University of Oslo. Delsett, L.L., Druckenmiller, P.S., Roberts, A.J., and Hurum, J.H. 2018. A new specimen of Palvennia hoybergeti: Implications for cranial and pectoral girdle
anatomy in ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs. PeerJ e5776. Delsett, L.L., Roberts, A.J., Druckenmiller, P.S., and Hurum, J.H. 2017. A new ophthalmosaurid (Ichthyosauria) from Svalbard, Norway, and evolution of the
ichthyopterygian pelvic girdle. PLoS ONE 12 (1): e0169971. Fischer, V., Masure, E., Arkhangelsky, M.S., and Godefroit, P. 2011. A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from Western Russia. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (5): 1010‐1025. Johnson, R. 1979. The osteology of the pectoral complex of Stenopterygius Jaekel (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
Abhandlungen 159 (1): 41‐86. Kear, B.P. 2005. Cranial morphology of Platypterygius longmani Wade, 1990 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia. Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society 145 (4): 583‐622. Maisch, M.W. and Matzke, A.T. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (298): 1‐159. Maxwell, E.E., Dick, D., Padilla, S., and Parra, M.L. 2015. A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia. Papers in Palaeontology
2 (1): 59‐70. Moon, B.C. and Kirton, A.M. 2016. Ichthyosaurs of the British Middle and Upper Jurassic. Part 1 Ophthalmosaurus. Monograph of the Palaeontographical
Society 170 (647): 1‐84. Roberts, A.J., Druckenmiller, P.S., Sætre, G.‐P., and Hurum, J.H. 2014. A New Upper Jurassic Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaur from the Slottsmøya Member,
Agardhfjellet Formation of Central Spitsbergen. PLoS ONE 9 (8): e103152. Storrs, G.W., Arkhangelsky, M.S., and Efimov, V.M. 2000. Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet republics. In: M.J. Benton, M.A.
Shishkin, D.M. Unwin, and E. Kurochkin (eds.), The age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 187‐209. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus
Platypterygius sachicarum
Suevoleviathan disinteger
Platypterygius australis
Ichthyosaurus communis
PMO 222.658
Sveltonectes insolitusPMO 224.252
Sisteronia seeleyi
Excalibosaurus costini
Stenopterygius quadriscissus
Mollesaurus periallus
Arthropterygius chrisorum
Platypterygius americanus
Macgowania janiceps
Caypullisaurus bonapartei
Platypterygius hercynicus
Gengasaurus nicosiai
Janusaurus lundi
Stenopterygius aalensis
Platypterygius platydactylus
Undorosaurus gorodischensis
PMO 222.670
Keilhauia nui
Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis
Acamptonectes densus
Brachypterygius extremus
Chacaicosaurus cayi
Palvennia hoybergeti
Hauffiopteryx typicus
Temnodontosaurus spp.
Mikadocephalus gracilirostrisHudsonelpidia brevirostris
Paraophthalmosaurus spp.
Baptanodon natans
Leninia stellans
PMO 224.250
Malawania anachronus
PMO 222.667
Leptonectes tenuirostris
Muiscasaurus catheti
Aegirosaurus leptospondylusCryopterygius kristiansenae
Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi
Athabascasaurus bitumineus
Eurhinosaurus longirostris
4
2
2
33
3
4
2
Ophthalmosauridae
“Platypterygiinae”
A
Platypterygius americanus
Platypterygius hercynicus
Brachypterygius extremus
Excalibosaurus costini
Athabascasaurus bitumineus
Hauffiopteryx typicus
Mikadocephalus gracilirostris
Acamptonectes densus
Platypterygius australis
Eurhinosaurus longirostris
Chacaicosaurus cayi
Keilhauia nui
Macgowania janiceps
Cryopterygius kristiansenae
Sisteronia seeleyi
PMO 224.250Platypterygius platydactylus
Gengasaurus nicosiai
Stenopterygius aalensis
Platypterygius sachicarum
Palvennia hoybergeti
Temnodontosaurus spp.
Leptonectes tenuirostris
Baptanodon natans
Stenopterygius quadriscissus
Ichthyosaurus communis
Janusaurus lundi
Undorosaurus gorodischensis
Hudsonelpidia brevirostris
Paraophthalmosaurus spp
PMO 222.667
Suevoleviathan disinteger
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus
Aegirosaurus leptospondylus
Caypullisaurus bonapartei
Arthropterygius chrisorum
Sveltonectes insolitus
2
3
2
2
2
Acamptonectes densus
Excalibosaurus costini
Athabascasaurus bitumineus
Brachypterygius extremus
Eurhinosaurus longirostris
Caypullisaurus bonapartei
Hauffiopteryx typicus
Platypterygius hercynicus
Sisteronia seeleyi
Gengasaurus nicosiai
Platypterygius australis
Mikadocephalus gracilirostris
Arthropterygius chrisorum
Platypterygius americanus
Stenopterygius aalensis
Baptanodon natans
Macgowania janiceps
Ichthyosaurus communis
Stenopterygius quadriscissus
Leptonectes tenuirostris
Chacaicosaurus cayi
Keilhauia nui
Janusaurus lundi
Paraophthalmosaurus spp.
Hudsonelpidia brevirostris
Suevoleviathan disinteger
Aegirosaurus leptospondylus
Temnodontosaurus spp.
PMO 222.667
Cryopterygius kristiansenae
PMO 224.250
Undorosaurus gorodischensis
Sveltonectes insolitus
Platypterygius sachicarum
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus
Palvennia hoybergeti
Platypterygius platydactylus
Ophthalmosauridae
“Platypterygiinae”
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
B
C
SOM 2.1 Complete phylogenetic trees
Phylogenetic trees for analysis 1 and 2, including all thunnosaurian taxa. A, B and C correspond to figure 12 A, B and C respectively.
SOM 2.2
Phylogenetic trees, analysis 3 and 4
Analysis 3. Strict consensus tree. Number of trees retained: 6. Length of shortest tree: 262.
CI: 0.37. RI: 0.72.
Analysis 4. Strict consensus tree. Number of trees retained: 999. Length of shortest tree: 252. CI= 0.47. RI=0.72.
UPM EP‐II‐20(572)
PMO 214.578
UPM EP‐II‐23(744)
UPM EP‐II‐20(1075)
UPM EP‐II‐27(870) U.k.
UPM EP‐II‐22(1073) sometimes sp.
YKM 44028‐7
premaxilla x x
maxilla x
teeth x x
jugal x x
nasal x x x x
lacrimal x
prefrontal x
postfrontal x
postorbital
quadratojugal x x
basisphenoid x x
stapes x x x X
exoccipital x x
supraoccipital x x
opisthotic x x X ‐ sp
quadrate x X ‐ sp
basioccipital x x X ‐ sp
dentary x
splenial x
surangular x x
angular x x
parietal x
cornu branchiale
X ‐ sp
articular x
scapula x x x X X ‐ sp
clavicle x x
coracoid x x x X ‐ sp
forefin x x x x x
humerus x x x x x X ‐ sp x
radius x x x x X X ‐ sp x
ulna x x x x X ‐ sp x
femur x x x
ischiopubis x x
SOM 4. Overlap between preserved elements in Undorosaurus specimens