osmosis, diffusion, active transport. diffusion, osmosis and concentration gradient diffusion –...
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Osmosis, Osmosis, Diffusion, Diffusion,
Active Transport Active Transport
Diffusion, Osmosis and Diffusion, Osmosis and Concentration GradientConcentration Gradient
Diffusion – the movement of a substance Diffusion – the movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low from a high concentration to a low concentrationconcentration
Osmosis – the movement of WATER from Osmosis – the movement of WATER from a high concentration to a low a high concentration to a low concentration.concentration.
Concentration Gradient – the difference in Concentration Gradient – the difference in concentration between a region of high concentration between a region of high concentration and a region of lower concentration and a region of lower concentrationconcentration
Passive or Active Transport:Passive or Active Transport:
Passive Transport - does not Passive Transport - does not require cell energy require cell energy Examples: Diffusion, Facilitated Examples: Diffusion, Facilitated
diffusion and Osmosis diffusion and Osmosis Active Transport Requires cell Active Transport Requires cell
energy (ATP) energy (ATP) Examples: Carrier mediated active Examples: Carrier mediated active
transport, Endocytosis and transport, Endocytosis and ExocytosisExocytosis
Methods of Transport:Methods of Transport:
1. Diffusion:1. Diffusion: the random movement the random movement of particles of a solute from an area of particles of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.lower concentration. Particles always move Particles always move withwith (down) a (down) a
concentrationconcentration gradientgradient (the (the difference in concentrations across a difference in concentrations across a membrane).membrane).
Passive transport.Passive transport.
EquilibriumEquilibrium Diffusion stops at Diffusion stops at equilibriumequilibrium (when the (when the
concentrations across a membrane are equal).concentrations across a membrane are equal). The movement of molecules continues at The movement of molecules continues at
equilibrium but the # of molecules moving equilibrium but the # of molecules moving across the membrane remains the same.across the membrane remains the same.
The rate of transport is dependent on: The rate of transport is dependent on: 1) if the material is solid, liquid or gas.1) if the material is solid, liquid or gas. 2) the size of the molecules.2) the size of the molecules. 3) temperature3) temperature
Examples of molecules that can diffuse through Examples of molecules that can diffuse through the bilayer: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water but the bilayer: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water but very, very slowly.very, very slowly.
Diffusion through a Plasma Diffusion through a Plasma MembraneMembrane
OsmosisOsmosis
Osmosis:Osmosis: the diffusion of water the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable through a selectively permeable membrane.membrane. Passive transportPassive transport Water molecules move from a higher Water molecules move from a higher
concentration OF WATER to a lower concentration OF WATER to a lower concentration OF WATER.concentration OF WATER.
Water will move to where there is a Water will move to where there is a greater amount of solute because there greater amount of solute because there is less water there is less water there
Isotonic SolutionIsotonic Solution Isotonic solutions:Isotonic solutions: the the
concentration of solute concentration of solute inside and outside of the inside and outside of the cell is the same.cell is the same.
Isotonic:Isotonic: Water in = Water outWater in = Water out No net movement of No net movement of
water.water. Molecules in Molecules in
equilibrium.equilibrium. Normal state for animal Normal state for animal
cells.cells. Cell in homeostasis.Cell in homeostasis.
Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic Solution
Hypotonic solutions:Hypotonic solutions: the concentration the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell than of solute is lower outside the cell than inside the cell. inside the cell. Have more water outside the cell so water Have more water outside the cell so water
moves into the cellmoves into the cell Causes an increase in pressure inside the cell: Causes an increase in pressure inside the cell:
called called turgor pressure (plants) or osmotic turgor pressure (plants) or osmotic pressure (animals).pressure (animals).
Increase in pressure in animal cells causes Increase in pressure in animal cells causes them to swell or even burst; gives plant cells them to swell or even burst; gives plant cells shape and support.shape and support.
Example Hypotonic Example Hypotonic
Hypotonic:Hypotonic: Water enters Water enters
cell.cell. Cell swells and Cell swells and
bursts bursts (cytolysis).(cytolysis).
Give plant cells Give plant cells shape and shape and support.support.
Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution
Hypertonic solutions: the Hypertonic solutions: the concentration of solute is higher concentration of solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell.outside the cell than inside the cell. Have more water inside the cell so Have more water inside the cell so
water moves out of the cellwater moves out of the cell Causes a drop in turgor or osmotic Causes a drop in turgor or osmotic
pressure: called pressure: called plasmolysis.plasmolysis. Plasmolysis causes animal cells to Plasmolysis causes animal cells to
shrivel up and plants to wilt.shrivel up and plants to wilt.
Hypertonic Example Hypertonic Example
Hypertonic:Hypertonic: Water exits cell.Water exits cell. Cell shrinks Cell shrinks
(plasmolysis) due (plasmolysis) due to water loss.to water loss.
The effects of osmotic The effects of osmotic pressurepressure
Hypo, Iso, HyperHypo, Iso, Hyper
The effects of osmotic The effects of osmotic pressure in a plant cell pressure in a plant cell
Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion Particles always move Particles always move
withwith (down) a (down) a concentrationconcentration gradientgradient..
Uses transport/channel Uses transport/channel proteins.proteins.
Passive transport.Passive transport. Usually for specific Usually for specific
molecules such as molecules such as glucose.glucose.
Facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion stops at stops at equilibriumequilibrium..
Active transportActive transport
Active Transport:Active Transport: requires energy in requires energy in the form of ATP.the form of ATP. Capable of moving solute particles against Capable of moving solute particles against
the conc. gradient (from low conc. to high the conc. gradient (from low conc. to high conc.)conc.)
Uses transport/carrier proteins (protein Uses transport/carrier proteins (protein pumps) embedded in the plasma membrane.pumps) embedded in the plasma membrane.
Carrier proteins are specific for the Carrier proteins are specific for the molecules that they allow through. The molecules that they allow through. The carrier protein changes shape which carrier protein changes shape which requires energy (ATP). requires energy (ATP).
Active Transport against Active Transport against the concentration gradientthe concentration gradient
Active Transport Active Transport
Endocytosis:Endocytosis: a process of taking a process of taking material into the cell by means of material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane (usually putting them into membrane (usually putting them into a vacuole).a vacuole). Phagocytosis -“Cell eating”Phagocytosis -“Cell eating”
Nonspecific moleculesNonspecific molecules Intake of solidsIntake of solids
Pinocytosis –”Cell Drinking”Pinocytosis –”Cell Drinking” Nonspecific moleculesNonspecific molecules Intake of small droplets of liquidIntake of small droplets of liquid
Active Transport Active Transport
Exocytosis (reverse endocytosis):Exocytosis (reverse endocytosis): a process in which the membrane of a process in which the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.forcing the contents out of the cell.
EXO and ENDOEXO and ENDO