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Topic 1Introduction to

Telecommunications

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1.0 Introduction to Telecommunications Week - 1.5

1.1 Telecommunication Overview Ch 1 (pg 1-6)

1.2 Modern TelecommunicationsSystems

Ch 1 (pg 6-10)

1.3 Telecommunications at Work Ch 1 (pg 10- 20)

1.4 Telecommunication StandardsOrganizations

Ch 1 (pg 21-25)

1.5 Evolution of TelecommunicationsTechnology

Ch 3 (pg 97-111)

1.6 Principles of Electricity Ch 2 (pg 40-50)

1.7 Transmission Concepts Ch 2 (pg 66-79)

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS

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Learning OutcomesAt the end of this lecture, the students will be able to:

1. Define communication and telecommunication

2. Illustrate components of a communication system3. Understand the difference between voice, video, and data

telecommunications

4. Describe how telecommunication is used in a variety ofindustries

5.

Identify careers available to telecommunicationsprofessionals

6. Identify the organizations responsible for establishingsignificant telecommunications standards and policies

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What is communication? The Romans used the Latin word

communicare when they meant "to make

common, to share, or to impart.

Communication is the sharing ofinformation or messages between two ormore entities.

l f

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1. Source - the originator of the message,whether it is a person or machine.

1. Transmitter - the equipment that modifiesthe message (either data or voice) into theform required for transmission.

1. Communications channel - the means of

carrying the signal from the source to thedestination.

Elements of aCommunication

System

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Elements of aCommunication

System

4. Transmission media - may be physical, like a copperwire or fiber optic cable, or atmospheric, like radiowaves.

5. Receiver - is the device that captures the messagefrom the communications channel and converts it into aform that the person or machine at the destination canunderstand.

6. Destination - the person or machine to whom themessage is directed

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Flow of Messages

1. Simplex - the type of communication in which messages flowin only one direction, from source to destination.

2. Half-duplex communication - occurs when messages travelin both directions between the source and the destination, butin only one direction at a time.

3. Full-duplex communication - messages can travel over thecommunications channel in both directions simultaneously.

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Relative Number of Sources andDestinations

1. One-to-one communication - a single sourcesends information to a single destination.

Example: Send email to your supervisor

1. One-to-many communication - a singlesource simultaneously sends information to

multiple destinations. Example: Radio and TVBroadcast

1. Many-to-many communication - occurswhen many sources issue messages to many

destinations. Example: Sit in conference roomtalkin and listenin throu h a s eaker hone

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Relative Number of Sources andDestinations

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What is Telecommunication?

Telecommunication - communication that spans a distance.

Voice telecommunication - using electrical signals totransmit human voice across a distance, such as telephonesand radio broadcasts.

Video telecommunication - the electrically-based

transmission ofmoving pictures and sound across adistance.

Data telecommunication - the use of electrical signals toexchange encoded information between computerizeddevices across a distance.

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What is Telecommunication?

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Voice

The telephony infrastructure includescross-continental fiber optic cable tofacilitate international voicetelecommunications and national andregional cabling to connect longdistance calls.

It includes numerous local, regional, andnational switching centers where phonecalls are routed to their destinations bycomputerized telephone switches.

It also includes local connections (up tothree miles in length) to residences andbusinesses capable of greaterconnection speed and volume than everbefore.

Finally, it includes the sophisticatedtelephone equipment and applicationsthat users rely on.

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Data

Telegraph - one of the first data telecommunications inventions, useswire to convey electrical pulses that represent letters or numbers overa distance.

Newer data telecommunications technology is not only faster, but alsoensures better accuracy due to more reliable transmission media and

techniques that enable the receiver to monitor the integrity of the datait has received.

Present-day data telecommunications technologies include:

Encoded information transmitted over traditional telephone lines

Encoded information saved to fixed media, such as a hard disk, floppy disk, or

CD ROM

Encoded information exchanged between two computers that are directlyconnected by a single cable

Encoded information exchanged by a group ofconnected computers on anetwork

Encoded information exchanged by two devices over radio waves

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Types of TelecommunicationsCompanies Service providers - those that supply the

communications channels for voice and datatransmission.

Example: Telekom Malaysia, Celcom, Digi,Maxis (Local)

Equipment providers - those that supplythe user and connectivity equipment, suchas telephones.

Example: Telekom Malaysia

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Growth of theTelecommunications Industry

Find out about thegrowth of

telecommunicationsindustry in Malaysia..

Fi i l

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FinancialServices

Call center - a facility dedicated tofielding customer calls.

Interactive voice response (IVR)system - a method of sending

information over the telephone bypressing buttons in response torecorded voice prompts, to answerroutine questions.

Automatic call distributor (ACD) -uses computerized devices attached tothe phone lines to automatically routecalls to specific phone extensions.

Example: Maybank, CIMB, Bank Islam

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FinancialServices

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Utilities

Recent deregulation (the introduction of competitionfor services) in the utilities industry has madetelecommunications even more critical to thisindustry.

To persuade their customers not to choose anotherutility provider, utility companies must strive harderto please their customers, in part by answeringquestions as promptly as possible.

An advanced call center at a utilities companytypically uses both an ACD and an IVR.

Example: SYABAS (Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor),TNB

M f t

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Manufacturing

The use of advanced voice, video, and datatelecommunications in manufacturing has resulted infaster and more efficient production of goods and atthe same time it has also increased globalcompetition.

Supply chain management, an electronic means forconnecting a manufacturer with its suppliers anddistributors is a notable example of the use oftelecommunications in the manufacturing industry.

Example: TESCO, JUSCO, GIANT

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Transportation

Examples of the transportation industrys use oftelecommunications include: computerized flight control for airport traffic

software that issues maps and directions based on a given startingpoint and destination

government-sponsored transportation hotlines that inform callersabout road construction and hazardous road conditions

systems for suggesting the most efficient route between multiplelocations

Example: Air Asia, Malaysia Airlines, RapidKL

R t i

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Retail

E-business - the use of data telecommunications to conductbusiness transactions.

The apparel and sportswear segment of the retail industry usesparticularly sophisticated and unique telecommunicationstechnology for their online business.

Before the products even reach a retailers point of sale (such asa Web site), telecommunications technology helps withmanufacturing, quality control, inventory, distribution, andproduct shipping.

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Healthcare

Telemedicine - a field that brings patients and healthcareprofessionals together by exchanging voice, video, and dataover distances when they cant meet face-to-face.

Improves the quality of healthcare because ailments canoften be diagnosed and treated faster.

Also streamlines the record-keeping process for clinicianswho spend a great deal of time entering data about theircases.

Example: Darul Ehsan Medical Centre

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Government andEducation

Many government agencies use advancedtelecommunications to provide faster andeasier access to public services.

Telecommunications also plays a significant

role in education. In South Carolina, a largepublic school district is improving educationthrough distance learning.

Distance learning - the use of

telecommunications technology to inform,educate, or train students across distances.

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New Frontiers for

TelecommunicationsTechnology

Fiber optic cable - a transmission media that contains thinstrands of fiber in its core and uses pulses of light to convey

signals.

Capable of carrying higher amounts of data, voice, or videowithin a given time span than any other type of media.

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New Frontiers for

elecommunications Technology

contd

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Careers in Telecommunications No matter what type of telecommunications position you seek,

the following will serve you well:

The ability to install, maintain, and troubleshoot the system of cables andwires that carry telecommunications services

A thorough knowledge of the public telephone network, and the carriers andregulations that are part of it

Familiarity with enhanced telephone services (such as IVR and ACD)

A mastery of the basic principles of electricity

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Careers in

Telecommunications cont No matter what type of telecommunications

position you seek, the following will serve youwell:

A clear understanding ofhow computers accept and interpretdata from other computers over a network

The ability to design, install, and troubleshoot basic networks

An understanding of how the Internet works

Familiarity with wireless transmission methods

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Careers in

Telecommunications Areas within the field of telecommunications that you

might consider specializing in:

Networked convergence of voice, video, and data

Electronics and circuit design and engineering

Development of telephony and computer applications

Wireless telephony and networking

Information security

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Telecommunications StandardOrganization

Standards - documented agreements containingtechnical specifications or other precise criteria thatstipulate how a particular product or service should

be designed or performed.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) -ensures that the test results from one manufacturercan be accurately compared to other manufacturersresults.

Both ANSI and ITU are involved in setting standardsfor Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)communications.

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ANSI The ANSI (American National Standards

Institute) - an organization composed of

over a thousand representatives fromindustry and government who togetherdetermine standards for the electronicsindustry.

ANSI does not dictate that manufacturerscomply with their standards, but requeststhem to voluntarily comply.

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TIA and EIA

The EIA (Electronics Industry Alliance) -is a trade organization composed of

representatives from electronicsmanufacturing firms across the UnitedStates.

TIA (Telecommunications IndustryAssociation) - focuses on standards forinformation technology, wireless, satellite,fiber optics, and telephone equipment.

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IEEE

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and

Electronic Engineers) - an internationalsociety composed of engineeringprofessionals.

Its goals are to promote development andeducation in the electrical engineering andcomputer science fields.

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ATIS

ATIS (The Association forTelecommunications Industry Solutions)- a North American trade association madeof thousands of companies that providecommunications equipment and services.

Its membership reviews emergingtechnology and agrees on standards andoperating procedures to ensure that services

and equipment supplied by multiplecompanies can be easily integrated.

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ISO

ISO (International Organizationfor Standardization) - a

collection of standardsorganizations representing 130countries with its headquarterslocated in Geneva, Switzerland.

Its goal is to establish internationaltechnological standards tofacilitate global exchange ofinformation and barrier-free trade.

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ITU

The ITU (International Telecommunications

Union) - a specialized United Nations agencythat regulates international telecommunicationusage, including radio and TV frequencies,satellite and telephony specifications,networking infrastructure, and tariffs applied toglobal communication.

Provides developing countries with technicalexpertise and equipment to advance theirtechnological base.

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U.S. Government

Regulatory andLegislative Bodies

Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC) - founded

in 1934 in response to thegrowth and need for control overthe telecommunicationsindustry, is the primary nationalregulatory agency involved intelecommunications.

Public Service Commission(PSC) - the states equivalent tothe FCC.

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Summa

ry Communication is the conveyance and understanding of

meaningful information from one entity to another.

Data telecommunication refers to use of electrical signals toexchange encoded information between computerizeddevices across a distance.

Within the field of telecommunications, professionalstypically divide its services into three categories: voice,video, and data.

The telephone is the primary means of transmitting andreceiving voice signals.

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Thank you for your kindattention

Q & A Session