osha bocket book - construction

8/14/2019 Osha Bocket Book - Construction

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OSHA 3252-05N 2005


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WORKERSAFETY SERIES

ConstructionNearly 6.5 million people work at approximate-ly 252,000 construction sites across the nationon any given day. The fatal injury rate for theconstruction industry is higher than the nationalaverage in thi s category for all industries.

Potential hazards for workers in constructioninclude:

Falls (from heights); Trench collapse; Scaffold collapse;

Electric shock and arc flash/arc blast; Failure to use proper personal protective

equipment; and Repetitive motion injuries.

Occupational Safety andHealth AdministrationU.S. Department of Labor

www.osha.gov


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CONSTRUCTION 11

Hazards & SolutionsFor construction, the 10 OSHA stan-dards most frequently included in theagencys citat ions in FY 2 0 04 were:

1 . Scaffolding2 . Fall protection (scope, application,

definitions)3 . Excavations (general requirements)4 . Ladders5 . Head protection6 . Excavations (requirements for

protective systems)7 . Hazard communication8 . Fall protection (training require-

ments)9 . Construction (general safet y and

health provisions)10. Electrical (wiring methods, design

and protection)

Occupational Safety andHealth Administration


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ScaffoldingHazard: When scaffolds are not erected orused properly, fall hazards can occur. About2.3 mill ion construction w orkers frequentlywork on scaffolds. Protecting these workersfrom scaffold-related accidents would preventan estimated 4,500 injuries and 50 fataliti eseach year.

Solutions:

Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficientto carry its own w eight plus four times themaximum intended load w ithout settling ordisplacement. It must be erected on solidfooting.

Unstable objects, such as barrels, boxes,loose bricks or concrete blocks must not beused to support scaffolds or planks.

Scaffold must not be erected, moved, dis-mantled or altered except under the super-vision of a competent person.

Scaffold must be equipped with guardrails,midrails and toeboards.

Scaffold accessories such as braces, brack-ets, trusses, screw legs or ladders that aredamaged or weakened from any causemust be imm ediately repaired or replaced.

Scaffold platforms must be tightly plankedwith scaffold plank grade material or equiv-alent.

A competent person m ust inspect thescaffolding and, at designated intervals,reinspect it.

Rigging on suspension scaffolds must beinspected by a competent person before

each shift and after any occurrence thatcould affect structural integrity to ensurethat all connections are tight and that no

2 WORKER SAFETY SERIES

Occupational Safety andHealth A dministration


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damage to the rigging has occurred sinceits last use.

Synthetic and natural rope used in suspen-sion scaffolding m ust be protected fromheat-producing sources.

Employees must be instructed about thehazards of using diagonal braces as fallprotection.

Scaffold can be accessed by using laddersand stairwells.

Scaffolds must be at least 10 feet fromelectric power lines at all times.

CONSTRUCTION 3



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Fall ProtectionHazard: Each year, falls consistently accountfor the greatest num ber of fatalities in theconstruction industry. A num ber of factors areoften involved in falls, including unstableworking surfaces, misuse or failure to use fallprotection equipment and human error.Studies have shown that using guardrails, fallarrest systems, safety nets, covers andrestraint systems can prevent many deathsand injuries from falls.

Solutions:

Consider using aerial lifts or elevated plat-

forms to provide safer elevated workingsurfaces;

Erect guardrail systems wi th toeboards andwarning lines or install control l ine systemsto protect workers near the edges of floorsand roofs;

Cover floor holes; and/or

Use safety net systems or personal fallarrest systems (body harnesses).

4 WORKERSAFETY SERIES


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LaddersHazard: Ladders and stairways are anothersource of in juries and fatalities among con-struction workers. OSHA estimates that thereare 24,882 injuries and as many as 36 fatali-ties per year due to falls on stairways and lad-ders used in construction. Nearly half of theseinjuries were serious enough to require timeoff the job.

Solutions:

Use the correct ladder for the task.

Have a competent person visually inspect aladder before use for any defects such as:s Structural damage, split/bent side rails,

broken or missing rungs/steps/cleats andmissing or damaged safety devices;

s Grease, dirt or other contaminants thatcould cause slips or falls;

s Paint or stickers (except warning labels)that could hide possible defects.

Make sure that ladders are long enough tosafely reach the work area.

Mark or tag ( Do Not Use ) damaged ordefective ladders for repair or replacement,

or destroy them imm ediately. Never load ladders beyond the maximum

intended load or beyond the manufacturersrated capacity.

Be sure the load rating can support theweight of the user, including materials andtools.

Avoid using ladders with metallic compo-nents near electrical work and overheadpower lines.

CONSTRUCTION 5


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StairwaysHazard: Slips, trips and falls on stairways area major source of injuries and fatalitiesamong construction workers.

Solutions:

Stairway treads and walkways must be freeof dangerous objects, debris and materials.

Slippery conditions on stairways and walk-ways must be corrected im mediately.

Make sure that treads cover the entire stepand landing.

Stairways having four or more risers or ris-ing more than 30 inches must have at leastone handrail.



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SLOPING. Maximu m allowable slopes for excavationsless than 20 ft. (6.09 m) based on soil ty pe and angleto the horizontal are as follows:

TABLE V:2-1. ALLOWABLE SLOPES

Source: OSHA Technical Manual, Section V, Chap. 2, Excavation s:Hazard Recogni tio n in Trenching and Shori ng (Jan. 1999).


TrenchingHazard: Trench collapses cause dozens of fatal-ities and hundreds of injuries each year.Trenching deaths rose in 2003.

Solutions:

Never enter an unprotected trench.

Always use a protective system for trenches 5feet deep or greater.

Employ a registered professional engineer todesign a protective system for trenches 20feet deep or greater.

Protective Systems:s Sloping to protect workers by cutting back

the trench w all at an angle inclined awayfrom the excavation not steeper than aheight/depth ratio of 1 12 :1, according to thesloping requirements for the type of soil.

CONSTRUCTION 7

Soil type Height/Depth rat io Slope angleStable Rock Vertical 90(granite or sandstone)Type A 34 :1 53(clay)Type B 1:1 45(gravel, silt)Type C 112 :1 34(sand)Type A (short-term) 12 :1 63(For a maxim um excavation depth of 12 ft.)


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s Shoring to protect workers by installingsupports to prevent soil movement fortrenches that do not exceed 20 feet in

depth.s Shielding to protect workers by using

trench boxes or other types of supportsto prevent soil cave-ins.

Always provide a way to exit a trench--suchas a ladder, stairway or ramp--no more than25 feet of lateral travel for employees in thetrench.

Keep spoils at least two feet back from theedge of a trench.

Make sure that trenches are inspected by a

competent person prior to entry and afterany hazard-increasing event such as a rain-storm, vibrations or excessive surchargeloads.



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CranesHazard: Significant and serious injuries mayoccur if cranes are not inspected before useand if they are not used properly. Often theseinjuries occur when a worker is struck by anoverhead load or caught within the cranesswing radius. Many crane fatalities occurwhen the boom of a crane or its load linecontact an overhead pow er line.

Solutions:

Check all crane controls to insure properoperation before use.

Inspect wire rope, chains and hook for any

damage. Know the weight of the load that the crane

is to lift.

Ensure that the load does not exceed thecranes rated capacity.

Raise the load a few inches to verify balanceand the effectiveness of the brake system.

Check all rigging prior to use; do not wraphoist ropes or chains around the load.

Fully extend outriggers.

Do not move a load over workers.

Barricade accessible areas within thecranes swing radius.

Watch for overhead electrical distributionand transmission lines and m aintain a safeworking clearance of at least 10 feet fromenergized electrical lines.

CONSTRUCTION 9


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Hazard CommunicationHazard: Failure to recognize the hazardsassociated w ith chemicals can cause chemicalburns, respiratory problems, fires and explo-sions.

Solutions:

Maintain a Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for each chemical in the facility.

Make this information accessible to employ-ees at all times in a language or formatsthat are clearly understood by all affectedpersonnel.

Train employees on how to read and usethe MSDS.

Follow manufacturers MSDS instructionsfor handling hazardous chemicals.

Train employees about the risks of eachhazardous chemical being used.

Provide spill clean-up kits in areas wherechemicals are stored.

Have a written spill control plan.

Train employees to clean up spills, protectthemselves and properly dispose of usedmaterials.

Provide proper personal protective equip-ment and enforce its use.

Store chemicals safely and securely.



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CONSTRUCTION 11

ForkliftsHazard: Approxim ately 100 employees arefatally injured and approxim ately 95,000employees are injured every year while oper-ating powered industrial trucks. Forklift turn-over accounts for a significant num ber ofthese fatalities.

Solutions:

Train and certify all operators to ensure thatthey operate forklifts safely.

Do not allow any employee under 18 yearsold to operate a forklift.

Properly maintain haulage equipment,including ti res.

Do not modify or m ake attachments thataffect the capacity and safe operation of theforklift without written approval from theforklifts manufacturer.

Examine forklift truck for defects beforeusing.

Follow safe operating procedures for pick-ing up, moving, putting down and stackingloads.


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Drive safely--never exceed 5 mph and slowdown in congested or slippery surfaceareas.

Prohibit stunt driving and horseplay.

Do not handle loads that are heavier thanthe capacity of the industrial truck.

Remove unsafe or defective forklift trucksfrom service.

Operators shall always wear seatbelts.

Avoid traveling with elevated loads.

Assure that rollover protective structure isin place.

Make certain that the reverse signal alarmis operational and audible above the sur-rounding noise level.

Head ProtectionHazard: Serious head injuries can result fromblow s to the head.

Solution: Be sure that workers wear hard hats where

there is a potential for objects falling from

above, bumps to their heads from fixedobjects, or accidental head contact withelectrical hazards.




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Safety ChecklistsThe following checklists may helpyou take steps to avoid hazards thatcause injuries, illnesses and fatalities.As always, be cautious and seek helpif you are concerned about a poten-tial hazard.

Personal ProtectiveEquipment (PPE)

Eye and Face Protection

Safety glasses or face shields are wornanytime w ork operations can cause for-eign objects getting into the eye such asduring welding, cutting, grinding, nailing(or when w orking with concrete and/orharmful chemicals or when exposed toflying particles).

Eye and face protectors are selectedbased on anticipated hazards.

Safety glasses or face shields are wornwhen exposed to any electrical hazardsincluding work on energized electricalsystems.

Foot Protection Construction workers should wear work

shoes or boots w ith slip-resistant andpuncture-resistant soles.

Safety-toed footw ear is w orn to preventcrushed toes when working aroundheavy equipm ent or falling objects.

Hand Protection Gloves should fi t snugly.

CONSTRUCTION 13

Occupational Safety andHealth Adm inistration


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Workers wear the right gloves for the job(for example, heavy-duty rubber glovesfor concrete work, welding gloves forwelding, insulated gloves and sleeveswhen exposed to electrical hazards).

Head Protection Workers shall wear hard hats where there

is a potential for objects falling fromabove, bumps to their heads from fixedobjects, or of accidental head contactwith electrical hazards.

Hard hats are routinely inspected fordents, cracks or deterioration.

Hard hats are replaced after a heavy blowor electrical shock.

Hard hats are maintained in good condition.

Scaffolding Scaffolds should be set on sound foot ing.

Damaged parts that affect the strength ofthe scaffold are taken out of service.

Scaffolds are not altered.

All scaffolds should be fully planked.

Scaffolds are not moved horizontallywhile workers are on them unless theyare designed to be mobile and workershave been trained in the proper proce-dures.

Employees are not permitted to w ork onscaffolds when covered with snow, ice, orother slippery materials.

Scaffolds are not erected or moved wi thin10 feet of power lines.

Employees are not permitted to w ork onscaffolds in bad weather or high winds



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unless a competent person has deter-mined that it is safe to do so.

Ladders, boxes, barrels, buckets or othermakeshift platforms are not used to raisework height.

Extra material is not allowed to build upon scaffold platforms.

Scaffolds should not be loaded withmore weight than they w ere designed tosupport.

Electrical Safety

Work on new and existing energized(hot) electrical circuits is prohibited untilall power is shut off and grounds areattached.

An effective Lockout/Tagout system is inplace.

Frayed, damaged or worn electrical cordsor cables are promptly replaced.

All extension cords have groundingprongs.

Protect flexible cords and cables from

damage. Sharp corners and projectionsshould be avoided.

Use extension cord sets used withportable electric tools and appliancesthat are the three-wire type and designedfor hard or extra-hard service. (Look forsome of the following letters imprintedon the casing: S, ST, SO, STO.)

All electrical tools and equipment aremaintained in safe condition and checkedregularly for defects and taken out of

service if a defect is found. Do not bypass any protective system or

device designed to protect employeesfrom contact w ith electrical energy.

CONSTRUCTION 15


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Overhead electrical power lines are locat-ed and identified.

Ensure that ladders, scaffolds, equipmentor m aterials never come within 10 feet ofelectrical power lines.

All electrical tools must be properlygrounded unless they are of the doubleinsulated type.

Multiple plug adapters are prohibited.

Floor and Wall Openings Floor openings (12 inches or m ore) are

guarded by a secured cover, a guardrailor equivalent on all sides (except atentrances to stairways).

Toeboards are installed around the edgesof permanent floor openings (where per-sons may pass below the opening).

Elevated Surfaces Signs are posted, when appropriate,

showing the elevated surface load

capacity. Surfaces elevated more than 48 inches

above the floor or ground have standardguardrails.

All elevated surfaces (beneath w hich peo-ple or m achinery could be exposed tofalling objects) have standard 4-inch toe-boards.

A permanent means of entry and exitwi th handrails is provided to elevatedstorage and work surfaces.

Material is piled, stacked or racked in away that prevents it from tipping, falling,collapsing, rolling or spreading.



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Hazard Communication A list of hazardous substances used in

the workplace is maintained and readilyavailable at the worksite.

There is a written hazard communicationprogram addressing Material Safety DataSheets (MSDS), labeling and employeetraining.

Each container of a hazardous substance(vats, bottles, storage tanks) is labeledwith product identity and a hazard warn-ing(s) (communicating the specific healthhazards and physical hazards).

Material Safety Data Sheets are readilyavailable at all times for each hazardoussubstance used.

There is an effective employee trainingprogram for hazardous substances.

Crane Safety Cranes and derricks are restricted f rom

operating within 10 feet of any electricalpower line.

The upper rotating structure supportingthe boom and materials being handled isprovided with an electrical ground whileworking near energized transmitter tow-ers.

Rated load capacities, operating speedand instructions are posted and visible tothe operator.

Cranes are equipped w ith a load chart.

The operator understands and uses theload chart.

The operator can determine the angleand length of the crane boom at all times.

CONSTRUCTION 17


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Crane machinery and other riggingequipment is inspected daily prior to useto make sure that it is in good condition.

Accessible areas within the cranes swingradius are barricaded.

Tag lines are used to prevent dangerousswing or spin of m aterials when raised orlowered by a crane or derrick.

Illustrations of hand signals to crane andderrick operators are posted on the jobsite.

The signal person uses correct signals forthe crane operator to follow.

Crane outriggers are extended whenrequired.

Crane platforms and walkways have anti-skid surfaces.

Broken, worn or damaged wi re rope isremoved from service.

Guardrails, hand holds and steps are pro-vided for safe and easy access to andfrom all areas of the crane.

Load testing reports/certifications areavailable.

Tower crane mast bolts are properlytorqued to the manufacturers specifica-tions.

Overload limits are tested and correctlyset.

The maximum acceptable load and thelast test results are posted on the crane.

Initial and annual inspections of all hoist-ing and rigging equipment are performed

and reports are maintained. Only properly trained and qualified oper-

ators are allow ed to work with hoistingand rigging equipment.



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CONSTRUCTION 19

Forklifts Forklift truck operators are competent to

operate these vehicles safely as demon-strated by their successful completion oftraining and evaluation.

No employee under 18 years old isallowed to operate a forklift.

Forklifts are inspected daily for propercondit ion of brakes, horns, steering,forks and tires.

Powered industrial trucks (forklifts) meetthe design and construction requirementsestablished in American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) for Pow eredIndustrial Trucks, Part II ANSI B56.1-1969.

Written approval from the truck manufac-turer is obtained for any modif ication oradditions which affect capacity and safeoperation of the vehicle.

Capacity, operation and maintenanceinstruction plates, tags or decals arechanged to indicate any m odifications oradditions to the vehicle.

Battery charging is conducted in areasspecifically designated for that purpose.

Material handling equipment is providedfor handling batteries, including convey-ors, overhead hoists or equivalentdevices.

Reinstalled batteries are properly posi-tioned and secured in the truck.

Smoking is prohibited in battery chargingareas.

Precautions are taken to prevent open

flames, sparks or electric arcs in batterycharging areas.

Refresher training is provided and anevaluation is conducted whenever a fork-


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lift operator has been observed operatingthe vehicle in an unsafe manner andwhen an operator is assigned to drive a

different type of truck. Load and forks are fully low ered, controls

neutralized, power shut off and brakes setwhen a powered industrial truck is leftunattended.

There is sufficient headroom for the fork-lift and operator under overhead installa-tions, lights, pipes, sprinkler systems, etc.

Overhead guards are in place to protectthe operator against falling objects.

Trucks are operated at a safe speed.

All loads are kept stable, safely arrangedand fit w ithin the rated capacity of thetruck.

Unsafe and defective trucks are removedfrom service.




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Construction Safety &

Health ResourcesM ost resource materials can be foundon the OSHA website: www.osha.gov

PublicationsPublications can be downloaded or ordered at:http://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/pubindex.list

A Guide to Scaffold Use in the ConstructionIndustryOSHA Publication 3150 (Revised 2002), 2.1 MBPDF, 73 pages.

Booklet in question-and-answer form at highlights inform ation about scaffold safety.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf

Concrete and M asonry ConstructionOSHA Publication 3106 (Revised 1998), 414 KBPDF, 32 pages.Details inform ation on OSHAs Concrete and Masonry standard.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3106.pdf

Crystalline Silica Exposure Card for ConstructionOSHA Publication 3177 (Revised 2002), 2 pages.Discusses silica hazards, and what employers and employees can do to protect against expo- sures to silica.A Spanish version is also available. OSHAPublication 3179 (Revised 2003), 2 pages.

ExcavationsOSHA Publication 2226 (Revised 2002), 533 KBPDF, 44 pages.A detailed explanation of all aspects of excavation and t renching.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2226.pdf

Fall Protection in ConstructionOSHA Publication 3146 (Revised 1998), 177 KBPDF, 43 pages.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3146.pdf

CONSTRUCTION 21



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Ground-Fault Protection on Construction SitesOSHA Publication 3007 (Revised 1998), 100 KBPDF, 31 pages.

Booklet on ground-fault circuit interrupters for safe use of portable tools.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3007.pdf

Lead in ConstructionOSHA Publication 3142 (Revised 2003), 610 KBPDF, 38 pages.Describes hazards and safe work practices con- cerning lead.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3142.pdf

OSHA Assistance for the ResidentialConstruction Industry

Many OSHA standards apply to residential construction for the prevention of possible fatalities.This web page provides inform ation about those standards and the hazards present in residential construction. It was developed in coop- eration w ith the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) as part of the OSHA-NAHB Alliance.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/residential/index.html

Selected Construction Regulations (SCOR) forthe Home Building Industry (29 CFR 1926)OSHA Publication (Revised 1997), 1.2 MB PDF,224 pages.Provides inform ation on safe and healthful w ork practices for residential construction employers; identifies OSHA standards applicable to hazards found at worksites in the residential construction industry.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/scor1926.pdf

Stairways and LaddersOSHA Publication 3124 (Revised 2003), 155 KBPDF, 15 pages.Explains OSHA requirements for stairways and ladders.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf



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Working Safely in TrenchesOSHA Publication 3243 (2005), 2 pages.Provides safety tips for workers in trenches. A

Spanish version is on the reverse side.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/trench/trench_ safety_tips_card.pdf

Crane SafetySafety and Health Topics: Crane, Derrick andHoist Safety -- Hazards and Possible SolutionsDecember 2003. One page.OSHA website index provides references to aid in identifying crane, derrick and hoist hazards in the workplace.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cranehoistsafety/recognition.html

Electrical HazardsControl of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/ Tagout)OSHA Publication 3120 (Revised 2002), 174 KBPDF, 45 pages.This booklet presents OSHAs general requirements for controlling hazardous energy during service or maintenance of machines or equipment.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf

Controlling Electrical HazardsOSHA Publication 3075 (Revised 2002), 349 KBPDF, 71 pages.This publication provides an overview of basic electrical safety on the job.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3075.pdf

Safety and Health Topics: Lockout/ TagoutOSHA website index to in form ation about lockout /tagout, including hazard recognition, compliance, standards and directives, Review Commission and Administrative Law Judge Decisions, standard interpretations and compli -

ance letters, compliance assistance and training.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/controlhazardousenergy/index.html

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Hazard CommunicationHazard Communication: Foundation ofWorkplace Chemical Safety ProgramsOSHA website index for resources on hazard communication.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardcommunica-tions/index.html

Frequently Asked Questions for HazardCommunicationOSHA, 6 pages.Website questions and answers on hazard communication.http://www.osha.gov/html/faq-hazcom.html

Hazard Communication StandardOSHA Fact Sheet No. 93-26 (1993), 3 pages.Highlights pro tections under OSHAs Hazard Communication standard.http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show

_document?p_table=FACT_SHEETS&p_id=151

Hazard Communication Guidelines forComplianceOSHA Publ icati on 3111 (2000), 112 KB PDF, 33pages.This document aids employers in understand- ing the Hazard Communication standard and in

implementing a hazard communication program.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3111.pdf

Chemical Hazard CommunicationOSHA Publication 3084 (1998), 248 KB PDF, 31pages.This booklet answers several basic questions about chemical hazard comm unication.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3084.pdf

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical HazardsHandy source of general industrial hygiene information on several hundred chemicals/class- es for w orkers, employers and occupational health professionals.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html




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CONSTRUCTION 25

Material HandlingMaterials Handling and StorageOSHA Publication 2236 (Revised 2002), 559 KBPDF, 40 pages.A comprehensive guide to hazards and safe work practices in handling m aterials.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2236.pdf

Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective EquipmentOSHA Publication 3155 (2003), 305 KB PDF, 44pages.Discusses equipm ent most comm only used for protection for the head, including eyes and face and the torso, arms, hands, and feet. The use of equipment to p rotect against life-threatening hazards is also discussed.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3155/ osha3155.html

Safety and Health Topics: Personal ProtectiveEquipmentOSHA website index to hazard recognition, control and training related to personal protective equipment. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/index.html

Toxic Metals: CadmiumSafety and Health Topics: CadmiumOSHA website index to recogniti on, evaluation,control, compl iance and training related to Cadmium.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cadmium/index.html

Electronic ConstructionResources

OSHA eTools and Expert Advisors can be foundon OSHAs website: http://www.osha.gov

eToolsConstruction: Preventing Fatalities. Constructioncan be a safe occupation when workers areaware of the hazards, and an effective safety


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and health program is used. This eTool w ill helpworkers identify and control the hazards thatcomm only cause the most serious construction

injuries. A Spanish translation of this eTool isalso available.

Scaffolding: Supported Scaffolds and SuspendedScaffolds. These eTools provide illustrated exam-ples of safe scaffolding use. Hazards are identi-fied as well as the controls that keep those haz-ards from becoming tragedies.

Solutions for Electrical Contractors. This eTooldescribes common hazards that electrical contrac-tors may encounter and possible solutions forthese hazards. The eTool was developed in coop-

eration with the Independent Electrical Contract-ors (IEC) as part of the OSHA-IEC Alliance.

Steel Erection. America's 56,000 steel erectorssuffer 35 fatal accidents per year, a rate of onedeath per 1,600 workers. OSHA estim ates that30 of those deaths as well as nearly 1,150 annu-al lost-workday injuries can be averted by com-pliance with provisions of the Steel Erectionstandard, developed w ith industry and laborthrough negotiated rulemaking. To that end, thiseTool has been created to educate employersand workers.

OSHAs Expert AdvisorsThe Asbestos Advisor: This computer programprovides an introduction to the scope and logicof the regulations for general industry, construc-tion and maritime.

Lead in Construction Advisor: This computerprogram provides an introduction to the scopeand logic of the regulations regarding occupa-tional exposure to lead and summ ary guidance

to facilitate compliance.




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Construction IndustryCooperative and State

Programs

Voluntary Protection ProgramsOSHA recognizes Voluntary Protection Programs(VPP) worksites for their excellent safety andhealth management systems.

OSHA ConstructionOSHA has announced an OSHA Constructionprogram to address the unique needs of theindustry. The goal of this program is to makeVPP more accessible to construction employers,especially small construction employers and tomaintain the high standards of VPP while ex-panding participation to broad constructionindustry categories such as short-term projects,mobile workforces, general contractors and sub-contractors. Pilot programs in these categorieshave shown beneficial results for participants.

OSHA ChallengeOSHA has created the Challenge Pilot to pro-vide greater opportunities to eligible employersinterested in working with OSHA to create saferand healthier workplaces. The pilot is designedto reach and guide employers and companiesin all major industry groups who are stronglycomm itted to improving their safety and health

management systems and interested in pursu-ing recognition in VPP. OSHA Challenge pro-vides participants a guide or roadmap to

CONSTRUCTION 27



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improve performance and ultimately the oppor-tunity to take part in the VPP Merit or Star pro-grams.

Alliance ProgramAlliances enable organizations comm itted toworkplace safety and health to collaborate withOSHA to prevent injuries and illnesses in theworkplace.

OSHA has a number of national and regional orarea office alliances that impact the constructionindustries. The details of these alliances can befound on www .osha.gov under Alliances.

OSHA StrategicPartnership Program

Partnerships are voluntary, cooperative relation-ships between OSHA and groups of employers,employees and employee representatives(sometimes including other stakeholders andsometimes involving only one employer) thatencourage, assist and recognize efforts to elimi-nate serious hazards and achieve a high level ofworker safety and health. National constructionpartnerships include AMEC Construction,Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) and

the National Ready-Mixed Concrete Association .In addition to the national partnerships, OSHA


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CONSTRUCTION 29

has had nearly 170 regional strategic partner-ships with the construction industry since theprograms start in 1998.

State ProgramsTwenty-six States and territories operate theirown occupational safety and health programsunder plans approved by Federal OSHA. Twenty-two of these programs cover both private sectorand public (State and local government)employees; four cover public employees only.States may have somewhat different require-ments and procedures for the constructionindustry, but they are required to be at least aseffective as Federal OSHA. All State Plans offera VPP program and have additional cooperativeprograms parallel to OSHAs All iance andStrategic Partnership programs. A list of Stateswi th approved plans may be found atwww.osha.gov

ConsultationEvery state offers a free, on-site consultationprogram to help small employers find and fixhazards and establish effective safety and healthmanagement systems. Funded primarily byOSHA, consultation is provided at no cost tosmall employers and is delivered by stateauthorities through professional safety andhealth consultants. More inform ation onOSHAs Consultation Program appears on theagencys website at www.osha.gov


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Success Stories

Partnership Reduced Injuriesduring Art MuseumRenovation

In 2002, OSHA and AMEC Construction devel-oped a partnership to prevent injuries at the$425 milli on rebuilding/renovation constructionproject for New York Citys renowned M useumof M odern Art (MoMA).

The partnership covered some 220 employeesand 17 employers who w orked to more thandouble MoMAs space and expand facilities forspecial exhibitions, public programs, education-al ou treach and scholarly research.

AMEC employees completed more than 800,000hours in 2003 and racked up tw o im pressivesafety and health statistics: the number of DaysAway Restricted and Transferred (DART) percent-age was 90 percent below the national averagefor their standard industrial classification (SIC)code and the Total Case Incident Rate (TCIR)




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was 92 percent below the national average fortheir SIC.

Best practices used included daily safety inspec-tions conducted at the site and any hazardsidentified were corrected immediately. Inspec-tion results were discussed at safety committeemeetings. Each employee knew that a safetyissue would be dealt with promptly w hen itcame to m anagements attention. Additionally,an on-site incentive encouraged safe workplacepractices.

The right combination of best safety m anage-ment practices, partnering between OSHA andAMEC Construction, and a DART percentage 90

percent below the national average are fittingachievements for a new and better hom e for theworlds leading collection of modern and con-temporary art.

Fatalities Prevented, InjuriesMinor, Workers Comp

Costs Slashed

Turner Construction and OSHA TeamedUp on Wisconsin Stadium Project

Teamwork at the Green Bay Packers LambeauField is not just for professional football players.A partnership between Turner Construction andOSHA made teamwork in achieving health andsafety a top priori ty for construction workersbuilding and expanding the stadium.

In 2003, the $295 million renovation of theLambeau Field stadium was completed, morethan doubling the size of the previous stadium.Seating capacity was increased from 60,890 toover 72,000.

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Partnering w ith OSHA paid off. There werefewer serious injur ies for workers and a morethan 20 percent cut in workers compensation

costs for the contractor.The partnership had three goals:

All contractors have an effective safety andhealth program;

All hazards corrected daily after daily auditsare conducted; and

Increase the level of training for supervisorsand employees.

The work was more hazardous than typical steelerections because stadium s are curved andangular in shape. Also, construction and demoli -tion activities were taking place simultaneously,often within a few feet of each other.

Several potential serious accidents were avoid-ed by requiring all contractors safety and healthprograms to establish a requirement of 100 per-cent fall protection at or above six feet.

One worker on the project slipped off a steelbeam located six stories above ground. Thanks

to his use of ful l fall protection, serious injury --or possible death -- was avoided. He was back atwork shortly after his rescue. Less than tw omonths later, a second w orker slipped from abeam, but also escaped injury because of hisfall protection equipm ent. Like his coworker, hereturned to w ork the same day. An ironworkerand a carpenter also fell and w ere saved bytheir harnesses.


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A significant achievement included 4,300 work-ers completing OSHAs 10-hour constructiontraining. An added benefit for the industry is

that these employees are bringing their safetytraining to other sites where they are now w ork-ing.


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Occupational Safety and

Health AdministrationU.S. Department of Laborwww.osha.gov

Employers are responsible for providing asafe and healthful workplace for theiremployees. OSHAs role is to assure thesafety and health of Americas workers bysetting and enforcing standards; providingtraining, outreach and education; establish-ing partnerships; and encouraging continu-

al improvement in workplace safety andhealth.

This informational booklet provides a gen-eral overview of a particular topic related toOSHA standards. It does not alter or deter-mine compliance responsibilities in OSHAstandards or the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 . Because interpretationsand enforcement policy may change overtime, you should consult current OSHAadministrative in terpretations and decisionsby the Occupational Safety and Health

Review Commission and the Courts foradditional guidance on OSHA compliancerequirements.

This publication is in the public domain andmay be reproduced, fully or partially, with-out permission. Source credit is requestedbut not required.

This information is available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voicephone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY)number: (877) 889-5627.

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