The history of Odisha art and architecture is dating from 261 B.C. , when Ashok , the the then King of Magadha conquerdOdisha, then known as Kalinga . The existing ancient monuments of Odisha cover a period of about two thousand years and present a varied and interesting study....

Odisha is full of archaeological treasures dating from the pre-historic times upto the end of the Muslim rule in the middle of the sixteenth century. The excavations at Sisupalgarh and Jaugadatestify to the presence of a highly developed pre-historic civilisation in Odisha.

•Oriya is the language spoken by the majority of the people of the state.

•English is widely used for official purpose and Oriya is used as regional language.

• A few tribal languages belonging to the Dravidian and Munda language families are spoken by the Adivasis of the state.

•The classical dance form Odissi originated in Odisha. Contemporary Odisha has a cultural heritage that arose due to the intermingling of three religious traditions –Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

•The culture of the Adivasis is an integral part of modern Oriya heritage

Fairs & Festivals in Odisha (Orissa) -

•With numerous religions, ancient temples, local shrines, tribes and an array of sacred places.• Major Odisha Festivals of are Jagannath Puri RathYatra and Durga Pooja.•Three different religions flourished on the holy land of Odisha (Orissa) thus making it mandatory to celebrate various religious Odisha festivals with great fanfare. •Odisha Cultural & Religious Festivals are veryfamous in india.

•The caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri represent Odisha cave architecture dating back to the first century BC. •The caves were cut out in the solid rock on the orders of King Kharavela for the use of Jaina ascetics.• There are altogether eighteen caves in Udayagiri and fifteen caves in Khandagiri. The caves are decorated with sculptural motifs.• The Ranigumpha cave in Udayagiri is a two-storeyedstructure and bears highly artistic sculpture. The caves consist of one or more cells and a few of them are fronted by pillared verandahs.• The sculptures of Khandagiri and Udayagiri form a landmark in the history of Indian art. They present a vivid picture of the contemporary society and occupy an important place in the rock-out architecture of India.

KHANDHAGIRI CAVESDHAULAGIRI CAVESLALITHAGIRI CAVESRATNAGIRI CAVESUDAYAGIRI CAVES

Puri TempleLingaraj templeKonark TempleTarini TempleBiraja templeMahavinayak Temple64 Yoginis TempleRaja Rani Temple

ART FORM- DANCE - ODISSI

•PATA CHITRAS

•TALA PATACHITRAS/PALM LEAF PAINTINGS

•SILVER FILIGREE WORK / TARAKASI

•APPLIQUE WORK / PIPLI

•ROCK PAINTINGS ,SCULPTORS

•JHOTI,MURUJU,CHITHA

•BRASS AND BELL METAL

•TRIBAL HANDLOOM

MAJOR HANDICRAFTS

• In Odisha ,a unique type of art form is developed at Puri . But it spreads all over the world .

• To carve a sand sculpture , the raw material is the only clean and fine grained sand mixed with water .

• Rama and Krishna are usually depicted on the pattas. "Rasa Lila", "Vastra Haran", "Kaliya Dalan" are some of the recurring themes of Patta art.

PATACHITRA

•The Patachitras are paintings on cloth. In the absence of paper, cloth gives an extended smooth surface and is easily transported.

•For the patachitra, small strips of cloth are prepared for the painting by a coating of a mixture of glue and chalk which result in a leathery finish.

•The outlines are then drawn directly in red or yellow and the other colours subsequently filled in. Finally the pata is given a lacquer coating to protect it from climatic effects.

• For this process of varnishing and glazing, the back of the painting is exposed to heat while the top is being brushed with a fine layer of lacquer.

PATACHITRAS

SILVER FILIGREE

Of all the handicrafts of Odisha the most unique and the finest, in fact the queen among them, is silver filigree, locally called tarakasi. The craft is localised at Cuttack town and a few villages in Cuttack district.

• The process consists of drawing silver through a series of consecutively smaller holes to produce fine strands of wire

• These wires are then made into various shapes by deft hands of the craftsmen by bending them into different designs and soldering them with pincer and scissors.

• Silver used by the artisans is usually of high purity often exceeding ninety per cent.

SILVER FILIGREE

•'Applique', which is a French term, is a technique by which

the decorative effect is obtained by superposing patches of coloured fabrics on a basic fabric, the edges of the patches being sewn in some form of stitchery.

•It is distinct from what is known as patch work in which small pieces of cut fabrics are usually joined side by side to make a large piece of fabric or for repairing a damaged fabric.

• Though the form is not unknown in other parts of India, it is Odisha and specially in Pipli that the craft has a living and active tradition continuing over centuries.

Like patachitras, APPLIQUÉ WORKin Odisha also originated as atemple art. The artisans of Pipli - avillage 40 km from Puri have theirmastery in applique art. BesidesPuri, appliqué work is also practicedin Chitki, Barpali, and a couple ofother places.

•Colored cloth, are stitched in shape of animals, birds, flowers and beautiful wall, garden or beach umbrella, a lamp shade and much more hangings are made.

Saris and other attires are designed with appliqué work, which is gaining lot of popularity in international market.

•Tiny mirrors are stick or stitched by thread embroidery to create a remarkable work of art. •Colors like red, yellow, white and black are mainly used, in applique work whereas green has also been added in recent times.

ROCK PAINTINGS \ SCULPTORS

Odisha has an age old tradition of Painting which stretches from the prehistoric rock shelters to the temples and mathas of this century. Out of these the traditional painters , the tribal painter , the folk and rock painters are of significance.

• The Talapatrachitras or the palm leaf engravings consist of frozen linear drawing as illustrations of manuscripts.

• In these engravings, colours are muted and play a very minor part. Where colours are at all applied, they are just painted either to emphasize the inscriptions, or to fill up blank space.

•In Odisha, manuscripts were written on palm leaves even during the Mughal period when the paper was freely available.

PALM LEAF PAINTINGS / TALA PATACHITRAS

•In the limited space of the oblong palm leaf with a small width, human figures completed with details of hair style and dress, animals, flowers and trees are executed with great precision and beauty, the tool of this art is a sharp style and it needs a remarkably steady hand to be able to wield this tool on thin strip of leaf.

•These talapatachitras have an affinity with the Rajasthaniminiatures both in the treatment, composition and the colourscheme.

• During this auspicious occasion, the mud walls and floors are decorated with murals in white rice paste or pithau.

•The folk art of Odisha is bound up with its social and religious activities. In the month of Margasira , women folk worship the goddess Lakshmi. It is the harvest season when grain is thrashed and stored

JHOTI ,CHITHA, MURUJA

BRASS AND BELL METAL

•The fine engravings on brass and bellmetal utensils, bronze bangles and pots

are important aspects of Orissan art. Artefacts made of metal, particularly

brass, find pride of place in the homes of Orissa.

• Beautiful lamps and lamp-stands are used during the worship of deities. Rice-

measuring bowls made of brass are used in many homes.

• The artisans also make elephants and horses from brass and decorate them

with intricate designs. Containers of brass for betel-chewers are designed both

to be useful and ornamental.

•There are household articles and utensils made out of brass and bell metal

and they are of different shapes and sizes.

• The brassware of Orissa reveals the high workmanship of the artisans and

their flair for innovation.

Tribal handloom

•White – filtering ,powdering, boiling – Conch shells

•Red - mineral color-stone ingredient-Hingula

•Yellow – processed - Harithala

•Blue - kind of indigo - Ramaraja

•Black – lamp black – Burnt coconut shells

•Brushes are very crude and are made from hair of domestic animals

•Even today the Chitrakars of Odisha use vegetable and mineral colours.

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