origins of world war i a.background causes 1.economic rivalry a. britain b. germany 2. colonialism...
TRANSCRIPT
Origins of World War IA. Background Causes
1. Economic Rivalrya. Britainb. Germany
2. Colonialisma. Disputes over Control
3. Alliancesa. Triple Ententeb. Triple Alliance
4. Nationalisma. Politicalb. Ethnic
Economic Rivalry
• Rapid Industrialization by Germany
• Threatened Britain
• Also threatened France
• France and Britain grew closer
Colonialism
• 1905 and 1911
• France and Germany almost to the brink of war
• Morocco: France vs. Germany
• Britain sides with France/resents Germany industrial strength.
• Britain and France develop closer ties.
Entangling Alliances
• Otto von Bismarck/isolate France at all costs
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy & Austria-Hungary
• Triple Entente: Britain, France, & Russia
• Alliances to keep the peace
Causes of World War I: Nationalism
Aggressive Nationalism France and Germany Germany proud of military and Industrial
strength. French loss in Franco Prussia War/revenge Recovery of lost provinces Alsace and
Lorraine
Nationalism: Eastern Europe
• Russia -> Pan Slavism• Serbia: young just freed nation• Ottoman And Austrian-Hungarian Empires afraid
of the spread of Nationalism• Greece and Serbia• Several Balkan States Attack Turkey• Balkan states fighting among themselves• Powder Keg ready to explode
Militarism
• Survival of the Fittest
• Militarists painted war in romantic colors
• Rotation in Service
• Building up of military
• Protection of oversees colonies
• nationalism
• Britain 2 power standard
Assassination in Sarajevo
• Immediate cause: June 28, 1914
• Gavrilo Princip kills Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
• Member of Black Hand Serbian Nationalist Group
• Match that lights the Balkan Powder Keg
The War Begins
• Austria sends Serbia an ultimatum
• Serbia refuses
• Germany gives Austria a blank check
• July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia
• European nations begin to mobilize their military forces
The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany’s plan to fight a two front war• Wanted a quick victory• Germany would lose a long drawn out two
front war.• Attack France 1st then Russia/Russia would
take longer to mobilize• August 3 invade France through Belgium• Britain declares war on Germany
Bloody Stalemate
• Western Front
• Allied Victory at the Marne breaks the back of the Schlieffen Plan
• Trench Warfare
• High casualties
AT THE BORDER between (neutral) Holland and Belgium -
An high voltage electric wire, established by the Germans,
prevented Belgian refugees to flee.
WAR WINTER - Red becomes even better on white than on green
( Albert Hahn - 1915 - Toelichting op deze prent )
Major battles
• Battles of the Marne 1914, 1918• Battles of Ypres 250,000 killed many
drowned in liquid mud• Battle of the Somme 1916 4 months British
killed 419,000/ Germans killed over 500,000
• Battle of Tannenburg Russians forced out of war over a million killed many civilians
Global Conflict
• Russians/ lose battle of Tannenburg
• Ill equipped/ went into battle lacking necessary equipment
• Southern Europe
• War Outside Europe: Ottoman Empire
• Battle of Gallipoli Turks defeat British
• Colonies drawn into war
Winning the War
• Conscription
• Economic Troubles
• Propaganda
• Impact on Women
• Collapsing Morale
• Revolution in Russia Treaty of Brest Livosk
• Russia withdraws from the war
United States Declares War
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Cultural Ties
• Zimmermann Note
• Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points/Self determination
The Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions
• League of Nations• Territorial Losses/Germany returns Alsace
Lorraine; French Border extended to the Rhine; Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific
• Military restrictions/limits size of German Army; cannot build or import weapons, submarines, airplanes
The Treaty of Versailles: War Guilt
• Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders
• Germany forced to pay the Allies 33 Billion in reparations over 30 years.
• Laid the ground work for WWII.
Th e G rea t W ar
a g en era tion o f E u rop ean sare k illed
orw ou n d ed
B itte rn ess lead s to W orld W ar II P rob lem s s tillexis t:n a tion a lism
com p etit ion ,m ilita rism
L on g Term E ffec ts
n ew cou n triesa re c rea ted
O ttom an E m p ireA u s trian H u n g arian
E m p ires a reD es troyed
Im m ed ia te E ffec ts
The Legacy of War
• 8.5 Million Killed
• 21 million wounded
• War Costs 338 billion, destroys towns, and land in Europe and Russia
• disillusionment
Collapse of the Empires
• Breakup of Austrian Hungarian Empire– Austria and Hungary become independent
nations– Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia were formed– Italy and Romania gained land
Ottoman Empire Dissolved
• Turkey becomes independent
• Most of the Arab nations were put under the control of Britain and France
• Russian and German Losses
• Other nations Formed: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Armenian Massacre
• Ottomans traditionally allowed minorities great freedom
• Nationalism: Turkish nationalists vs minority people who sought their own states.
• 1890/Over 25 years Christians Armenians were accused of supporting Russian Plans against the Ottoman Empire/Armenians protested/ over 1 million were killed2 million deported to Greece
Turkish Nationalism
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
• General and war hero in Turkey
• Ataturk: “Father of the Turks”
• Westernizes and Modernizes
Kemal Ataturk
• Modernization and Westernization• Replaces Islamic law with Western European law• Muslim calendar replaced by western calendar• Western dress• State schools: Arabic Script replaced by Western
(Latin) script• Women : right to vote/western dress• Turkey was industrialized: roads, canals, railroads,
factories