origins of the cold war and the 1950s
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Origins of the Cold War and the 1950s. Organizing Principle. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Origins of the Cold War and the 1950s
Organizing Principle
At the conclusion of World War II, the celebratory shouts of Americans could be heard around the globe. However, the Great Depression was not too far removed, and questions of economic stability were in the forefront of American minds. The cheers began to fade entirely when the Soviet threat reared its ugly head and Americans gripped for another international conflict. The Cold War did not result in direct conflict with the Soviet Union; however, it did lead to anxiety at home and proxy wars abroad.
Yalta Conference The Big Three meet in Feb. 1945
▪ Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Discuss postwar fates
Pre A-bomb testing Occupation zones▪ Germany , Eastern Europe, and Far East▪ Military sprawl
Concessions▪ Roosevelt to Stalin
Reparations from Germany▪ Stalin to Roosevelt
Promises free elections Germany surrenders in May
U.S.—Soviet Relations Problems
▪ Political and economic philosophies▪ Capitalist systems vs. communism
▪ Delayed U.S. diplomatic recognition (1933) of Soviet Union▪ Soviet-Germany Non-Aggression Pact▪ Delay of sending troops to the Eastern front▪ Soviets left out of the atomic secrets of other allies▪ Terminated Lend-Lease—denied loans▪ Called ships back
Visions▪ Stalin wanted buffer states “satellites” ▪ Roosevelt—”open world”▪ Both isolationists prior to WWII▪ Missionary diplomacy
Potsdam Conference The Big Three meet in July
1945▪ Truman, Churchill/Attlee, Stalin
Tensions rise:▪ Stalin reneges on free elections
in Poland▪ Truman reneges on reparations
for Russia outside of occupation zones
▪ Eastern Europe?▪ Capitalism and U.S. markets?▪ Soviet buffer?
▪ A-bomb announced
Shaping the Postwar World
International Organizations International Monetary Fund (IMF)▪ Regulates currency exchange rate
World Bank▪ Promotes economic growth
United Nations▪ Security Council and Assembly▪ Promoted “great power” cooperation
Phases of the Cold War
Cold War timeline: 1945—1991 1. Europe
Turkey, Greece, and Eastern Bloc2. The Far East
China, Korea, and Vietnam3. Latin America/Caribbean
Guatemala, Cuba, Nicaragua (many more)
Note: phases overlap
The Cold War Congeals “Iron Curtain” Speech
▪ Winston Churchill The Middle East
▪ Stalin wants Iranian oil—uses troops The Truman Doctrine (1947)
▪ Containment▪ Greece and Turkey▪ $ 400 million in military aid
Positions harden globally The Marshall Plan (1948-1952)
▪ Rebuild Europe with American aid▪ $13 billion—4 years
▪ Russia rejects offer▪ “economic imperialism”
Creation of Israel
America Rearms National Security Act (1947)
▪ Creates Department of Defense▪ Secretary of Defense▪ Joint Chiefs of Staff
National Security Council (NSC)▪ Advise president on military policy
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)▪ Fact gathering +
Selective Service reinstated
The Problem of Germany Justice?
Nuremburg Trials (1945-46)▪ Nazi war crimes—22 to be tried
—12 hanged Visions of Germany—differ
▪ Economic health vital to all Germany divided
▪ Allies get slices of Germany▪ Question of unification▪ Soviets—NO!
▪ 1948—Berlin Blockade Berlin Airlift▪ June 1948—May 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Established 1949▪ U.S. foreign
policy?▪ Departure
▪ Military alliance▪ Defensive!!!!!!!
The Far East Japanese reconstruction
General MacArthur▪ Democratizes Japan and prosecutes war criminals
Successful in aims China Falls to communism
▪ Civil war renewed▪ Nationalists v. Communists
Chiang Kai-shek—leader of Nationals—corrupt! Mao Zedong—leader of Communists—peasant support Containment fails—Chiang forced off mainland China
Truman Doctrine=$3 billion to Nationals China goes commie in 1949
The Korean Volcano Erupts
Korea Divided at the 38th parallel▪ Commie North—Democratic South
N. Korea invades S. Korea (25 June 1950)▪ NSC-68▪ Orders massive American military build up
United Nations declares a police action▪ Soviets absent—no veto▪ Protest over China
▪ Truman orders MacArthur to take command
Stalemate in Korea Military see-saw
Chinese join war effort MacArthur suggests retaliation on
China▪ Openly criticizes Truman—MacArthur is
fired Armistice
▪ Korea remains divided—demilitarized zone▪ President Eisenhower
Costs 54,000 men die ▪ 36,000 Americans
$67 billion