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Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1

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Page 1: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Origin of Modern Astronomy

Chapter 22.1

Page 2: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Astronomy is the study of the universe• Ancient Greeks used philosophical

arguments to explain natural events– Geocentric Model (Aristotle and Ptolemy)

– Geo means “Earth”– Centric means “located in the center”

• The moon, sun, and the known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter) orbit the Earth

– Heliocentric Model (Aristarchus and Copernicus)– Helio means “Sun”

• The Earth and the other planets orbit the sun

• The Greeks also used some observational data

Page 3: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Geocentric and Heliocentric Models

Page 4: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

The Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Claudius Ptolemy created a model of the universe that accounted for the movement of the planets

• Retrograde motion is the apparent westward motion of the planets with respect to the stars

Page 5: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Retrograde Motion

Page 6: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

The Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Nicolaus Copernicus concluded that Earth is a planet. He proposed a model of the solar system with the sun in the center.

Page 7: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

The Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Tycho Brahe designed and built instruments to measure the locations of the heavenly bodies. His observations, especially of Mars, were far more precise than any made previously.

Page 8: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

The Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Johannes Kepler discovered three laws of planetary motion:

1. Orbits of the planets are elliptical

2. Planets revolve around the sun at varying speed

3. There is a proportional relationship between a planet’s orbital period and its distance to the sun

Page 9: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Kepler Vocabulary

• An ellipse is an oval-shaped path

• An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between Earth and the sun; it is about 150 million kilometers

Page 10: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Planet Revolution

Page 11: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

The Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Galileo Galilei’s most important contributions were his descriptions of the behavior of moving objects

• He developed his own telescope and made important discoveries

Page 12: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Galileo’s important discoveries

1. Four moons orbit Jupiter

2. Planets are circular disks, not just points of light

3. Venus has phases just like the moon

4. The moon’s surface is not smooth

5. The sun has sunspots, or dark regions

Page 13: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

The Birth of Modern Astronomy

• Sir Isaac Newton was the first to formulate and test the law of universal gravitation– Gravitational force

decreases with distance

– The greater the mass of an object, the greater is its gravitational force

Page 14: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Origen de la Astronomía Moderna

Page 15: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

La astronomía es el estudio del universo Los antiguos griegos utilizaron argumentos filosóficos para explicar los fenómenos naturales Modelo geocéntrico (Aristóteles y Ptolomeo) Geo significa "Tierra" Centric significa "que se encuentra en el centro" La luna, el sol y los planetas conocidos (Mercurio, Venus, Marte, y Júpiter) orbitar la Tierra Modelo heliocéntrico (Aristarco y Copérnico) Helio significa "Sol" La Tierra y los otros planetas en órbita alrededor del sol Los griegos también usaron algunos datos de observación

Page 16: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Claudio Ptolomeo creó un modelo del universo que representó para el movimiento de los planetas El movimiento retrógrado es el movimiento hacia el oeste aparente de los planetas con respecto a las estrellas

Page 17: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

El nacimiento de la astronomía moderna

Nicolás Copérnico llegó a la conclusión de que la Tierra es un planeta. Propuso un modelo del sistema solar con el sol en el centro.

Page 18: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

El nacimiento de la astronomía moderna

Tycho Brahe diseñado e instrumentos para medir las posiciones de los cuerpos celestes construido. Sus observaciones, especialmente de Marte, fueron mucho más precisos que cualquier hecho previamente.

Page 19: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

El nacimiento de la astronomía moderna

Johannes Kepler descubrió tres leyes del movimiento planetario: 1.Las órbitas de los planetas son elípticas 2.Los planetas giran alrededor del Sol a una velocidad variable 3.Existe una relación proporcional entre el período orbital de un planeta y su distancia al Sol

Page 20: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Kepler Vocabulario

Una elipse es una trayectoria en forma ovalada Una unidad astronómica (UA) es la distancia media entre la Tierra y el sol; que está a unos 150 millones kilometros

Page 21: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Contribuciones más importantes de Galileo Galilei lo fueron sus descripciones del comportamiento de los objetos en movimiento Desarrolló su propio telescopio y realizó descubrimientos importantes

El nacimiento de la astronomía moderna

Page 22: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

Importantes descubrimientos de Galileo

1.Cuatro lunas orbitan Júpiter 2.Los planetas son discos circulares, no sólo puntos de luz 3.Venus tiene fases como la Luna 4.La superficie de la luna no es lisa 5.El sol tiene manchas o zonas oscuras

Page 23: Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 22.1. Astronomy is the study of the universe Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments to explain natural events

El nacimiento de la astronomía moderna

Sir Isaac Newton fue el primero en formular y poner a prueba la ley de la -gravitación universal Fuerza gravitacional disminuye con la distancia -Cuanto mayor es la masa de un objeto, mayor es su fuerza gravitacional