origin and evolution of birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Video Assignments
Microraptor—PBS
The Four-winged Dinosaur—Mark Davis
SUNY Cortland Library Online
Radiolab Apocalyptical
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K52vD4WBdLw&feature=youtu.be
Minute 13 through minute 60
Link to this video will be emailed—but you can search on Youtube for
“Radiolab Apocalyptical”
![Page 2: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Evolutionary Origin of Birds Outline
• Why birds are reptiles
• Archaeopteryx—the link to reptiles
• Birds as dinosaurs
• What kind of dinosaur
• Theropods as bird precursors
• Feathered dinosaurs
• Molecular evidence
![Page 3: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Characteristics that Define Birds
• Feathers
• Bills
• Lightweight Bones
• Furcula
• Opposable Hallux
• Efficient Respiratory
System
• External Eggs & Parental
Care
• Finely-tuned Nervous
Systems
![Page 4: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why Birds are Reptiles
Thomas Huxley—19th Century Naturalist regarded birds
as “Glorified Reptiles”
Cladistics—classification application that attempts
to group organisms based on shared derived traits.
(i.e., novel traits that were inherited through a common ancestor)
Species A
Species B
Species C
Ancestor of A, B, & C
Ancestor of A & B
![Page 5: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Evolutionary Origins
Species A Species B Species C
Ancestor of A, B, & C
Ancestor of A & B
![Page 6: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why Birds are Reptiles Shared Derived Traits
• Single Occipital Condyle
• Single Middle Ear bone
• Fused Jaw Bones
• Epidermal Scales
• Female Heterogametic Sex
• Sclerotic Eye Ring
• Nucleated Red Blood Cells
![Page 7: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Archaeopteryx as a Missing Link
• Archaeopteryx
lithographic fossil
from lithographic rock
quarries in Germany
• 150 MYA
![Page 8: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Reptile-like traits
– Reptilian teeth
– Long tail
– Separate pelvic, hand,
head, and foot bones
– Dinosaur-like hip
– Skull osteology of
reptiles
– Floating gastric ribs
Archaeopteryx as a Missing Link
![Page 9: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Bird-like traits – Asymetrical feathers on wings
– Furcula
– Reversed hallux (?)
• What was the life-style of Archaeopteryx? – Arboreal or ground-dweller?
– Volant?
Archaeopteryx as a Missing Link
![Page 10: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
More Specimens of Archeopteryx 2005--Science 310:1483
![Page 11: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Pterosaurs
• Pre-dinosaur, pre-crocodilian ancestor
(Archosaurs)?
• Theropod dinosaurs
Who were the
direct
ancestors to
birds?
![Page 12: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ornithischians (Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus,
Corythosaurus, Iguanodon)
Saurischians—Lizard-hipped (Brachiosaurus, T. rex,
Velociraptor, Deionychus)
DINOSAURS
Thecodonts--Archosaurs
Birds????
![Page 13: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dinosaur-Bird Connection
Backward tilted pelvis,
Predentary bone,
Ossified vertebral tendons
Hands rotate around digits
III, IV, and V
Pelvis tilted forward,
No predentary
No ossified tendons
Digits II, III, and IV
Ornithischians (Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus,
Corythosaurus, Iguanodon)
Saurischians—Lizard-hipped (Brachiosaurus, T. rex,
Velociraptor, Deionychus)
DINOSAURS
![Page 14: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Potential Theropod Precursors
Hollow bones
Three-toed foot (digit I rotated backwards)
![Page 15: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Semilunar carpal
Pectoral girdle enlargement
Bipedal
Reduction in digits and arms
Feathers???
Caudipteryx
![Page 16: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Elongated feathers
worthy of flight
Arms and legs of
equal length
![Page 17: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Enlarge pectoral girdle
Fusion and reduction of bones
Reduction in tail
Motor system development
Beak development
Respiratory efficiency
![Page 18: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Why Birds are Reptiles Cladistics of Morphology and Molecular Data
Shark
Mammals
Amphibians
Turtles
Crocodilians
Birds
Reptiles
Snakes
Lizards
![Page 19: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Habits of Archaeopteryx (Feduccia, 1993)
![Page 20: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Glen & Bennett, 2007.
![Page 21: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cuckoos and Road Runners Pigeons
![Page 22: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The first birds (Mesozoic) were very
likely ground foragers and not arboreal foragers.
![Page 23: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Feathered Dinosaurs
Hot bed of dinosaur fossils in
Chinese Liaong Province
New species of feathered
theropod dinosaurs-120 MYA
Sinosauropteryx
(first Chinese dragon feather)
Caudipteryx
![Page 24: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Caudipteryx zoui
Filamentous
tail feathers
Other specimens that blur the line
between dinosaurs and birds include
Protoarchaeopteryx, Confuciusornis
![Page 25: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Birds as Theropods
• Feathered Theropods
– Feathers evolved
before flight
– Feathers are no longer
a novel feature of birds
• Share large numbers of
advanced traits
• Evolutionary trends in
theropods are consistent
with bird evolution
![Page 26: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Four-winged Dinosaur
Microraptor
Significance?
What about non-avian
dinosaur feet and Chukars?
![Page 27: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Opposition to Theropod-bird lineage
• Feduccia--birds share an ancestor
with an Archosaur
• Bird-theropod similarities are due to
convergent evolution
– Bipedalism
• Flight evolved from the trees down.
• Deinonychus is 40 MY more recent
than Archaeopteryx. “Temporal
Paradox: you can’t be your own
grandmother”
![Page 28: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Comparative Embryology
Feducia’s strongest argument.
• Assume: Digit IV forms the
central axis of modern hands in
birds, turtles, and crocodiles
• Counting backward it appears
that birds retain digits II, III,
and IV and not digits I, II, and
III as in Theropods
Photo from Burke and Fedducia, 1997
Top row-alligator
Middle row-chicken
Bottom row-turtle
![Page 29: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Who cares about finger number? (Pennisi-2005, Science 307:195)
• Digit I in terrestrial vertebrates
has unusual development
• Digit I depends on the
developmental gene Hoxd13
and not Hoxd12
• Molecular genetics suggests
that Digit I in birds is indeed
Digit I
![Page 30: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Amino Acid Sequence from Bone
Collagen of Dinosaurs
C, G, I are from Ostrich
![Page 31: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Amino Acid Sequence
of Dinosaur Collagen
Birds share a more recent common ancestor
with dinosaurs than to early reptiles.
![Page 32: Origin and Evolution of Birdsfacultyweb.cortland.edu/broyles/411/origin.pdf · 2014-02-04 · with dinosaurs than to early reptiles. Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070810/5f08d0cb7e708231d423db30/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Concluding Remarks • The origin and evolution of birds is
one of the greatest modern day debates in evolutionary biology
• Birds are reptiles
• Theropod origin of birds is gaining strength from many biological disciplines
• Remaining Questions; How did flight arise and & why did feathers evolve?