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Using Origami to Find Rational Approximations of Irrational Roots Jeremy Lee Amherst Regional High School Hudson River Undergraduate Mathematics Conference Williams College April 6 th , 2013

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Using Origami  to Find Rational Approximations of Irrational Roots Jeremy Lee Amherst Regional High School Hudson River Undergraduate Mathematics Conference Williams College April 6 th , 2013. Origami Instructions. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Origami Instructions

Using Origami to Find Rational Approximations of Irrational Roots

Jeremy LeeAmherst Regional High School

Hudson River Undergraduate Mathematics ConferenceWilliams College April 6th, 2013

Page 2: Origami Instructions

Origami Instructions

Page 3: Origami Instructions

• Folding paper allows us to find rational approximations of the square root of two.

Page 4: Origami Instructions

Origami InstructionsSide Unit fits Diagonal Once with remainder.

Page 5: Origami Instructions

Origami InstructionsSide Unit fits Diagonal Once with remainder.

Remainder fits side unit twice with remainder2 space

Page 6: Origami Instructions

Origami InstructionsSide Unit fits Diagonal Once with remainder.

Remainder fits side unit twice with remainder2 space

Remainder2 fits Remainder unit twice with Remainder3 left over.

Page 7: Origami Instructions

Summary of Origami Exercise

• As we keep doing the exercise, you always get the number two after the first step.  The next remainder will fit into previous remainder twice again.

Page 8: Origami Instructions

Summary of Origami Exercise

• All these approximations of the square root of two come from the continued fractions representation of the square root of two.

Page 9: Origami Instructions

Continued Fractions Method

1

11

12

3

2

1

0

aa

aa

Page 10: Origami Instructions

Continued Fractions Method

1

11

112

3

2

1

aa

a

Page 11: Origami Instructions

Continued Fractions Method

1

112

112

3

2

aa

Page 12: Origami Instructions

Continued Fractions Method

1

12

12

112

3

a

Page 13: Origami Instructions

Continued Fractions Method

12

12

12

112

There will be twos continuing throughout the fraction after one.

Page 14: Origami Instructions

How to Use Continued Fractions to Build Approximations

12

23

2112

57

212

112

1217

212

12

112

        hi                     ki

Page 15: Origami Instructions

Rational Approximations Of the Square Root of Two       hi            ki

Page 16: Origami Instructions

Denoting Parts of the Square Root of Two Continued Fraction

12

12

12

112

Let Big Box equal x

What does the big box converge to?

Page 17: Origami Instructions

Algebra that Continued FractionsConverges to the Square Root of Two

212

222282

012

1221

2

2

xx

xxx

x

Why does the answer have to be ?21Assuming that this continued fraction converges, that is what x converges to.Therefore the continued fraction equals the square root of 2.

)21(12

Page 18: Origami Instructions

The Babylonian Method

n

nn xSxx

xS

21

1

0

408577

12172

1217

21

1217

232

23

21

23

121

21

1

3

2

1

0

x

x

x

x

Let’s try it with the square root of 2Have x0 equal 1, our first approximate.

Page 19: Origami Instructions

Algebra that Babylonian MethodConverges to the Square Root of Two

2

2

22

12

12

221

2

22

22

x

x

xx

xx

xxx

xxx

There is a wonderful blog entry that is focused on the Babylonian Method and how it works with the square root of two.

http://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/babylon-and-the-square-root-of-2/

The reason why x is positive is because if the Babylonian Method converges , the result is what it will converge to.

If x is negative then the result is the negative square root of two.

Page 20: Origami Instructions

There is almost a common ratio between consecutive numerators of the rational approximations. There is almost a common ratio between consecutive denominators of the rational approximations.  The ratio is around 1 + sqrt(2) for both of these relationships.  

Maybe, hi and ki are the sums of two geometric sequences with a common ratio of 1 + sqrt(2)

What are the explicit formulas for each the numerator and the denominator of all rational approximations of the square root of two?

     hi            ki             hi+1/hi               ki+1/ki

Page 21: Origami Instructions

Rational Approximations Numerator

ii

ih 212121

21

21

120

20

725721

55255215

21

222222

3223

121

2

232

32

223

22

21

221

211

2212

211

r

rr

rrrc

rcrrch

rcrrch

rrcc

rcch

rcch

rcch

1

16

186212186

1721217

21

4221

2212

4214

ccrrcc

rcch

rcch

01221

122

12121

21

21

2121

211

cccc

cccc

cch

Page 22: Origami Instructions

      i               hi  

Page 23: Origami Instructions

Rational Approximations Denominator

02

22)222(2

2)223(

1)21(

22

21

211

2212

211

rcrcc

rcck

rcck

rcck

21

012

0422

0522

55)255(5

5)257(

2

22

21

23

21

211

3213

r

rr

rcrcc

rcrcc

rcck

rcck

ii

ik

c

c

c

cc

ccccc

cc

214221

424242

122

1)21()21(

0212223

1)21()21(

1

2

2

22

21

221

21

 

Page 24: Origami Instructions

      i                hi              ki

Page 25: Origami Instructions

Connection between Continued Fractionsand Babylonian Method

What happens when the continued fraction approximation is put into the Babylonian Method?

ii

ii

i

i

i

i

khkh

hk

kh 22 )(2)(

212

21

i

i

ii

ii

i

ii

ii

i

ii

ii

ii

ii

iii

i

iii

i

iii

i

kh

khkh

hkh

kkh

kh

k

k

h

2

222

2

2222

2

22

22

222

222

222

)(2)(21

212121

212

214221

422

218221

82

21411

2121

412

21811

4121

81

21411

2121

41

 This is the Babylonian Method by taking a continued fraction approximation and average it with twice its reciprocal.

i

i

kh

2

2

The result is the continued fraction approximation of the square root of two, it’s just the number of steps of the continued fractions approximation is doubled for the Babylonian Method.  You only did one step of the Babylonian Method.

Page 26: Origami Instructions

Conclusion

http://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/babylon-and-the-square-root-of-2/The Blog Entry

•We did an origami experiment that finds the same rational approximations as the continued fractions method.

•We found that the continued fraction and Babylonian Methods produced the same rational approximations for the square root of two.

Page 27: Origami Instructions

Conclusion

http://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/babylon-and-the-square-root-of-2/The Blog Entry

•We did an origami experiment that finds the same rational approximations as the continued fractions method.

•We found that the continued fraction and Babylonian Methods produced the same rational approximations for the square root of two.

•Could we do something similar with Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Ratio which has the square root of five in it?