ORIENTATION

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomy- study of the structure of body parts

• Gross / Macroscopic

• Regional:

• Systemic:

• Microscopic

• Cytology- anatomy of cells

• Histology- anatomy of tissues

Physiology- study of the function of the structural parts

• Operations of organ systems and between cells:

• involves chemistry and physics

• chemical concentrations, electrical currents, pressures, movements

The Principle of Complimentarity

Function always reflects structure-

“Form follows Function”

Structural Organization- levels

• Atoms• Molecules• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organism

Functions of Life

• Maintain Boundries

• Movement

• Response to Stimuli

• Digestion

• Metabolism

• Excretion

• Reproduction

• Growth

To Maintain Life:

• Nutrients

• Oxygen

• Water

• Normal Body Temperature

• Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis

• The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition as external conditions change

Homeostasis is controlled primarily by the Endocrine and Nervous

systems

• Stimuli --> Receptor

• --> Afferent Pathway

• --> Control Center

• -->Efferent Pathway

• --> Effector

Feedback Control

• Negative Feedback

• effector turns stimuli off

• Positive Feedback

• effector makes stimuli stronger

Anatomical Position

• Body erect, limbs extended

• palms facing forward

• feet together

Surfaces of Body

• Front = anterior or ventral surface

• Back = posterior or dorsal surface

• Side = lateral surface

Planes (Cuts / Sections)

• Sagittal• Mid Sagittal -

• plane divides body into equal right and left halves

• Parasagittal-

• plane parallel to mid- sagittal plane (unequal halves)

Transverse / Horizontal

• Divides body into upper and lower parts,

• superior and inferior

• same as horizontal

Frontal (Coronal)

• Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

POSITION

• Lateral = toward side

• Medial = toward mid-line

• Superior = above (towards head)

• Inferior = below (towards tail)

• Proximal = near beginning of limb

• Distal = near end of limb

• Superficial = near surface

• Deep = deep to surface

Cavities

• Lined by membranes:

• Membrane against cavity wall = parietal

• Membrane against organ = visceral

Dorsal Cavity

• Cranial

• Spinal (vertebral)

Ventral Cavity

• Thoracic Cavity:

• Pericardial

• Pleural

• Abdominopelvic Cavity:

• Abdominal

• Pelvic

Quadrants

• The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants (4)

• Upper Right Upper Left

• Lower Right Lower Left

Regions

Righthypochondriac Epigastric

Lefthypochondriac

RightLumbar Umbilical

LeftLumbar

RightIliac Hypogastric

LeftIliac

Radiography

• X-Rays- short electromagnetic waves

• Dense structures absorb x-rays = light

• Fat, Hollow, areas absorb less = dark

Radiography

• CT- computerized tomography

• forms a dime thin transverse section

• eliminates images of overlapping structures

Radiography

• DSR- dynamic spatial reconstruction

• 3-D image

• shows organ movement and volume

• DSA- used to ID blockages

• also called angiography

Radiography

• PET- Positron Emission Topography

• tagged molecules are absorbed by the most active brain cells

• gives a live action picture of brain activity

• used for stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s

Sonography

• Ultrasound- uses sound waves, echo

• little value at examining air filled structures

• safe, cheap

Magnetic Resonance Images

• Subjects the body to magnetic fields up to 60,000X stronger than the earth’s magnetic field (can be dangerous)

• Makes H2 molecules spin enhancing their energy

• translates into a high contrast image of soft tissue

MRI

• Good for soft tissue (the most H2O)

• can see difference between fatty white matter and gray matter

• can see nerves in spinal cord

• dense skull does not appear

• detects tumors and degenerative disease