organization rules…
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Classification. Organization rules…. Question: What class is this?. How do you know when to come here? Why do you come to this school? Which block is this? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Organization rules…
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Question: What class is this?
How do you know when to come here?
Why do you come to this school?
Which block is this?
The answers to these questions are all based on a system of organization that the school follows. Who made these rules? (my personal favorite question!!)
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In Biology……..• The activity that involves grouping and naming is called
classification. • The branch of Biology that involves classification of
organisms is called taxonomy!!
Not to be confused
with taxidermy!
Bring 'em Back Alive —
SORT OF……
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Classification systems have 2 main purposes:
1. To identify organisms
2. To provide basis for recognizing groupings/ relationships between organisms
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Keep in mind:
• Classification systems are artificial. They are developed by scientists to deal with the great diversity of life
(currently we’ve named 1.5 million organisms…estimates are that there may be as many as 10 million !!!)
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What are some practical uses for a biological classification system?
• Good bug, bad bug?
• Berries at the bog…
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History of classification (1):
• 4th century BC: Aristotle observed and grouped over 500 different animals.
• At the same time, Theophrastus grouped plants as
herbsshrubstrees
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But, with the increase in travel and the invention of the microscope…
we needed a more efficient, effective system to deal with the increase in information.
History of classification (2):
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• Introducing…. Carl Linnaeus• Founder of modern Taxonomy
Born in SwedenStudied at many universitiesMade 4600km expedition to Lapland, where he identified100 botanical species1735, he published Systema Naturae, his
classification of plants based on their sexual parts
1707-1778
1707-1778 1707-1778
History of classification (3):
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Linneaus:
• Used structural features of organisms• Recognized that the more features have in common, the
closer their relationship• Created rules for assigning names to organisms• Used a two word system for identifying each kind of
organisms: known as bionomial nomenclature
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Binomial nomenclature
• It is a two word Latin name
first name is the genus
second name is the species name
• Both together we call the species name
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Examples: Genus: Canis, meaning dogSpecies: familiaris, meaning
domesticatedSpecies name: Canis familiaris
Genus: Felis, meaning catSpecies: catus, domestic Species name: Felis
catus
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The Advantages of Binomial Nomenclature
• Advantage 1: Descriptions and different names in different languages = confusion!!!
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What is it?
an animal with prickly spikes
lives in the water
called an Itik in Inutitut
called an ourson in French
It’s a sea urchin!!
Paracentrotus lividus
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Advantage 2: Binomial Nomenclature indicates similarities between organisms.
Example:Genus: Ursus, meaning bear
U. maritimus
U. americanusU. horribilis
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Ailuropoda melanoleuca Phascolarctus
cinereus
Fooled you…
not bears at all…
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Advantage 3: Common names can be confusing and misleading.
Examples:
A starfish is not a fishEchinodermata (Spiny-skinned Tide Pool Creatures)
Pisaster brevenspinus
Ringworm is not a wormIt’s a skin infection caused by fungus
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Advantage 4: People use many words to name the same organism depending on where they live (same language).
Example: puma = cougar = mountain lion = panther
Felis concolor
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• Today, we use seven categories by which to classify each type of organism:
• Each category is called a taxon (7 taxa in all)
Kingdom ( most general)Phylum
Class Order
FamilyGenus
(most specific) Species
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Examples:
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Arthropoda
Class Mammalia Mammalia Insecta
Order Primates Primates Diptera
Family Hominidae Pongidae Muscidae
Genus Homo Pan Musca
species sapiens troglodyte domestica
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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia
Order Sirenia
Order Cetacea Order Tubulidentata