organization - intros and outlines for la 101

8/3/2019 Organization - Intros and Outlines for LA 101

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Why Study Organization?Why Study Organization?

y Structure clarifies ideas

The art of emphasis

y Education has trained our expectations as

consumers of ideasy Reception of oral messages differs from

written ones

Limited time requires maximum clarity

Big picture Zoning out

Helps sender: brings clarity to thought process


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Basic Speech StructureBasic Speech Structure

y Introduction

y Body

Main Point 1

Main Point 2

Main Point 3

y Conclusion


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Five Components of a SpeechFive Components of a Speech

IntroductionIntroductiony #1:Attention Getter the very first thingyou say

Quotation, shocking statistic, story, how topic

affects audience, identify personally withaudience, suspense, refer to occasion, useanalogy, use humor

Overdone AGs = Questions, Imagine you

are If you need to introduce yourself, do so after

this initial step!


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IntroductionsIntroductions

y #2: Relevance or Connection to the

Audience

Give the audience a reason to keep listening

x Why does/how will this affect them?

Can be combined with Attention Getter (#1),

so it may not be a separate step


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y #3:Establish Your Credibility with theTopic

Boost your ethosgive audience a reason

to trust you

May not be necessary in situations whereaudience knows your expertise (workplace,

when someone else intros you)

Sometimes can be combined with Attention

Getter (#1), so it may not be a separate step


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ThesisThesis

y #4:Thesis StatementMake a claim

Keep it to one clear, declarative sentence

Not simply a topic sentence; make an

argument

x Should be something one could potentially disagree

with, at least initially

Say it slowly and distinctly. Dont rush over

this most important of sentences.

Consider memorizing, even though the rest of

the speech will be extemporaneous.


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y #5: Preview Spell out the structure of

the speech

Provide a roadmap of your speechs structure

Tell us explicitly that youll talk about A, B, and

C

Be more blunt than you would be in a paper

x

Try cues like first, second, etc. Use delivery skills to indicate the end of the

intro: slow down through the preview, and

pause after it


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y Attention Getter

y Relevance to Audience

y Establish Your

Credibility

y Thesis

y Preview


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The Speech BodyThe Speech Body

y Divided into main points (2, 3, or 4 isideal)

y For almost all speeches, think in chunks

of informationy Points connected via explicit transitions

Must reinforce with good delivery (slightlyoveremphasize)


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The Speech Body:The Speech Body:

TransitionsTransitionsy Transitions

Used between main points & some sub points

Summarize previous point, and preview newpointx Now that we understand why current foster home

laws are hurting kids, lets look at what we can doabout it.

x So we all see just how bad the situation is in Darfur.But how did it get this way?

x This is only one example; there are many moreserious consequences. In fact, gambling addictiondoesnt only affect the individualit affects thosearound the addict as well.


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Transitions and FlowTransitions and Flow

y Make sure to connect each idea within a

main point

At least use a connecting phrase to establish

relationship

y The worst transitions:

And another thing is And also


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The Speech BodyThe Speech Body

y Organizing Material into Main Points

Make sure points are discrete from each

other (no overlap)

Make sure points are coherent everything inthat point ties together

Make sure points are roughly balanced in

length


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The ConclusionThe Conclusion

y Goals of all conclusions

The end is near!

Stress the take-home message

Provide a sense of closure

y What about a summary?


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Example ConclusionTechniquesExample ConclusionTechniques

y Quotation

y Personal reference (being reflexive)

y Challenge the audience

y Discuss potential next steps

y Cast a vision (utopian or otherwise)

y Memorable language Metaphor

Symbolism

Parallelism: Ask not what your country can do foryou, ask what you can do for your country. -JFK

Anaphora: I have a dream MLK


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RepetitionRepetition (Conduplicatio)(Conduplicatio)


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How long should each section be?How long should each section be?

y Introduction: 15 to 25%

y Body: 65 to 80%

y Conclusion: 5 to 10%

y Usually I: 20%, B: 70%,C: 10%


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Basics of OutliningBasics of Outlining

I.I. Main Point (Preview pts. I.A + I.B)Main Point (Preview pts. I.A + I.B)A. First Supporting Point

1. Sub point #1

2. Sub point #2

B. Second Supporting Point1. Sub point #1

2. Sub point #2

[Transition: Summarize I.A + I.B]

II.II. Main Point (Preview pts II.A + II.B + II.C)Main Point (Preview pts II.A + II.B + II.C)

A. First Supporting Point

B. Second Supporting Point1. Sub point #12. Sub point #2

C. Third Supporting Point[Transition: Summarize II.A + II.B + II.C]


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Speaking NotesSpeaking Notes

These are bad speaking notes


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Goals of Speaking NotesGoals of Speaking Notes

y Help you remember structure and details of the

talk, while still allowing you to speak

extemporaneously (conversationally, in your

own words)y Let you spend most of your time looking at the

audience. (You should be making genuine eye

contact, for sustained periods, during at least

80% of the speech)y Notes should have FAR less than you planned

on your outline (20%, perhaps). Include a

phrase or a few key words to remind you of

what you want to cover.


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Notes OptionsNotes Options

y #1: Note cards Put only a few key ideas per card

For most people, 5-10 cards is ideal for a 5 minute

speech (more than that and the flipping getsdistracting)

5x7 size is better than 3x5, although either can work

Pro:Lets you rapidly identify info when looking down (as

opposed to scanning a whole page of text)

Pro: Wont magnify shaking hands

Con:Cant visually see where you are in overall speech, or how

ideas fit into the big picture

Con:Can get out of order. Be sure to number them!


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These contain more text than is ideal, but the speaker

only glanced at each card once or twice. (Well managed!)


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Notes OptionsNotes Options

y #2: 8.5x11 Paper Must condense from original written outline. Only use a

word or phrase for each thing you want to cover. (20-30%

of your original, if the outline was fairly thorough.) Use at least 13 pt font. (15 or 16 pt is ideal for most

people.)

Consider limiting to a single front and back to avoid

distracting flipping.

Pro:Lets you see how all elements fit together. Can see entire

structure of speech at a glance.

Con:Can telegraph shaking hands. Consider supporting with a thin

folder.

Con:

Can inhibit natural gesturing.


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Columns approach. Note use ofcolor.


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Handout function of PowerPoint. Nice concept, but full sentences led to him reading too much, and thustoo little eye contact. (Also, the speech topic is pretty poornot novel, not focused on understanding.)

organization - intros and outlines for la 101

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