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Organic
Chemistry
(the study of compounds with
carbon atoms bonded together)
C6
12
K
L
2 4
Carbon Atoms
- carbon would like 4 more electrons
Ways of Describing Chains of Carbons
straight chain
branched chain
ring structure
Single, Double, and Triple Bonds
single bond double bond
triple bond
Macromolecules (extremely large organic compounds)
monomer
polymer
A polymer is any chemical
that is made of similar
units; the similar units are
called monomers.
Polymerization is the
process of making a
polymer from monomers.
Carbohydrates (macromolecules made from simple sugars)
Key Features - contains C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1
- carbohydrates provide energy or are used for short term energy storage
- the macromolecules are called polysaccharides
monomer
polymer
Carbohydrate Monomers
(monosaccharides)
C6H12O6
galactose (milk)
fructose (sweet)
glucose (energy)
Disaccharides – 2 monomers
sucrose (table sugar)
lactose (milk)
galactose
glucose
glucose
fructose
glycogen
(animals only)
(stored in liver)
(short term energy storage)
starch
(energy storage)
(plants only)
cellulose
(plants only)
(support)
Polysaccharides
individual glucose molecules
Lipids
Key Features
- contains C, H, and O but not in ratio of 1:2:1
- many uses: long term energy storage; waterproofing; chemical messengers
- monomers are called fatty acids
- the fatty acids are usually attached to a molecule of glycerol
- the most common lipid in animals in called a triglyceride
(includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Glycerol
Triglyceride
stick figure model
molecular model
glycerol 3 fatty acids
Saturated, Unsaturated, Polysaturated
saturated
(no double/triple bonds between carbon atoms)
unsaturated
(1 double/triple bond between 1 pair of carbon atoms)
polyunsaturated
(more than 1 double/triple bond between carbon atoms)
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Key Features - contains C, H, O, N and P
- used to store information and make proteins
- monomers are called nucleotides
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)
(2 sides to molecule) (1 side to molecule)
Nucleotides
- for DNA, the 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose
- for RNA, the 5-carbon sugar is ribose
Proteins (macromolecules made from amino acids)
protein
amino acids
Key Features - contains C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
- used to make body structures (muscles, bones, cell structures)
- used as enzymes (chemicals that control chemical reaction rates)
- help transport substances in and out of cells
- act as antibodies to fight disease
MACROMOLCULE C H O N P S
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
Comparing Organic Compounds
Elements in the Macromolecule
Monomers of the Macromolecules
MACROMOLECULE MONOMER NAME
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
monosaccharide
fatty acid
amino acid
nucleotide
Comparing Organic Compounds
Uses of the Macromolecules
MACROMOLECULE MAJOR USES
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
energy
long term energy storage/cell membrane
Body structures/enzymes
storing information/code for proteins