organic plant breeding

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Old cereal varieties are broadening the genetic base for organic farming and will increase the quality for consumers Hans Larsson Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Agriculture

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Old cereal varieties are broadening the genetic base for organic farming and will increase quality for consumers.Hans Larsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

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Page 1: Organic Plant Breeding

Old cereal varieties are broadening the genetic base for organic farming and will increase

the quality for consumers

Hans LarssonSwedish University of Agricultural

SciencesDepartment of Agriculture

Page 2: Organic Plant Breeding

IFOAM standards for organic agriculture• Participatory plant breeding• Quality and health aspects• Plant breeding and climate change• Manifesto on the future of seed*• Farmers rights

*Manifesto on the future of seed:http://www.arsia.toscana.it/petizione/docume

nts/semi/futurosemi_eng.pdf

Page 3: Organic Plant Breeding

IFOAM The use of organic seed and plant propagation in organic agriculture

• Organic seeds and plant breeding: more than just organic farm inputs

• The value of seeds in organic farming occupies a unique position. Seeds embody the accumulated history of plant domestication and all the biological and cultural adaptation that has been achieved in the previous millenia

• Traditional varieties contain a greater genetic variability than modern commercial varieties, especially since they are developed under specific local conditions

• Environmental sustainability includes environmental resilience, economic performance, nutrition and consumer satisfaction

IFOAM position paper organic plant breeding:http://www.ifoam.org/press/positions/Seedpostionpapervtobeconsulted.pdf

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Desirable variety traits for organic plant breeding

• Optimal adaptation to local climate and nutrient dynamics in the soil• Nutrient use efficiency• Water use efficiency(drought tolerance)• Weed tolerance• Salinity tolerance• Plant health(tolerance and resistance)• Natural reproductive ability ofaccessions including seed health and

vigour• Maintaining the nutritional quality including taste and flavor• Market quality for storage and transport• Good yield and yield stability

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Hypotheses for organic plant breeding

• To utilize in the most efficient way each locations specific climat and soil you must find the best adapted varieties

• The genetic biodiversity in our cultural heritage of food plants with a long adaption to different regions conserved in our gene banks is the most valuable resource for organic agriculture

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Excellent plant breeding in Sweden 1880-1970

• Local cultivars for different regions• Cultivars for different soil types • Cultivars with ability to resist early summer

droughts• Resistent cultivars against nematodes and

diseases• Very extensive regional testing of cultivars • This means a very valuable national gene bank

that can be used for organic agriculture

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Participatory plant breeding

• Varieties from the Nordic Gene Bank• 600 varieties or lines are selected each

year with 10 ears/variety• The varieties are multiplied and distributed

to the farmers for demonstrations 10-15 varieties for each farm

• About 330 farmers have joined the project

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Demands on organic varieties

• Long tough straw • Fast spring development• Adapted to the habitat• Resistant to pests and diseases• Ability to grow at low nutrient levels• High quality and taste• Sustainable vitality

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Early growth and straw length of different cereals

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Winter wheat Holger 1980Spelt wheatWinter wheat 1938Winter ryeWinter wheat 2000

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Wet gluten and glutenstrength in seconds, old winter and spring wheat varieties

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Protein content and specific bread volume, old winter and spring wheat varieties

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Weeds in different spring wheat varieties

Ölands lantvete

Kärn

Dragon

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Disease occurrence on 138 old winter wheat varieties

Brown rust

Yellow rust

Septoria Mildew

No disease

23 111 2 115

Weak 61 9 35 4

Moderate 50 12 79 11

High 4 6 22 9

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Mixtures of species and mixtures of varieties can limit the spread of all diseases having

air dispersal

• Rust• Mildew• Septoria• Dreschlera• Helminthosporium• Rhynchosporium

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Värmlandsfilialen höstvete 1922-1949

Kärna kg/ha

Reltal Halm kg/ha

Reltal

Sammet 3936 100 9610 100

Svea II 112 97

Pärl I 111 91

Thule III 104 95

Ergo 114 85

Gluten 111 89

Björnövete 105

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Advantages with old varieties

• High biodiversity• Adapted to organic farming• Varieties with a history• Beautiful varieties, colour and form• Good taste• Functional food

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Allkorn a network for marketing of old cultural quality varieties

• Quality varieties• Organic grown• Local production • Fresh food• Good taste• www.allkorn.se

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Slow food for the taste

• Local production• Organic production• Fresh food• Food with a cultural history• Good, clean and fair

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Wheat

• Triticum monococcum einkorn 11000years old, contains carotenoids• Triticum dicoccum, emmer wheat, high minerals and antioxidants• Triticum spelta, the first hexaploid wheat• Landraces high quality, good taste

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Enkornsvete

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Aegilops

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Svart emmervete Gotland

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Speltvete

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Kortstråig enkornsvete Långstråig enkornsvete

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Rödemmer

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Svart emmer

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Vit emmer med borst

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Lantvete Gotland selektion Lantvete Gotland Genbank

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Speltvete Gotland selektion Speltvete Gotland genbank

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Öst Burgsdorfer Spelt Schweiz Schwaben Ostro Steiner Roter Tyroler Ostar

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Östby Algot Peko 99 Peko vit Diamant vit Apu

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Progress Ölands Lantvete Dalarna Lv Dal Lv Gotland Lv Gotl

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Dala urval Öland 16 Öland sammet Öland 15 Öland urval Öland 18

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Golden Krim Borstvete Gotl Russisk hvede

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Barley

• 10000 years old• Contain betaglucanes• Is called the Nordic rice , can be grown up

to the polar circle• Hulless barley(naked) can be consumed

without shelling• Dominating 1750 in Scania

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Brun spelt Pansar Holger röd

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Naket rött korn

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2-rads naket korn 6-rads naket korn Odensåker

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Oats

• 4000 year old, first as weed in wheat fields• Contain betaglucanes, soluble fibres

decreasing the risk of food related diseases

• Have antioxidants like vitamine E, phytosterols, and cinnamon acid

• Old black oats rich in antioxidants

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Blenda vithavre

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Naken havre Jacub

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Argus svarthavre

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Rye

• 4000 year old, first as weeds in wheat fields

• Rye has antioxidants like lignans, phenols and sterols

• Lignans are used by microorganisms in the intestines and transformed into phyto ostrogens which protect against cancer

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Grekisk Satres

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Gotlandsråg

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Midsommarråg

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Schmidtråg

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Biodiversity for human health, the seven cereals

• Wheat• Barley• Oats• Rye• Millet• Rice• Maize

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Bromus grossus

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Regionala produktionsgrupper

• Wästgötarna i Västergötland• Gutekorn på Gotland• Hälsingesäd i Hälsingland• Halland• Bohuslän• Jämtland • Uppland

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Decreasing mineral density in wheat grain

• Iron, zinc, copper and magnesium decreasing• Inorganic fertilizers decrease the concentration• Soil depletion• Variety differnces• Organic farming higher concentrations because of farmyard manure

and lower yields

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Conclusions from fertility experiments since 1958

• Farmyard manure increases the mineral concentration in wheat grains

• Inorganic fertilizers decreases the mineral concentration in grains

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Rothamsted wheat experiment

• Started 1843• Different fertilizers inorganic, farmyard manure• Change of varieties over time• Archived samples since the beginning

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Fig. 3. Changes in the total concentrations of Zn (a), Cu (b) and Mg (c) in the soils from three plots of the Broadbalk Experiment. Lines represent regression lines: dashed line for the control, dotted line for N2PKNaMgS, and solid line for FYM.

Page 87: Organic Plant Breeding

Cultivar Zn (mg/kg) Fe (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Mg (mg/kg)

Long-straw (1845–1967) 33.2 38.2 5.4 1138

Short-straw (1968–2005) 24.3 29.7 3.9 924

Significance (Pvalue) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Squarehead's Master 27.3 41.3 4.5 1099

Brimstone 19.5 32.6 3.4 831

Significance (Pvalue) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Table 4. Comparison between the mean mineral concentrations of wheat grain of the ten long-straw cultivars (1845–1967) and the five short-straw cultivars (1968–2005), and between the long-straw cultivar Squarehead's Master and the short-straw cultivar Brimstone, which were grown side-by-side during 1988–1990a

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Elementb Radj2 Constant Grain yield HI

Coefficient Significance (P) Coefficient Significan

ce (P)

Zn 0.56 42.7 −1.13 <0.001 −17.9 <0.001

Fe 0.33 46.0 −0.081 0.58 −22.4 <0.001

Cu 0.45 6.5 −0.23 <0.001 −1.97 <0.001

Mg 0.47 1365 −14.3 <0.001 −504 <0.001

Table 3. Multiple regression analysis of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg concentrations with grain yield and the harvest index (HI)a

a Data included all years and all plots (n=362), except that for Mg the plot 10 data (N only) were excluded (n=313), because in this plot Mg has never been added since 1843.b Concentrations are in mg/kg.

Page 89: Organic Plant Breeding

Plot Zn (mg/kg) Fe (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Mg (mg/kg)

1845–1967

1968–2005

1845–1967

1968–2005

1845–1967

1968–2005

1845–1967

1968–2005

FYM (plot 22) 37.2 27.4 40.3 30.4 5.4 4.0 1263 1015

N2PKNaMgS (plot 7) 32.2 21.9 38.4 28.2 5.0 3.6 1146 932

N1−4PKNaMgS (plot 9)

32.2 20.8 38.8 32.2 5.0 3.4 1147 913

Significance (P value) <0.001 <0.001 0.48 0.092 0.076 0.009 <0.001 0.137

LSD (P<0.05) 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.6 0.4 0.4 501 108

Table 5. Comparison of the concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg in wheat grain between plots receiving inorganic fertilizers or organic manure

Page 90: Organic Plant Breeding

Conclusions from Rothamsted

• The concentration of zinc,iron, copper and magnesium remained stable,between 1845 and 1960s but since then have decreased significantly which coincided with the introduction of semi-dwarf, high yielding cultivars

• The concentration in soil have either increased or remained stable• Regression analysis showed that both increasing yield and harvets

index were highly significant factors that explained the downward trend in grain mineral concentration

Page 91: Organic Plant Breeding

Mineral analyses old varieties

• Analyses from four places Alnarp, Gotland, Uppsala and Bohuslän• Different groups of wheat primitive wheats, spelt wheat, landraces,

old cultivars (1900-1960), newer cultivars after 1970, selections• Totally 630 analyses

Page 92: Organic Plant Breeding

Cu Se Fe Mg Zn

Selektioner 5.27 0,18 35,8 1330 41,6

Gamla sorter 5.1 0,1 39,4 1223 38,1

primitiva 5.75 0,11 32,2 1300 45,7

Spelt 5.5 0,1 38 1277 39,2

Lantsorter 5.33 0,09 38,5 1286 38,1

Sorterefter1970 4.49 0,11 33,4 1245 36,3

Page 93: Organic Plant Breeding

Antal analyser Zn Se Mg Cu Cd Fe

Speltvete 25 40 0,09 1279 5,6 0,04 38

Sorter efter 1970 16 36 0,11 1221 4,1 0,05 31

Svenno 11 35 0,09 1211 5,1 0,06 41

Emmer 10 40 0,07 1356 5,6 0,03 32

Lantvete Öland 27 42 0,09 1323 5,4 0,05 47

Lantvete Gotland 20 38 0,1 1280 6,2 0,06 41

Lantvete Dalarna 10 48 0,14 1415 6,3 0,08 52

Lantvete Jacoby 11 38 0,09 1284 4,8 0,05 34

Borstvete Gotland 17 35 0,09 1307 5,6 0,05 31

Enkorn 7 46 0,13 1250 6,5 0,01 30

Fylgia 9 41 0,12 1248 5,8 0,06 47

Hansa 9 40 0,09 1189 4,7 0,05 34

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Analyses conventional wheat

• Analyses of four cultivars from 6 places• Fransåker, Hedemora, Järpås, laholm,

Skänninge, Vassmolösa• Akteur, Olivin, Opus, Tulsa

Page 95: Organic Plant Breeding

Konventionellt höstvete Ekologisk höstvete %

Cu 3,2 5,1 60

Se 0,016 0,1 625

Fe 28,7 32,5 13

Mg 1000 1252 25

Zn 20,3 38 87

Ca 297 355 24

Mn 21,6 22,5 4

Mo 0,4 1,9 75

P 2850 4266 50

S 1160 1224 6

K 4250 3920 -8

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old new %

England Zn 33 24 73

England Fe 38 30 80

England Cu 5,4 3,9 70

England Mg 1138 924 80

Sweden Zn 38 20 52

Sweden Fe 33 29 87

Sweden Cu 5,1 3,2 62

Sweden Mg 1252 1000 80

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Antioxidants in cereals complete antioxidants in fruit

and vegetablesMostly in bound forms and

are activated by help of microorganismes in the

intestines

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Antioxidants

• Carotenoids highest in emmer, enkorn durum landraces

• Tocols highest in emmer, enkorn and landraces of breadwheat

• Landraces of black oats have more antioxidants

• Maize has highest antioxidantactivity of cereals, Carotenoids, antocyans

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The health effect of whole meal comes from the combination of all substances in the grain and protects

against many diseases

• Heart and coronary diseases, antioxidants have synergistic effects with fibres

• Cancer, whole meal protects against cancer in stomach and intestines

• Diabetes, whole meal protects against the risk to develop diabetes

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Plant breeding and climate change

Ceccarelli et al

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Climate change challenges for plant breeding

• Higher temperatures• Increase in CO2

• Increasing frequency of drought• Increase in the areas affected by salinity• Increasing frequency of biotic stress

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Biodiversity of cultivated plants

• 250000 plant species• 50000 are edible• 250 are used• 15 provide 90 % of calories in the human diet• 3 wheat,rice and maize provide 60%• Varieties of these three crops are genetically

uniform• Food security is potentially in danger

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Biodiversity is the solution• The current industrial agriculture system is

the single most important threat to biodiversity

• A serious consequence of the loss of biodiversity has been the displacement of locally adapted varieties which may hold the secret of adaptation to the future climate

• Landraces and wild relatives are heterogenous populations and evolve and continously generate novel genetic variation

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Evolutionary plant breeding• Combining participation and evolution, participatory

evolutionary plant breeding• Outcrossing rates of 2-3% in selfpollinated plants allow

adaptation to stress environments• Natural selection will in bulk breeding of selfpollinated plants

evolve superior genotypes over time• The core feature of the evolutionary plant breeding method

are a broadly diversified germplasm and a prolongedsubjection of the mass of progeny to competitive naturalselection in the area of contemplated use

• A genetically diverse bulk population allows for adaptation to disease through the establishment of a selfregulating plant-pathogen evolutionary system

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Evolutionary plant breedingICARDA

• Barley and wheat in Syria, Jordan, Iran, Eritrea and Algeria• The aim is to increase the probability of recombination within

a population which is constituted to harbour a very largeamount of genetic variation

• Barley mixture of 1600 F2, durum wheat mixture of 700 crosses

• Populations will be left evolving under the pressure of changing climate conditions becoming a unique source of continously better-adapted genetic material directly in the hands of the farmers

• Improved material will be readily available to farmers withoutthe bureacratic and inefficient system of variety release and formal seed production

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Manifesto on the future of seed

• International commission with Vandana Shiva

• One of four manifestos from Slow food• Manifestos for the future of food,

adaptation to climate change and on the future of knowledge systems

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Diversity of life and cultures under threat

• Industrial productivity strategies are destroying the biodiversity that is the only proven strategy of living beings to cope with abrupt and uncertain changes

• The disappearance of local seeds has gone hand in hand with the disappearance of small farmers and local food cultures. So has the local knowledge about the use of cultivated and wild plant varieties in their different ecological and cultural habits

• Intellectual property rights, seed monopolies and privatisation of seed

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A new paradigm for seed• The one dimensional focus on yield has led to a serious

decline in systems productivity, food quality and nutrition. Quantity must give way to quality. Seed production by food communities is based on a holistic concept of foodquality that considers taste, compatibilities with human physiological and cultural conditions, all aspects of nutritional properties, the degree of biodiversity present, the environmental impact of production, as well as the working conditions, processes of participation and valueof retribution to producers.

• This holistic concept should be the first step towardssreinforcing or creating and dispersing seeds for qualityfood systems

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The law of seed• Diversity is our highest security. There is an immediate

and urgent need to conserve seed diversity to expandthe number of plants used for human nutrition as well as the number of varieties used in any single plant species.

• Agricultural biodiversity is best conserved when the produce from seeds enters directly into production-consumption circuits that enable farmers to earn a decent income

• Preserving, maintaining and re-expanding the remainingagricultural trditions and culutres of production is an immediate and most urgent challenge to prevent the further erosion of biodiversity and the depletion of global and regional options for the future

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Freedom of seed• Freedom of farmers to save seed• Freedom of farmers to breed new varities• Freedom from privatisation and biopiracy• Freedom of farmers to exchange and trade seeds• Freedom to have acess to open source seed• Freedom from genetic contamination and GMOs• Freedom of seed to reproduce

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Breeding tomorrows seed• Community based seed conservation and development• Embedding in agricultural eco-systems• Reduce greenhouse gas emission• Eliminate and fase out toxic inputs• Diversity within varities• Breeding for food quality• Women are the protagonists of biodiversity

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Farmers' Rights in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

• The realization of Farmers' Rights is a cornerstone in the implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, as it is a precondition for the conservation and sustainable use of these vital resources in situ as well as on-farm.

• The Treaty recognizes the enormous contributions made by farmers worldwide in conserving and developing crop genetic resources. This constitutes the basis of Farmers' Rights. According to Article 9, governments are to protect and promote Farmers' Rights, but can choose the measures to do so according to their needs and priorities. Measures may include the protection of traditional knowledge, equitable benefit sharing, participation in decision-making, and the right to save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seeds and propagating material

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• Farmers' Rights, as they pertain to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, are an issue of central importance in countries where most of the population lives in rural areas, their livelihoods based on farming - and particularly so when farming systems centre on traditional varieties. This is the case in most developing countries. In Northern countries, Farmers' Rights concern a much smaller segment of the population. Although most farmers in the North rely on commercial plant varieties, saving and re-use of propagating material is still practised to some extent, and among eco-farmers there is increasing interest in developing plant breeding based on traditional varieties. Thus, Farmers' Rights related to crop genetic diversity are also important in the North.