Organic Nutrients: The Building Blocks of Life

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Protein

A. Monomer: Amino Acids

B. Polymer:

Polypeptides (amino acids

linked by peptide bonds)

Nucleic Acid

Atoms Names Structure Examples Functions

CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenSulfur

Nutrient

End in: “in” pepsin

“gen” collagen

“ase” lipase

Long chains of amino acids

Structural 1. Collagen 2. Keratin

Globular1. Enzymes2. Transport3. Hormones4. Actin/Myosin5. Antibodies 6. Gene Regulatory

Cell Parts1. Cytoskeleton2. Connective tissue

1. Chemical Rx2. Transports3. Signals 4. Movement5. Defense6. Activate DNA

Same as above

Same as above

End in “ine” example: glycine leucine

20 different types

Amine (NH2) +Carboxyl Acid (COOH) +“R” group

GlycineLeucineProlineHistidine (20)

Building blocks of proteins

Same as above

Primary --->

Secondary->

Tertiary ---->

Quaternary

Amino acid chain +H bonds interactions +R group interactions +Many chains bond together

Forms a-helices & pleated sheets

Shapes proteins into active form (Native Structure)

C, O, H, N, P GenesChromosomes

Monomers:Nucleotides

Polymer:DNARNA

Carries genetic information(how to make proteins)

Protein and life

Summary

OR IS IT?Let’s take a new,

‘fresh’ perspective on food

Secondary Protein Structure

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Quaternary Structure

3 intertwining chainsCollagen

2 Alpha Chains & 2 Beta Chains

Hemoglobin

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Nucleotide Monomers for DNA Polymer

“R” Group Interactions

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Tertiary R Group Interactions

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Denatured Protein

Denaturing Conditions

1. pH changes

2. Temperature

3. Water Concentration

4. Salinity

(All of the above interfere with H bonds and ionic interactions)

The 4 Levels of Protein Structure

Protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Folding can be “autocatalytic” or helped by local environments

Protein Unfolding: Denaturation

1. pH changes *

2. Temperature *

3. Water Concentration *

*Note: Condition will interfere with H bonds, Ionic and Hydrophilic interaction The covalent peptide bonds stay intact

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Amino Acid Structure

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Globular Protein

Structural Protein Collagen

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An Amino Acid Sequence Becomes a 3 Dimensional Shape

Protein Folding:

Chaperonins Aid in Proper Protein Folding

How a chaperonin opens and closes Slide 9

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