organic leds – part 8 - mit opencourseware · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
@ MITApril 29, 2003 – Organic Optoelectronics - Lecture 20b
Organic LEDs – part 8
• Exciton Dynamics in Disordered Organic Thin Films
• Quantum Dot LEDs
Handout on QD-LEDs: Coe et al., Nature 420, 800 (2002).
![Page 2: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Exciton Dynamics in Time Dependant PL
wavelength time
2 ns
25 n
m
time
wav
elen
gth
![Page 3: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Dynamic Spectral Shifts of DCM2 in Alq3
1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.10.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
720 680 640 600
2% DCM2:Alq3
6.2 ns3.4 ns2.2 ns
1.6 ns1.0 ns
0.6 ns0.3 ns
0.1 ns0 ns
time
Nor
mal
ized
Inte
nsity
Energy [ eV ]
Wavelength [ nm ]
DCM2Alq3
~ ~ DCM2 PL red shifts > 20 nm over 6 ns ~DCM2 PL red shifts > 20 nm over 6 ns ~
• Measurement performed on doped DCM2:Alq3 films
• Excitation at λ=490 nm (only DCM2 absorbs)
1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.10
2
4
6
8
10
12
Energy [ eV ]
Inte
nsity
[ ar
b. u
nits
]
![Page 4: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.20.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Integrated Spectrum(0-10 ns)
Spectrumat 1 ns
Nor
mal
ized
Inte
nsity
Energy [eV]
750 700 650 600 550Wavelength [nm]
Spectrumat 4 ns
Time Evolution of 4% DCM2 in Alq3 PL Spectrum
![Page 5: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
T1S1
S0FL
UO
RES
CEN
CE
PHO
SPH
OR
ESC
ENC
E
ENERGY TRANSFER
FÖRSTER, DEXTERor RADIATIVE
INTE
RN
AL
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N
AB
SOR
PTIO
N
10 ps
1-10 ns
>100 ns
Ener
gy
density of availableS1 or T1 states
Electronic Processes in Molecules
![Page 6: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
0 1 2 3 4 51.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
CH3CN
Acetone
DMSO
CHCl3
CHCl2
BenzeneEn
ergy
[eV
]
Time [ns]
680
660
640
620
600
580
Wav
elen
gth
[nm
]
Time Evolution of DCM2 Solution PL Spectra
![Page 7: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Wavelength [nm]
Tim
e [n
s]
0
1
2
3
4
5
600 650 700 750
10% DCM2 in Alq310% DCM2 in Alq3
Spectral Shift due to
~ Exciton Diffusion ~~ Intermolecular Solid State Interactions ~
35 nm35 nmwavelength shift
![Page 8: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Each dye molecule experiences a different local medium
⇒ variations in excitonic energies
Inte
nsit
y
Energy
12
3
Molecular PL Spectra
Freq
uenc
y
Energy
Excitonic Density of States
Non-zero width to excitonicdensity of states
Excitonic Energy Variations
12 3
![Page 9: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
log(Time)
S 1or
T1
Ener
gy
1 2 3 4
Exciton Distribution in the Excited State (S1 or T1)
fwhm
~ Time Evolved Exciton Thermalization ~
EXCITON DIFFUSION LEADS TO REDUCTION IN FWHM
hν
![Page 10: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Ene
rgy
[eV
]
Time [ns]
680
660
640
620
600
Wav
elen
gth
[nm
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
High Emidpoint
Low Emidpoint
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
T = 15~125 K
Energy
Low Emidpoint
High Emidpoint 4% DCM2 in Alq3
FWHM
![Page 11: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
0 1 2 3 4 5
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30En
ergy
[eV
]
Time [ns]
640
630
620
610
600
590
580
570
560
550
540
Wav
elen
gth
[nm
]
x%x% DCM in AlqDCM in Alq33
0.2 %
2 %
0.6 %
0.4 %
Alq3
4.5 %
![Page 12: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
1.96
2.00
2.04
2.08
2.12
2.16En
ergy
[eV
]
% of DCM in Alq3
630
620
610
600
590
580
570
Wav
elen
gth
[nm
]
0.1 1 2 40.50.2
Initial Peak PL
Final Peak PL
X% DCM in AlqX% DCM in Alq33
![Page 13: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
1 10 100
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
Ener
gy [
eV]
Time [ns]
Alq3
Ir(ppy)3
Time Evolution of Peak PL in Neat Thin Films
![Page 14: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Parameters for Simulating Exciton Diffusion
observed radiative lifetime (τ) Förster radius (RF)
► Assign value for allowed transfers:
0.01
0.1
1
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
decreasing doping(5% down to 0.5%)
τ = 3.3 ns
Nor
mal
ized
Inte
grat
edS
pect
ral I
nten
sity
Time [ ns ]
1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.40.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
750 700 650 600 550
FWHMsSinit(E) : 0.27 eVSmol(E) : 0.22 eVgex(E) : 0.15 eV
Nor
mal
ized
Inte
nsity
[ ar
b. u
nits
]
Energy [ eV ]
Wavelength [ nm ]excitonic density of states (gex(E))
► Assume Gaussian shape of width, wDOS
► Center at peak of initial bulk PL spectrum
► Molecular PL spectrum implied…
∆E0
ΓF61⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛RR
τF
![Page 15: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Fitting Simulation to Experiment – Doped Films
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
630
620
610
600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.5% DCM2:Alq3
RF=0.88 wDOS=0.185 eVRF=0.98 wDOS=0.161 eVRF=1.08 wDOS=0.146 eVRF=1.18 wDOS=0.136 eVRF=1.28 wDOS=0.130 eV
Ene
rgy
[ eV
]
Wav
elen
gth
[ nm
]
Time [ ns ]1.841.861.881.901.921.941.961.982.002.022.042.06
670
660
650
640
630
620
610
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5%
2%1%
0.5%
Ene
rgy
[ eV
]
Wav
elen
gth
[ nm
]Peak PL of x%DCM2:Alq3
Time [ ns ]
• Good fits possible for all data sets
• RF decreases with increasing doping, falling from 52 Å to 22 Å
• wDOS also decreases with increasing doping, ranging from 0.146 eV to 0.120 eV
![Page 16: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
0 10 20 30 40 502.26
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
Ener
gy [
eV ]
Time [ ns ]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
En
ergy
[ eV
]
Time [ ns ]
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 142.72
2.74
2.76
2.78
2.80
Ener
gy [
eV ]
Time [ ns ]
Alq3wDOS~0.15 eV NPD
wDOS~0.10 eV
Ir(ppy)3wDOS~0.21 eV
Fitting Simulation – Neat Films
• Spectral shift observed in each material system
• Molecular dipole and wDOS are correllated: lower dipoles correspond to less dispersion
• Even with no dipole, some dispersion exists
• Experimental technique general, and yields first measurements of excitonic energy dispersionin amorphous organic solids
![Page 17: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
upon excitation both magnitude and directionof lumophore dipole moment can change
FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ1 – µ0 > 20 Debye !~ from 5.6 D to 26.3 D ~
following the excitation the environment surrounding the excited molecule will reorganize to minimize the overall
energy of the system (maximize µ • Eloc)
Eloc
µ0
t < 0
Eloc
µ1
t = 0
Eloc
µ1
t ~ 1 ns
Temporal Solid State Solvation
![Page 18: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
∆ E
log(Time)
Ener
gy
1 2 3 4
Exciton Distribution in the Excited State (S1 or T1)
~ Time Evolved Molecular Reconfiguration ~
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONLEADS TO ENERGY SHIFT IN DENSITY OF EXCITED STATES
![Page 19: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Fusion of Two Material Sets Hybrid devices could enable
LEDs, Solar Cells, Photodetectors, Modulators, and
Lasers
which utilize the best properties of
each individual material.
Fabrication of rational structures has been the main obstacle to dateto date.
Organic Semiconductors
Abs
orpt
ion
[a.u
.]
400 500 600 700Wavelength [nm]
Emissive
Tunable
Nanoscale
Efficient
Flexible
Colloidal QDs
Photo by F. Frankel
![Page 20: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Inorganic Nanocrystals – Quantum Dots
Quantum Dot SIZE
D
Lowest allowed energy level
E
Abs
orpt
ion
[a.u
.]400 500 600 700
17Å20Å
29Å
33Å
45Å55Å72Å
80Å
D=120Å
Wavelength [nm]
Synthetic route of Murray et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993).
CdSeZnS
Photo by F. Frankel
![Page 21: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Fusion of Two Material Sets
Organic Molecules
Abs
orpt
ion
Spe
ctra
Quantum Dots
TAZ
N
NN
TPD
N
CH3
N
H3C
Alq3
N
OAl
NO
NO
N N
NPD
TUNABLE
PbSe
Wavelength [µm]0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4
NANOSCALE
CdSe(ZnS)
Wavelength [nm]400 500 600 700
EMISSIVE
![Page 22: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
ZnS overcoating shell (0 to 5 monolayers)
Oleic Acid or TOPO caps
Integration of Nanoscale MaterialsQuantum Dots and Organic Semiconductors
D = 17-120Å(~50Å pictured)
TAZ
3-(4-Biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole
N
NN
TPD
N,N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis-(phenyl)-benzidine
N
CH3
N
H3C
Alq3
Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)Aluminum (III)
N
OAl
NO
NO
10Å
Trioctylphosphine oxide
Synthetic routes of Murray et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993) and Chen, et al, MRS Symp. Proc. 691,G10.2. PbSe or
CdSe Core
O
HO
Oleic Acid
N N
NPD
N,N'-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine
N
N
poly-TPD
Phase Segregation
Chemistry SizeMolecular Organics
Differences in:
Aliphatic CapsAromatic
Quantum Dots“Small”“Big”
![Page 23: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Phase Segregation and Self-Assembly
1. A solution of an organic material, QDs, and solvent…
2. is spin-coated onto a clean substrate.
3. During the solvent drying time, the QDs rise to the surface…
4. and self-assemble into grains of hexagonally close packed spheres.
Organic hosts that deposit as flat films allow for imaging via AFM, despite the AFM tip being as large as the QDs.
Phase segregation is driven by a combination of size and chemistrysize and chemistry..
50nm
~8nm PbSe QDs
Flat TPD background
TPD/solvent
QD Solution TPD Solution
11 22 33 44Substrate Substrate
QDs
TPDclose packed QDs
![Page 24: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Monolayer Coverage – QD concentration
250nm
500nm
500nm500nm
100nm
As the concentration of QDs in the spin-casting solution is increased, the coverage of QDs on the monolayer is also increased.
QD coverage = 20% 50% 80%
90% 100%
![Page 25: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
400 500 600 1200 1400 1600
Nor
mal
ized
cou
nts
W avelength [nm ]
QD-LED Performance
CdSe(ZnS)/TOPO PbSe/oleic acidGlassITO
50nm Ag50nm Mg:Ag30nm Alq3
40nm TPD
10nm TAZ
EF=3.7
EA=4.6
IE=6.8
QD
EF=4.7
Vacuum Level = 0 eV
ITO
Mg
Elec
tron
Ener
gy [e
V] EA=2.1
IE=5.4
TPD
IE=5.8
EA=3.1
Alq3
EA=3.0
IE=6.5
TAZ
ZnS
CdSe
TOPO
1 10
10-8
10-6
10-4
10-2
100
Voltage [V]
Curre
nt De
nsity
[A cm
-2]
Control
QD-LED
![Page 26: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
4 nm HRTEMHRTEM
AFMAFM
Full Size Series of PbSe Nanocrystalsfrom 3 nm to 10 nm in Diameter
1000 1500 2000 2500
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1136 nm
1268 nm
1600 nm
1404 nm
1504 nm
1708 nm
1812 nm
2036 nm
2208 nm
Wavelength (nm)
Abso
rban
ce (
arbi
trar
y un
its)
peak absorption
8 nmOrdered Monolayer ofOrdered Monolayer ofPbSe PbSe NanocrystalsNanocrystals
Structure of aSingle Nanocrystal
JonnyJonny SteckelSteckel and Seth Coeand Seth Coe
![Page 27: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Design of Device Structures
QD
ZnS
CdSe
TOPO capsQD intersite spacing
QDs are poor charge transport materials...
e-
But efficient emitters…
1. Generate excitons on organic sites.2. Transfer excitons to QDs via Förster
or Dexter energy transfer.3. QD electroluminescence.
Isolate layer functions of maximize device performance.
Need a new fabrication methodnew fabrication method in order to be able to make such double heterostructures:
Phase SegregationPhase Segregation.
EF=3.7
EA=4.6
IE=6.8
QD
EF=4.7
Vacuum Level = 0 eV
ITO
MgEl
ectro
n En
ergy
[eV] EA=2.1
IE=5.4
TPD
IE=5.8
EA=3.1
Alq3
EA=3.0
IE=6.5
TAZ
ZnS
CdSe
TOPO
Use organics for charge transport.GlassITO
50nm Ag50nm Mg:Ag30nm Alq3
40nm TPD
10nm TAZ
QD monolayer ZnS shell
TOPO caps
QD
CdSe core
![Page 28: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
A general method?
Phase segregation occurs for different
1) organic hosts: TPD, NPD, and poly-TPD.
2) solvents: chloroform, chlorobenzene, and mixtures with toluene.
3) QD core materials: PbSe, CdSe, and CdSe(ZnS).
4) QD capping molecules: oleic acid and TOPO.
5) QD core size: 4-8nm.
6) substrates: Silicon, Glass, ITO.
7) Spin parameters: speed, acceleration and time.
• This process is robust, but further exploration is needed to broadly generalize these findings.
• For the explored materials, consistent description is possible.
• We have shown that the process is not dependent on any one material component.
3) core
2) Solvent
7) Spin Parameters
Phase segregation QDQD--LED structuresLED structures
6) Substrate/Anode
Cathode
ETL
1) Organic Host
shell
QD monolayer
4) caps
QD
5) QD size
![Page 29: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
GlassAnode
Cathode
exciton density
dept
h
Alq3 (35 nm)increasing current
2% DCM2 in Alq3 (5nm)RF
TPD (40 nm)
Coe et al., Org. Elect. (2003)
Wavelength [nm]
Nor
mal
ized
Inte
nsity
400 500 600 700 800
Alq3
DCM2
130013013
1.30.13
EL F
ract
ion
[%]
log(J[mA/cm2])
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
-1 0 1 2 3-1 0 1 2 3
J [mA/cm2]DCM EL
Alq3 EL
EL Recombination Region Dependence
on Current
![Page 30: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Interstitial Space Monolayer Void
Grain Boundary
RF
Device AreaTOP DOWN VIEW of the QD MONOLAYER
Exciton recombination width far exceeds the QD monolayer thickness at high current densityhigh current density.To achieve true monochrome emission, new exciton confinement techniques are needed.
400 500 600 700
1.3
Alq3
QD
Wavelength [nm]
380
130
13
0.38
J [mA/cm2]
Spectral Dependence on Current Density
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW of QD-LEDde
pth
GlassAnode
Cathode
HTL
exciton densityRF
QD EL
Alq3 EL
hole
electronincreasing
currentETL
![Page 31: Organic LEDs – part 8 - MIT OpenCourseWare · upon excitation both magnitude and direction of lumophore dipole moment can change FOR EXAMPLE for DCM: µ 1 – µ 0 > 20 Debye](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041722/5e4f8845d4de314e42719118/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Demonstrated:Demonstrated:•Spectrally Tunable – single material set can access most of visible range.
•Saturated Color – linewidths of < 35nm Full Width at Half of Maximum.
•Can easily tailor “external” chemistry without affecting emitting core.
•Can generate large area infrared sources.
Benefits of Quantum Dots in Organic LEDs
Coe et al, Nature 420, 800 (2002).
400 450 500 550 600 650
FWHM 32nm0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
y
x
standard CRTcolor triangle
CIE Diagram
Potential:Potential:•High luminous efficiency LEDs possible even in red and blue.
•Inorganic – potentially more stable, longer lifetimes.
The ideal dye molecule!The ideal dye molecule!
Potential QD-LED colors
QD