organic farming in the netherlands

7/29/2019 Organic Farming in the Netherlands

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Organic Farming in the Netherlands: Country Report

Orginal text by Francesco Melita of Biologica, updated by Marian Blom, Biologica, and Helga Willer,FiBL

Table of contents

Agriculture in The Netherlands History and development of organic agriculture

Statistical development

Regional distribution of organic farms 2008

Land use

Organic farming organisations

Biologica

Biologica/LTO Technical working group on organic agriculture

SKAL

Control Union (formerly SKAL International)

Dutch trading and processing association VBP

Bioconnect

Wageningen UR

Louis Bolk Institute LBI and Agro Eco

Avalon Foundation

Good Food Foundation

Legislation

Policy Aims for Organic Farming: 10 % Organic by 2010 ?

The market

Training

Advice

Research

Agriculture in The Netherlands

With a total surface area of about 4.15 million hectares the Netherlands ranks among the smaller countriesin western Europe; it is slightly smaller than Denmark, but bigger than Belgium. As the population of theNetherlands is 16.5 million in the year 2009, it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
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The limited land area puts an almost permanent pressure on rural areas. They have to provide opportunitiesfor economic production and transportation. At the same time valuable nature areas and unique landscapesmust be safeguarded for future generations.

The agricultural area amounts to 1.9 million hectares, and there are 75'000 farms (2008).

History and development of organic agricultureIn the Netherlands two types of organic agriculture can be distinguished: bio-dynamic and ecologicalfarming. The history of organic agriculture starts in 1926 with the first bio-dynamic farm in Zeeland,Loverendale.

In 1947 the Warmonderhof in Warmond establishes the first bio-dynamic agriculture school, and it

offers training in organic agriculture until today. In 1964 the first bio-dynamic advisor starts working.

In the course of the sixties the ecological movement comes into being. In contrast to bio-dynamic

agriculture with its philosophical background ecological agriculture has social and environmentalroots. Protection of the environment, being careful with natural resources, energy and a changingsociety are the most important objectives of ecological agriculture.

The organic sector is slowly growing: in 1972 the Netherlands numbers 85 organic farms, at the end

of the 1980s 359.

In the 1990s, organic agriculture receives more and more recognition and the organic sector becomes

more and more professional.

In 1992, a new organisation for the entire sector is founded in 1992: Platform Biologica, today

Biologica.

Also in 1992 the conversion regulation comes into effect: farmers who wish to convert are

subsidised by the state. Food surpluses, manure problems, the swine-fever, various food scandals(BSE, dioxine etc.) and falling prices in conventional agriculture result in more and moreconventional farmers becoming interested in organic farming and in consumers demanding safeproducts. The organic sector slowly out-grows its "do-gooders" image. Research shows that organicfarmers have a comparable - if not better - income than their conventional colleagues. Most farmersconverting now opt for ecological farming. After some years of ecological management a number offarms choose for bio-dynamic agriculture.In the Netherlands there is a growing consensus regarding the necessity for a more sustainable formof agriculture. In a country as densely populated and as intensively cultivated as the Netherlands anincrease in organic agriculture is urgently needed to safeguard the environment for futuregenerations and provide for healthy food-products. Biologica, the umbrella organisation for theorganic sector, advocates the realisation of ten percent organic agriculture by 2010.

In 1996 the Ministry of Agriculture developed an action plan for organic agriculture.

From 2001 to 2004 a first action plan called Policy document on organic agriculture, an organic

market conquer was implemented. An evaluation of that plan is available at the homepage of theEuropean project 'Development of criteria and procedures for the evaluation of the European ActionPlan for Organic Agriculture' ORGAP .

2005: Second action plan comes into force, lasting until 2007 (Dutch Policy Document on Organic

Agriculture 2005-2007 - Beleidsnota Biologische Landbouw 2005-2007).
http://www.warmonderhof.nl/index.php?id=48:Summary_/_Become_a_farmerhttp://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.orgap.org/internal/orgapet/MainFrameD2.htmhttp://www.orgap.org/http://www.warmonderhof.nl/index.php?id=48:Summary_/_Become_a_farmerhttp://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.orgap.org/internal/orgapet/MainFrameD2.htmhttp://www.orgap.org/


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In December 2007 a third action plan is launched for the period 2008-2011 (Policy Document on

Organic Agriculture 2008-2011 - Organic connections, perspectives for growth)

Statistical development

The organic share in the total agricultural surface in the Netherlands is relatively small. In 2008, 2.6 percent

of the total agricultural area were organically managed.

In the 1990s, the growth increased considerably. Between 1993 and 1997 an average of 60 farms per yearconverted. In 1998 and 1999 more than 200 farms converted per year which is the equivalent in growth ofmore than 25 percent per year.

In recent years the number of farms has remained constant, but the organic area has doubled since the end ofthe 1990s.

Table: Organic Agriculture in the Netherlands 2008: Key figures

Land under organic management 50'435 hectares

Share of total agricultural land 2.6 percent

Growth 2007/2008 7.3 percent

Number of farms 1473

Share of all farms 1.9 percent

Growth 2007/2008 0.5 percent

Source: Bio Monitor Jaarapport 2008

Development of organic agriculture in the Netherlands since 1993. Source. Biologica/PlatformBiologica and Eurostat. Graph: FiBL, Frick

Regional distribution of organic farms 2008

The Netherlands has twelve provinces. The province of Gelderland has the most organic land, followed byFlevoland (each approximately 7'000 hectares). The last figure is remarkable as Flevoland is one of thesmallest provinces in the Netherlands. It is a polder consisting completely of reclaimed land.
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Not surprisingly therefore Flevoland has the highest share of organic land (7.8 percent), followed by NoordHolland (4.1 percent) and Drenthe (3.7 percent).


Land use

Most of the organic land is grassland, constituting almost three quarters of the organic land. It is followed byland for horticulture, potatoes and orchards.

Whereas the sales of potatoes decreased during 2008 (-2.1 percent; 27,2 million Euros), the sales ofvegetables (+5 percent, 87.9 million Euros) and fruit +7.4 percent, 25 million Euros) went up.


Organic farming organisations

Biologica

Logo of Biologica

Various issues of Smaakmakend

Bio-Monitor 2009

Until 1992 there were two organisations: Biologica being mainly activein the fields of consumer information and marketing and PlatformBiologische Landbouw & Voeding being mainly active in the field ofagricultural policy.

Platform Biologica was founded in 1992. It is the umbrella organisation for organicfarming and nutrition. Organic farmers, traders, manufacturers and retail-traders are co-

operating to build up the reputation and the market of organic products. After 10 years the name changed toBiologica.
http://www.biologica.nl/sites/default/files/Bio-Monitor-jaarrapport_2008.pdfhttp://www.biologica.nl/sites/default/files/Bio-Monitor-jaarrapport_2008.pdfhttp://www.organic-world.net/index.php?eID=tx_cms_showpic&file=uploads%2Fpics%2Fnetherlands-landuse-2008.pdf&width=800m&height=600m&bodyTag=%3Cbody%20style%3D%22margin%3A0%3B%20background%3A%23fff%3B%22%3E&wrap=%3Ca%20href%3D%22javascript%3Aclose%28%29%3B%22%3E%20%7C%20%3C%2Fa%3E&md5=e804547bf8997616d8c13c03d0ef4588http://www.biologica.nl/sites/default/files/Bio-Monitor-jaarrapport_2008.pdfhttp://www.biologica.nl/sites/default/files/Bio-Monitor-jaarrapport_2008.pdf


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Biologica has set up two large consumer actions: 'adopt a chicken' and 'adopt an apple tree' and alsopublishes magazines, newsletters, reports and trade and address guides on organic agriculture, such as

the consumer bi-monthly magazine Smaakmakend ,

the Bio-guide with all the addresses of selling-points of organic products as well as

the Bio-Monitor , which reports regularly on developments in Dutch organic agriculture.

Biologica/LTO Technical working group on organic agriculture

The working group on organic agriculture (Vakgroup biologische Landbouw ) deals with all aspects thatare particularly relevant for organic farmers. It is affiliated both to the sector organisation Biologica and thegeneral Dutch Federation of Agriculture and Horticulture , the LTO .

It continues the work of the former Federation of Organic Farmers NVEL (Nederlandse Vereniging voor deEkologische Landbouw), and organisation for ecological farmers, founded in 1983 as well as of the VB-DB(Vereniging van Biologisch-Dynamische Boeren), the organisation for bio-dynamic farmers, which wasfounded in 1976. In 1995 these two organisations had joined forces to form the Federation of OrganicFarmers (Federatie van Biologische Boeren). The Federation safeguarded the interests of the organic

farmers in the Netherlands.

Skal is the inspection and certification body for organic production in the Netherlands.

The use of the EKO Quality Mark is restricted to organic companies certified by Skal.

The EKO Quality Mark is only allowed on products containing more than 95% organic ingredients. Itcannot be used on agricultural products under conversion to organic production.

Control Union (formerly SKAL International)

The former SKAL International has now become part of the Control Union , a major internationalcertifier.

Dutch trading and processing association VBP

The Dutch trading and processing associationVBP (Vereniging Biologische Productie- enHandelsbedrijven) is the organisation of processors and traders of organic products. It was founded in 1995,uniting three smaller associations of processors. The main aim of the VBP is to defend the common interestsof their members and to stimulate the trade and processing of organic products. On many issues Biologicaand the VBP work closely together.
http://www.biologica.nl/http://www.biologica.nl/smaakmakend/http://www.biologica.nl/biogids/http://www.biologica.nl/biogids/http://www.biologica.nl/bio-monitor/http://www.lto.nl/nl/5141493-Biologische_land_en_tuinbouw.htmlhttp://www.lto.nl/nl/412940-Home.htmlhttp://certification.controlunion.com/main/default.htmhttp://www.vbpbiologisch.nl/http://www.vbpbiologisch.nl/http://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c489http://www.biologica.nl/http://www.biologica.nl/smaakmakend/http://www.biologica.nl/biogids/http://www.biologica.nl/bio-monitor/http://www.lto.nl/nl/5141493-Biologische_land_en_tuinbouw.htmlhttp://www.lto.nl/nl/412940-Home.htmlhttp://certification.controlunion.com/main/default.htmhttp://www.vbpbiologisch.nl/http://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c489


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Bioconnect

Since 2006 the key body in organic farming research is the recently instituted KnowledgeNetwork Organic Agriculture (Kennisnetwerk Biologische Landbouw) Bioconnect .

All relevant stakeholders from the organic sector are represented in this network. On a

yearly basis, Bioconnect makes recommendations to the Ministry of Agriculture, Natureand Food Quality LNV on the subjects and priorities to be set for research in organic agriculture. Thestakeholders in the network also play an important role in monitoring the research progress and the output.

The Bioconnect system is financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality LNV for a largepart, because of its instrumental role in defining research priorities. Research output in the form of reports,presentations and small newsflashes are published on a website: www.biokennis.nl (Dutch). The databasebehind this site has an English interface.

Wageningen UR

Wageningen UR is a collaboration between Wageningen University, Van Hall Larenstein School of HigherProfessional Education and the specialised former research institutes (DLO) from the Dutch Ministry ofAgriculture. This combination of knowledge and experience enables Wageningen UR with its 5'600 staffand more than 8'500 students to contribute actively to solving scientific, social and commercial problems inthe field of life sciences and natural resources.

WUR is the largest research organization that participates in the Bioconnect Network.

Louis Bolk Institute LBI and Agro Eco

Since 1976, the Louis Bolk Institute has been a pioneer in scientific research and innovation in organicfarming, food and medicine.

Due to the merger with Agro Eco , on December 1, 2008, the Louis Bolk Institute can provide not onlyresearch, but also mainstream gained knowledge into practical knowledge and application. The Agro Eco-Louis Bolk Institute operates globally, but has particularly strong connections with Africa. There are tworegional offices, in Ghana and in Uganda (see brochure ). The website representing the mergedorganisation is currently under construction.
http://www.bioconnct.nl/http://www.biokennis.nl/http://www.louisbolk.org/http://www.agroeco.nl/?nocheck=1http://www.louisbolk.org/downloads/2103.pdfhttp://www.louisbolk.org/downloads/2103.pdfhttp://www.bioconnct.nl/http://www.biokennis.nl/http://www.louisbolk.org/http://www.agroeco.nl/?nocheck=1http://www.louisbolk.org/downloads/2103.pdf


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Avalon Foundation

Avalon is an international, non-profit foundation based in the Netherlands. Since its establishment in July1991, Avalon has been committed to the support of sustainable rural development in the transitional

economies of Central and Eastern Europe. Much of its work focuses on harnessing market development andagro-environmental policy to create a favourable economic climate for organic agriculture to becomeestablished and to prosper to the benefit of local communities throughout Central and Eastern Europe.

Good Food Foundation

The Good Food Foundation was established in 1986 with the aim to encourage, initiate, subsidise, manageand supervise projects in the field of organic agriculture. Members of the foundation are mainly Europeanfirms. Certified organic products originating from the projects are: Sultana raisins and paste, dried figs andfigpaste, dried unsulphured apricots and other fruits as well as herbs, pulses, grain and seeds.

Legislation

As in all European Union countries, in the Netherlands Council Regulation (EEC) No. 834/2007 is in

force. The Dutch government has appointed Skal as the only certification and inspection body in theNetherlands to check compliance with the EU regulation.

Certified organic products can be identified by the EKO trademark. For bio-dynamic products there is alsothe Demeter trademark.

Policy Aims for Organic Farming: 10 % Organic by 2010 ?
http://www.avalon.nl/data/asp/pagina.asp?land=uk&subject=pagina&keuze=homehttp://www.goodfood.nl/http://www.goodfood.nl/http://www.organic-europe.net/europe_eu/eu-regulation-on-organic-farming.asphttp://www.organic-europe.net/europe_eu/eu-regulation-on-organic-farming.asphttp://www.skal.com/http://www.avalon.nl/data/asp/pagina.asp?land=uk&subject=pagina&keuze=homehttp://www.goodfood.nl/http://www.organic-europe.net/europe_eu/eu-regulation-on-organic-farming.asphttp://www.skal.com/


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In 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality LNV produced its policy on organicagriculture, aiming at a market oriented organic production. The main objective presented in this policydocument is that 10 % of the total cultivated agricultural area will be under organic farming in theNetherlands by the year 2010. One of the policy instruments to be applied to reach this objective is researchon organic production. This policy resulted in an increase in organic farming research funding by theMinistry from 3 million Euro in 1999 to over 10 million Euro in 2003.

In 2004, this policy on organic agriculture was evaluated. The evaluation included results of research and

knowledge efforts and a new policy document for the period 2005 to 2007 was approved by the Parliamentwith the following policy ambitions:

10 % of the total cultivated area will be under organic farming by 2010

market share of organic products will be 5 % of total consumer spending by 2007

the innovative strength of the organic production sector concerning sustainability will be enlarged

by 2007.

By the end of 2007 it was clear that these ambitions could not be realized. For some product categories, likeeggs, it was achieved. But for instance market share of fresh organic meat ant meat products stays far below

5%. Also the increase in cultivated area under organic farming did not increase much. Although there wasno decrease, the fast growth in organic land area at the beginning of the century could not be continued. Inthe latest policy document for the period 2008-2011 the Ministry formulated the following ambitions for thedevelopment of the organic sector:

Annual growth of 10% in consumer spending on organic products

Annual growth of 5% in acreage of organic agriculture

Standard allocation to the organic sector of 10% of the budget for policy support research and

statutory research tasks

The market

The market grew by 12.4% from 518.9 million Euros in 2007 to 583.41 million Euros in 2008 (includingcatering). The the share of the total market is 2.1 percent (2007: 2 percent).

The most important marketing channel is the general retail trade but the specialized trade has an almostequal share of the organic market and is thus much more important than in most other European countries.
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A fast grower is the catering sector. The aim of the government to provide 100% sustainable catering inpublic canteens by 2010 gave a positive stimulus to the achievement of this goal.

Source: Bio-Monitor Jaarrapport 2008

Training

The only school for bio-dynamic farming in the Netherlands is the Warmonderhof in Dronten. TheWarmonderhof is a part of Groenhorst College. Students between 15 and 27 years of age can take a four-year course to become a bio-dynamic farm manager. An organic diploma for organic farmership is beingdeveloped at the moment. The apprenticeship system also exists in Northern Germany now.

In the secondary and higher agricultural education in the Netherlands more and more attention is being paidto organic farming, although it goes slowly. Several projects helped to increase interest from school-directors and teachers.

At academic level students can take subjects concerning organic farming at the Faculty of organic farming

systems of the Wageningen University and Research Centre WUR in Wageningen. It is also possible toobtain a Masters degree in organic farming or to do a PhD in organic farming.

Finally, the Study Centre Kraaybeekerhof in Driebergen provides retraining courses for organic farmers.And the Centre for Organic Farming in Lelystad provides an orientation course in organic farming forconventional farmers in co-operation with the Warmonderhof Education.

Advice

In the Netherlands a farmer who wants to convert to organic farming may receive technical advice and

training from several private consultancies. DLV used to be a government institute (DienstLandbouwvoorlichting) but has now been privatised.

It is the largest consultancy and employs specialist advisers for all sectors in organic farming. Sinceprivatisation it is called DLV Adviesgroep NV.

On top of that a a smaller private consultancy firm specialised in organic farming is available: Agro-Eco(now merged with the Louis Bolk Institute) and DLV also provide training courses for conventional farmerswishing to convert or training courses for organic farmers.

Freelance advisors provide specialist knowledge on organic fruit growing, soil quality and flowers.

Research

The development, dissemination, distribution, extension, demonstration and implementation of knowledgeremains an important instrument to fulfil the government's policy ambitions to strengthen organic farming.In the early years of this century, publicly funded research mainly focused on primary production, as mostproblems were related to technical challenges. This effort had a positive effect on organic production, buthad no effect on consumer behaviour and thus did not help increase the sales of organic products.
http://www.biologica.nl/sites/default/files/Bio-Monitor-jaarrapport_2008.pdfhttp://www.warmonderhof.nl/warmhof/index2.htmhttp://www.agro.wau.nl/eco/index.htmhttp://www.agro.wau.nl/eco/index.htmhttp://www.wur.nl/http://www.kraaybeekerhof.nl/http://www.warmonderhof.nl/warmhof/index2.htmhttp://www.dlvbiologisch.nl/http://www.agroeco.nl/http://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c492http://www.biologica.nl/sites/default/files/Bio-Monitor-jaarrapport_2008.pdfhttp://www.warmonderhof.nl/warmhof/index2.htmhttp://www.agro.wau.nl/eco/index.htmhttp://www.agro.wau.nl/eco/index.htmhttp://www.wur.nl/http://www.kraaybeekerhof.nl/http://www.warmonderhof.nl/warmhof/index2.htmhttp://www.dlvbiologisch.nl/http://www.agroeco.nl/http://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c492


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In the past years the governmental policy aiming at a market oriented organic production however, resultedin a (gentle) shift towards more knowledge on food supply chain and product related issues like consumerawareness, food safety and food quality and appropriate production costs.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality LNV provides most of the necessary funds forresearch in Organic Food and Farming.

Research is carried out by the various institutes of the Wageningen University Research Centre WUR and

the Louis Bolk Institute.

Further reading

Meijs, J. Teenstra, E.D. und Regouin, E.J.M. Dutch stakeholders set the organic research agenda . JointOrganic Congress, May 29-30, 2006, Odense, Denmark

Teenstra, Eddie und Regouin, Eric (2006)Research in Organic Food and Farming in The Netherlands , inLange, Stefan; Williges, Ute; Saxena, Shilpi und Willer, Helga, (Hrsg.).European Research in OrganicFood and Farming. Reports on organisation and conduction of research programmes in 11 Europeancountries, Kapitel 8, Seite(n) pp. 165-184. Bundesanstalt fr Landwirtschaft und Ernhrung (BLE) / Federal

Agency for Agriculture and Food BLE, Bonn, Germany.
http://www.coreportal.org/index.php?page_id=562&country=28#wurhttp://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c492http://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c492http://orgprints.org/7489/http://orgprints.org/8724/http://orgprints.org/8724/http://www.coreportal.org/index.php?page_id=562&country=28#wurhttp://www.organic-world.net/netherlands.html?&L=2#c492http://orgprints.org/7489/http://orgprints.org/8724/

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