organic chemistry the chemistry of carbon. a. carbons versatility 1.tetravalent - can form four...
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Organic ChemistryThe Chemistry of Carbon
A. Carbons Versatility
1. Tetravalent - can form four bonds with other elements
2. May form double bonds and triple bonds.3. Bond with itself forming Chains of various
lengths4. The chains may branch. 5. May form rings
B. Characteristics of Organic Compound
1. Carbon backbones2. Composed of single units called monomers3. Monomers are joined in a condensation
reaction that usually occurs between the –OH groups of two monomers. H2O is removed linking the two monomers with an oxygen bridge
4. Polymers- many joined monomers5. Polymers are broken down in Hydrolysis
II. 4 Major Classes of Organic Compounds
A. Carbohydrates
1. Functions of Carbohydrates
a) Quick energy- sugar, glycogen and starch
b) Structure- cellulose, chitin
2. Structure of Carbohydrate
a) Glucose(C6H12O6) and Fructose (C6H12O6) are single sugars called monosaccharides
b) Isomers- compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
C) Disaccharide- two monosaccharides joined in a condensation reaction. An example is sucrose.
D) Polysaccharides- long chains of sugars
1) Starch- storage form of carbohydrates in plants (1-4ά)
2) Glycogen- storage form of carbohydrate in animals (1-4ά)
3) Cellulose- structural polysaccharide in plants (1-4β)
B. Lipids
Animal Fat Plant Oils Waxes
1. Functionsa) Long term energy storage
b) Structure- form membranes
c) Insulation
2. Structure- 1 glycerol with fatty acid chains
3. Types of Lipids
a) Saturated fat- each carbon is bonded with two hydrogens in the fatty acid chain
1) Animal fats
2) Solid at room temperature
3) Bad for you. (Cause arteriosclerosis)
b) Unsaturated Fat- contains double bond between some of the carbons
1. Plant oils
2. Liquid at room temperature
3. Better for you. More easily absorbed
c. Phospholipid- forms the membrane around cells
C. Proteins
1 Functions:a) Structure Example: collegen
b) Transport Example: hemoglobin
c) Fight Disease Example: antibodies
d) Communication Ex: Hormones
e) Movement Ex: actin and myosin
f) Control Chemical Reactions
Example: enzymes
2. Structure- Shaped to perform functiona) Proteins are made of monomers called amino
acids
b) Amino acid structure:
Amino group
Acid group
R group
c) All amino acids have the same amino and acid groups but different r groups
d) Peptide bonds join amino acids in condensation reactions forming a dipeptide
Amino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Groups
Note the methyl groups at the bottom of the chains
Amino Acids with Hydrophilic Side Groups
Note the charged or polar groups at the bottom of the chains
And Some Amino Acids are in Between
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic regions influence protein shape.
3. Levels of Protein Structure
a) 1st Level: Linear sequence of amino acids
b) 2nd Level: Spiraling and pleatingc) 3rd Level: Bending and foldingd) 4th Level: Intertwining of multiple
polypeptides
4. Proteins are able to function because of their complex shape
5. Enzymes Function (Enzymes control chemical reactions)
E + S E/S E + P
Enzyme Substrate Enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme Product
a) Enzymes are specific to a substrate (like a lock and key)
b) Enzymes are named by adding “ase” to the name of the substrate
Enzyme with empty active sites Substrate
(Sucrose)
Substrate binds with the enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex
Hydrolysis occurs
Substrate is converted to product and the enzyme is not used up. The enzyme’s active sites are free to accept another
substrate molecule
The Catalytic Cycle of Enzymes
The Catalytic Cycle of Enzymes
a) The enzyme binds with the substrate at the active site. Induced fit stresses key bonds
b) The substrate is converted to product
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Adding more substrate will have no affect on the rate of the reaction passed the SATURATION POINT
Low CONCENTRATION High
RATE
1. Substrate Concentration
2. TemperatureHuman enzymes have an optimal temperature of 37º Celsius. Higher temperatures cause the enzymes to denature.
0 10 20 30 40 50 50 70oC
RATE
37oC
3. pHMost enzymes have an optimal pH of 7. Some enzymes function more effectively in acidic or basic conditions.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
RATE
Nucleic Acids
D. Nucleic Acids- large complex molecules
formed of smaller smaller units called nucleotides 1. Nucleic acid structure
A) Nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base
B) Sugars:1) Ribose in RNA2) Deoxyribose in DNA
C) Bases:1) Purines (2 rings) Adenine & Guanine2) Pyrimidines (1 ring) cytosine & Thymine
Nucleic Acids
2. DNA structure is a double helix with the base pairing of Thymine with Adenine and Cytosine with Guanine.
3. RNA structure is a single spiral with Uracil replacing Thymine. RNA Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
4. Nucleic Acid Functions
a) DNA and RNA carry the genetic code. I.e. The information for constructing proteins
b) Other related nucleotides like Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) supplies energy to the cell
c) Many other nucleotides and dinucleotides are involved in electron transport.
– GTP, UTP, CTP– dGTP, dATP, dCTP, dTTP– AMP, NAD+, NADP, FAD