Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry

Organic chemistryOrganic chemistryOrganic chemistry is the study of carbon Organic chemistry is the study of carbon based molecules.based molecules.

Carbon has _______valence electrons, Carbon has _______valence electrons,

So it can make up to _________ bonds.So it can make up to _________ bonds.

This allows carbon to make limitless This allows carbon to make limitless compounds.compounds.

CarbonCarbon

Using only 3 carbon molecules and Using only 3 carbon molecules and as many hydrogen's as you want as many hydrogen's as you want make as many molecules as you can. make as many molecules as you can.

Saturated vs. non saturatedSaturated vs. non saturated

Make 2 chains of carbonsMake 2 chains of carbons

How many hydrogens can fit in each How many hydrogens can fit in each chain?chain?

Saturated vs. unsaturatedSaturated vs. unsaturatedIn one of the chains make a double In one of the chains make a double bond.bond.

Now add hydrogen's to each.Now add hydrogen's to each.

Is the one with the double bond filled Is the one with the double bond filled with the maximum capacity of with the maximum capacity of hydrogens?hydrogens?

SaturatedSaturatedWhen a carbon chain has a double (or When a carbon chain has a double (or triple bondtriple bond) it does not need to have the ) it does not need to have the maximum number of hydrogen's… so it is maximum number of hydrogen's… so it is not full….. not full….. Or not saturatedOr not saturated..

When a carbon chain has only single When a carbon chain has only single bondsbonds it needs the max number of it needs the max number of hydrogen's…. hydrogen's…. It is saturatedIt is saturated..

IsomersIsomers

Build a chain of 4 carbons, 1 oxygen Build a chain of 4 carbons, 1 oxygen and 8 hydrogen's.and 8 hydrogen's.

IsomersIsomers

There were a few different ways you There were a few different ways you could have built this molecule.could have built this molecule.

Each one has the same formula but Each one has the same formula but different shapes. different shapes.

When two molecules have the same When two molecules have the same formula but different shapes they are formula but different shapes they are called isomerscalled isomers

Naming hydrocarbonsNaming hydrocarbons

Look at table P on your reference Look at table P on your reference table.table.

This table tells you the 1This table tells you the 1stst part of the part of the name of a hydrocarbon, depending name of a hydrocarbon, depending on how many carbons it hason how many carbons it has

Naming compoundsNaming compounds

Next the second part of the name is Next the second part of the name is given depending on is there are given depending on is there are single, double or triple bonds.single, double or triple bonds.

Look at table Q.Look at table Q.

ExampleExample

Draw a hexane, hexene & a hexyneDraw a hexane, hexene & a hexyne

Draw a butane, butene, & butyneDraw a butane, butene, & butyne

Draw an ethane, ethene & ethyneDraw an ethane, ethene & ethyne

Draw a methane, methene,& methyne. Draw a methane, methene,& methyne.

NamingNaming

To name a compound given…To name a compound given…

1- Find the longest chain and name 1- Find the longest chain and name the molecule after that chain.the molecule after that chain.

NamingNaming

2- Find any carbons coming off and 2- Find any carbons coming off and name them, based off of table P but name them, based off of table P but add the suffix yl (methane = methyl)add the suffix yl (methane = methyl)

NamingNaming

3- Assign numbers to each carbon on 3- Assign numbers to each carbon on the main chain and write the number the main chain and write the number of the carbon that the chain comes of the carbon that the chain comes off.off.

Note: number the chain so that the Note: number the chain so that the branch gets the smallest number. branch gets the smallest number.

NamingNaming

If more then one sidechain comes off If more then one sidechain comes off the main chain, label each one, and the main chain, label each one, and write which carbon it branched from. write which carbon it branched from.

Functional groupsFunctional groupsThe hydrogen's of a hydrocarbon can The hydrogen's of a hydrocarbon can often times be displaced by a more often times be displaced by a more complicated set of atoms.complicated set of atoms.

Many times these atoms stay Many times these atoms stay together as a group.together as a group.

These groups are called These groups are called functional functional groupsgroups

HALIDESHALIDES

When any of the halogens (group 17) When any of the halogens (group 17) combine on a hydrocarbon the new combine on a hydrocarbon the new compound is called an organic compound is called an organic halide.halide.

We name the molecule by adding the We name the molecule by adding the name of the halogen to the molecule.name of the halogen to the molecule.

AlcoholsAlcohols

When a OH groups adds onto a When a OH groups adds onto a hydrocarbon the molecule in now hydrocarbon the molecule in now called an alcohol. called an alcohol.

When an OH adds the molecule has When an OH adds the molecule has the name ‘OL’ added to the end.the name ‘OL’ added to the end.

CombustionCombustion

Combustion reactionCombustion reaction

A combustion reaction is any time a A combustion reaction is any time a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to give off COgive off CO22 and water and water

SaponificationSaponification

Saponification is the reactions to Saponification is the reactions to make soap.make soap.

That’s all you need to know, the That’s all you need to know, the regents wont ask you to identify, regents wont ask you to identify, only know what it is.only know what it is.

A polymer is a long repeated chain of A polymer is a long repeated chain of something, and a monomer is the something, and a monomer is the single unit.single unit.

A subway car is a monomer, the A subway car is a monomer, the polymer is the entire trainpolymer is the entire train

PolymerizationPolymerization

When the single units are linked When the single units are linked together, to make a polymertogether, to make a polymer

It is called a polymerization reaction. It is called a polymerization reaction.

PolymerizationPolymerization

HalogenationHalogenation

When a halogen is added to a When a halogen is added to a hydrocarbon it is called a hydrocarbon it is called a halogenationhalogenation

HalogenationHalogenation

RecapRecap

CombustionCombustion

SaponificationSaponification

PolymerizationPolymerization

HalogenationHalogenation