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Organic chemistry of life

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Page 1: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Organicchemistryof  life

Page 2: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Life  begins  with  nucleic  acidsThere  are  five  heterocyclic  bases  in  DNA  and  RNA

•  There  are  only  two  purine  bases  found  in  nucleic  acids:  adenine  (A),  which  we  havealready  met,  and  guanine  (G)•  The  three  pyrimidine  bases  are  simpler:  uracil  (U),  thymine  (T),  and  cytosine  (C).Cytosine  is  found  in  DNA  and  RNA,  uracil  in  RNA  only,  and  thymine  in  DNA  only.

Page 3: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

The  s>mulants  in  tea  and  coffee  are  methylated  purines

Page 4: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Nucleic  acids  exist  in  a  double  helix

Page 5: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

HIV  and  AIDS  are  treated  with  modified  nucleosides

Cyclic  nucleosides  and  stereochemistry

Page 6: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Proteins  are  made  of  amino  acids

Page 7: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Amino  acids  combine  to  form  pep>des  and  proteins

Page 8: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Structural  proteins  must  be  tough  and  flexible

An>obio>cs  exploit  the  special  chemistry  of  bacteria

Page 9: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Drugs  based  on  pep>des  or  pep>domime>cs

Page 10: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Sugars—just  energy  sources?

Sugars  normally  exist  in  cyclic  forms  with  much  stereochemistry

Page 11: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Sugars  can  be  fixed  in  one  shape  by  acetal  forma>on

Page 12: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Glycosides  in  nature

Page 13: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Glycosides  in  nature

Page 14: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Most  sugars  are  embedded  in  complexcarbohydrates

Page 15: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Amino  sugars  add  versa>lity  to  saccharides

Page 16: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Lipids

Oil  and  water  do  not  mix

Page 17: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Mechanisms  in  biological  chemistry

Nature’s  NaBH4  is  a  nucleo>de:  NADH  or  NADPH

Page 18: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Nature’s  NaBH4  is  a  nucleo>de:  NADH  or  NADPH

Page 19: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Reduc>ve  amina>on  in  nature

Page 20: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Nature’s  enolate  equivalents:  lysine  enamines  and  coenzyme  A

Page 21: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM
Page 22: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Page 23: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

The  shikimic  acid  pathway

Page 24: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Natural  products

Alkaloids  are  made  by  amino  acid  metabolism

Page 25: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Pyrrolidine  alkaloids  are  made  from  the  amino  acid  ornithine

Page 26: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Pyrrolidine  alkaloids  are  made  from  the  amino  acid  ornithine

Page 27: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Benzyl  isoquinoline  alkaloids  are  made  from  tyrosine

Page 28: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Benzyl  isoquinoline  alkaloids  are  made  from  tyrosine

Page 29: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

FaVy  acids  and  other  polyke>des  are  made  from  acetyl  CoA

Page 30: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

FaVy  acids  and  other  polyke>des  are  made  from  acetyl  CoA

Page 31: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

What  is  so  important  about  unsaturated  faVy  acids?

Page 32: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Aroma>c  polyke>des

Page 33: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Terpenes  are  vola>le  cons>tuents  of  plants

Page 34: Organic chemistry of0life - uniurb.it · Organic chemistry of life.ppt Author: giovanni Created Date: 2/26/2016 7:10:38 AM

Terpenes  are  vola>le  cons>tuents  of  plants

The  steroids  are  another  group  of  compounds  derived  from  mevalonic  acid.  Theyinclude  sex  hormones  such  as  testosterone  and  progesterone,  and  the  cholesterolneeded  to  build  cell  membranes  but  also  implicated  in  the  damage  to  arteriescaused  by  atherosclerosis.