organic chemistry laboratory i for ch 337 – organic chemistry laboratory 1 ... lab technique 40%...
TRANSCRIPT
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Syllabus for CH 337 – Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1
Learning goals:
To introduce fundamental reactions in organic chemistry
To expose students to fundamental laboratory techniques
To show students how to work independently, safely and reliably
To teach students about good laboratory hygiene, handling of chemicals and safe
working procedures
To write scientifically sound and logical laboratory reports
Dr Alexander H. Sandtorv
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Table of contents
Schedule and TAs ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Before Attending the First Lab ..................................................................................................................... 4 Course Grading ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Laboratory Policies ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Laboratory Safety and Safety Protocols ..................................................................................................... 10
Handling Chemicals and Chemical Waste .................................................................................................. 13
Practical Advice .......................................................................................................................................... 16
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Schedule and TAs
Week Week
start Experiment
1 8th Jan Check-in and recrystallization of adipic acid
2 15th Jan Melting points and TLC analyses of an unknown
3 22nd Jan Reduction of benzophenone with NaBH4
4 29th Jan Isolation of caffeine from tea
5 5th Feb Separation of 3-chlorobenzoic acid and acetanilide by acid-base extractions
6 12th Feb Distillation of ethyl acetate and toluene of unknown composition
7 19th Feb Acetylation of aniline
8 26th Feb Synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol
9 5th March SN2 reaction of 2-naphthol and 1-iodobutane
10 12th March Check-out and make-up lab
Please note: MLK day is on Monday January 16th, and labs are closed. Monday students will be given an online
assignment.
Day Time Section CRN TA Email
M 1.00 p – 4.50 p 016 40706 Lauren Rust [email protected]
5.30 p – 9.20 p 911 40707 Lauren Rust [email protected]
T 8.00 a – 11.30 a 021 46030 Luke Lutkus [email protected]
1.00 p – 4.50 p 026 40702 Luke Lutkus [email protected]
W 1.00 p – 4.50 p 036 40708 Rory Gallagher [email protected]
5.40 p – 9.30 p 931 40705 Rory Gallagher [email protected]
R 8.00 a – 11.30 a 041 40704 Austin Shigemoto [email protected]
1.00 p – 4.50 p 046 40703 Austin Shigemoto [email protected]
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Before Attending the First Lab
Please read the following information carefully.
- Experiments begin on the first day of lab
- Safety goggles are required for all experiments, including the first experiment. The chemistry
stockroom sells the following goggles:
o Pyramex Capstone Goggles: $15
o UVEX V-Maxx Goggles: $8
- A notebook is also required for all experiments. Notebooks can be purchased from the chemistry
stockroom (Composition notebook: $3)
- You are expected to finish all required pre-lab exercises before attending each lab. These are:
o Know the risk and safety precautions associated with all chemicals handled for that
week’s experiment
o Reading the experiment carefully and familiarizing yourself with the lab
o Complete a multiple choice quiz online (must be done before the lab starts. The quizzes
are time stamped online).
o Watching a web lecture (webinar)
- If the required pre-lab exercises are not finished, you are excused from the lab until the required
assignments are completed. You will also receive 0 points for the pre-lab assignment.
- You must bring a hard-copy of the procedure, either a directly printed version or a hand-written
copy.
- Attendance in this lab is mandatory. You must attend all scheduled laboratory sessions. The labs
closing time is strictly enforced, no students are allowed to work overtime.
- If a personal emergency occurs, please contact the professor ([email protected]) as soon as
possible.
- You are expected to fully read the syllabus and familiarize yourself with all concepts described
herein.
- Repeated phone use is not allowed for non-lab purposes.
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Course Grading
General
The total grade for this course is assigned as follows:
Lab Reports 50% Pre-lab 10%
Lab Technique 40%
Please note that there is no curving of grades in this course, although a student’s improvement is part of
the final assessment.
Grade Points Grade Points
A 100-95 C+ 69-68
A- 94-90 C 67-58
B+ 89-84 C- 57-55
B 83-74 D 55-45
B- 73-70 F <45
Lab reports
Reports must be typed in the format provided in D2L and must be handed in one lab period after the
experiment is completed. Reports must be handed in at the start of the lab period.
The reports will be graded by your TA and returned to you with clear comments and scores. A detailed
grading overview on how to write the report is a provided in D2L. Your TA will also be available to give
you feedback if necessary. The grading of the reports is based on a rubric and meetings between the TA-
pool and the professor.
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Lab Technique
You will be evaluated on your lab technique and performance by your TA. For each lab session, you can
receive a total of 40 technique points, based on four categories worth ten points each:
Is the student able to work in a safe manner? (Safety)
Safety is a number one concern when working in the lab. Safety awareness means handling and disposing
chemicals in a reliable manner, always wearing appropriate safety attire (lab-coat and goggles) and
following instructions from the TA and webinars / manual. Unsafe behavior can be: touching face and
key-board with gloves, wearing lab-coat and/or gloves in the hallway, not setting up experiments as
described or handling chemicals in a way that is considered unsafe. Maintaining a neat and safe working
space is also part of safety.
Is the student able to work independently? (Independence)
We want to encourage students to ask questions and approach the TA if they feel unsure or want to
discuss any facet of the chemistry, but we also wish to encourage students to think critically and make
good and independent decisions on their own. Simple procedural questions that can be answered by
reading the lab journal or adequately preparing should be kept to a minimum. Adequately preparing by
reading the manual and carefully watching the webinars is expected.
Is the student able to carry out laboratory procedures and apply laboratory techniques in a reliable way?
(Effort)
In CH 337, we are focused on teaching the students standard laboratory procedures and protocols, such as
extraction, distillation, melting point analyses, and so on. Students that follow instructions and perform
the laboratory procedures in safe, reliable ways will therefore receive points in this category. The
webinars should provide the necessary background to prepare.
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Is the student able to write and use a laboratory note book? (Note book)
An important aspect of laboratory work is to make appropriate notes during the experiment. You must
make notes of important observations, and measurements. A full synthesis table is expected for synthesis
experiments, with molecular masses, masses, volumes, densities, moles and other important physical
parameters used during and after the experiment.
Your TA may ask to see your notebook at any time.
We wish to highlight that the technique grade is not to give penalties, but to properly award good
behavior and to emphasize proper laboratory practices.
Pre-lab
There are four components to each pre-lab exercise that you are required to complete prior to attending
the lab: reading the lab manual, looking up safety information for relevant chemicals, viewing a short
webinar regarding the experiment and answering a multiple-choice quiz. The latter two are available on
D2L. A maximum of 10 points can be rewarded. Your pre-lab grade is calculated based on the percent
score (y) achieved on the quiz
Pre lab grade = y/100 x 10
You are expected to be familiar with the concepts raised in the webinar, as your TA will not spend in-
class time discussing the issues addressed in the webinar. If you clearly fail to follow the instructions
raised in the webinar, your TA will decrease your technical score. In severe examples, your TA might
also excuse you from lab.
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Laboratory Policies
What happens if students do not complete their pre-lab assignments?
Students are excused from the lab until the pre-lab has been completed and they receive no points for the
pre-lab assignment.
What happens if students show up late?
If the students are more than 5 minutes late, they lose 20 points from their technical score. If they are
later than 30 minutes, they are excused from the lab. This counts as one missed lav.
What happens if students miss a lab?
Students are only allowed to miss a lab if there is a medical emergency, or an emergency of similar
nature. The student must let the TA and professor know immediately. Make up labs are offered during
check-out. Missing two labs is an automatic no pass.
What happens if the student wants to change labs permanently?
Permanent lab changes are usually not allowed.
What happens if students hand in reports late?
A penalty of 5 points per day is subtracted from the total score of the report. If the report is not handed in
one week after the assignment was due, the student receives a 0 on that report. After two reports not
handed in, the student cannot complete the course.
Please note that lab reports are handed in at the beginning of lab. If the reports are handed during or after
lab, this counts as one day late.
What happens if students are found to have plagiarized material, either from sources, or from lab-mates
or other individuals?
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Copying any material without clearly stating the source of such material is considered plagiarism. This
includes, but is not limited to: the internet, books, written materials, and material written by class-mates,
former students, professors or other teaching staff.
Sections of text that are found to be identical or near-identical with respect to content and information
(but not necessarily word-by-word copies) are also considered plagiarism.
It is the professor’s discretion what penalties will be instated on a case-by-case basis. Point deductions
might be introduced, or in severe cases, expulsion from the course.
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Laboratory Safety and Safety Protocols
General safety
The most important aspect in the laboratory is the safety and well-being of the people that work there.
There are several safety features associated with this lab course:
Goggles and lab coat should be worn at all times.
Dress appropriately for laboratory work. You must wear
shoes that cover your entire foot, including the heel. They should fit
up near your ankle; leather is preferred but any non-porous material
is okay. Your clothing must cover your torso and legs down to your
shoes. In addition, you are required to wear a department provided lab
coat while working in the lab. If you show up for lab in inappropriate clothes, you will be asked to
leave and this will count as a missed lab.
Avoid wearing contact lenses.
Know the location of the following:
- fire extinguisher - fire blanket
- first aid kit - safety shower
- eyewash fountain - all exits
No eating or drinking in the lab.
We generally provide nitrile gloves for handling chemicals. Please note that the protection offered
by these gloves, is minimal and most organic liquids and some solids penetrate the nitrile layer
readily.
Do not touch keyboards or phones while wearing gloves. Do not touch face with gloves.
If you find a mercury thermometer in your drawer, please notify your TA. These should be
exchanged for other thermometers immediately.
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Fires
- Most organic chemicals are flammable
- If organic solvents are spilled, soak the solvents up with a paper towel and leave it in the hood to
evaporate. Never dispose of solvents in the waste bin or down the sink.
- Never pour organic solvents around a hot plate in use.
- If a fire occurs, inform your TA immediately.
- If clothing catches on fire, inform your TA immediately. Walk the individual to the safety shower
or roll them in a fire blanket to extinguish the flames.
- For small heat burns hold the burn under cold water for 5-10 minutes. Please report all burns to the
TAs.
Spilled Acids and Bases
- For spills of dilute acids and bases, wash your skin under running water.
- For spills of concentrated acids and bases, immediately wash the contaminated skin under running water
for five minutes. Report the incident to your TA.
- For spills of concentrated acids and bases on clothing, remove the clothing immediately. Report the
incident to your TA.
Chemical splashes in the Eyes
- Immediately wash your eyes at the eyewash station. It is imperative to keep eyes open (sometimes by
force) and let the water run over the eyes for at least 15 minutes. Contact your TA and seek medical
attention.
Inhalation of Organic Fumes:
- If an individual inhales a large amount of organic fumes, report it to the TA.
- The individual should immediately be moved to an area with fresh air.
- If the individual stops breathing, call campus safety (503-725-4404) and 911.
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Cuts
- For small cuts, rinse the affected area under running water and apply a bandage from the first aid kit.
Contact your TA.
- For larger cuts or strong bleeding, contact your TA and call campus safety (503-725-4404) for medical
attention.
- Notify the professor or stockroom personnel if any blood is spilled in the lab so that proper cleanup and
disposal procedures may be followed.
Broken glass
- Do not remove any broken glass from the lab, and do not bring it to the stockroom. Broken glass is
immediately placed in the broken glass waste.
Evacuation
- If evacuation of the lab is necessary, leave through any door that is safe or not obstructed- doors that lead
to other labs may be the best choice.
- Leave the building by the nearest exit and meet your TA on the field next to Hoffmann Hall.
- This would also be the meeting place in the event of an earthquake or other emergency
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Handling Chemicals and Chemical Waste
Handling chemicals
The major safety hazard when working in a chemical laboratory is the handling of chemicals.
- As part of your pre-lab assignment, you should know the risk and safety precautions associated
with all chemicals handled for that week’s experiment.
- Safety information is available by using the chemical’s Safety Data Sheet (SDS). The SDS can
be downloaded from www.msds.com free of charge.
- For a large chemical spill stand under the safety shower and flood the affected area with water.
Remove clothing to minimize contamination with the chemical.
- If any chemicals are spilled, consult your TA immediately.
- If a mercury thermometer breaks, notify your TA immediately. It might be necessary to evacuate
the lab. Do not attempt to clean up on your own
- Chemicals should not be handled on the bench
- Never pick up a bottle by its lid
- For liquids, do not place your own pipet, dropper, or spatulas into the reagent jar. Pour a small
amount into a beaker and measure from that
- Never put any excess reagent back in the reagent jar.
- Never taste a chemical or solution.
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Labels
Chemicals in our laboratories have been marked with the following labels.
(1) Name of chemical
(2) Pictograms depicting the various health and safety hazards associated with the chemical
(3) Health statements
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Handling chemical waste
- All chemical waste must be disposed of in a proper way, and in general, no waste generated in the lab
should go down the sink.
- There are four chemical waste categories, all available in your fume hood. Each experiment has a specific
description of where waste should be placed. Ask your TA if unsure.
Organic waste
Halogenated waste (only appropriate for a few experiments)
Solid waste
Aqueous waste
- There are also waste bins available outside of the hoods. These include:
General waste bins (none of the chemicals handled should be placed in this bin)
Broken glass container
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Practical Advice
During the laboratory course you will become acquainted with organic reactions and purification
techniques. You will also learn about how to be a productive and respectful member of a laboratory. This
primer will help guide you through many of the techniques and “rules” you should learn during your time
in our organic chemistry labs.
- How to clean glassware: Most of the reagents used in your labs will be readily soluble in either a
very polar inorganic solvent (such as water) or a polar organic solvent (such as acetone). An
acetone squirt bottle is in your hood to aid with rinsing glassware. All acetone rinse waste should
go into the organic waste container in your hood. Acetone should never be used out of the fume
hood and should never be poured into the sink. After rinsing with acetone and letting it dry, the
glassware can be washed at the sink with soap and water if necessary.
- Upkeep of hot/stir plate: wipe down surface after it cools with a damp sponge.
- Cleaning a hood at the end of class: wipe down the hood with a moist sponge to remove any solid
residue or sand, then dry the hood with a small paper towel. Spills should be cleaned up using
proper techniques during the lab.
- The uncertainty of spilled materials left out: If you spill something, clean it up. If you do not
know how to clean it up, ask your TA. If you spill a large amount of material, consult your TA.
Here are some basics:
Acids: Shake spill neutralizer on this spill until liquid is covered and fizzing stops. Pick
this up by brushing onto a piece of paper and put it into the trash. Use a wet paper towel to
pick up any residue.
Solids: scoop the solid up and put into the solid waste jar. Pick up remaining residue using
a moist paper towel and throw it away in the trash.
- Gloves: Please be aware that nitrile gloves do not provide protection against most organic
solvents. Change gloves every time something has gotten onto the glove, with stress put on
prevention of contamination rather than the gloves providing protection. Wearing the same gloves
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for longer periods of time is not good practice, because many contaminants can diffuse through
the glove over time. Do not touch your face with gloves.
- How to weigh solids: Solid should not be added to a receptacle (weigh boat) that is already on the
scale. The receptacle should be removed from the scale after taring, have solid added to it, then
placed back on the scale for reweighing. Repeat as necessary until desired amount is acquired.
- Proper salt plate cleaning technique: Do not get water on salt plates, they are made of
compressed sodium chloride and will dissolve. After a salt plate is used, the sample should be
wiped from the salt plate using AR acetone (which is acetone of a higher purity) and folded kim-
wipe. Rub the salt plate on/with the acetone moistened kimwipe, then on a dry area of the kim
wipe. Use DCM with extreme caution.
- Use of solvent/acid pumps: Chemical resistant pumps (cost: $600-900) are used in the lab to aid
with dispensing small amounts of liquid reagents. As long as the pump is set to the desired
volume, they accurately dispense even a small amount of liquid.
These flammable (red) and general (yellow) pumps work by gravity. Pull the plunger up,
then release and watch your solvent being dispensed. The acid (green) pumps work by
pressure. Pull the plunger up, then depress the plunger until it stops.
- Using sodium sulfate to dry a liquid: add sodium sulfate(s) to your liquid in small amounts until
the sodium sulfate is free flowing instead of clumping. You do not need to weight sodium sulfate
out, just scoop a little directly into your container.