Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryAssignment Assignment

Make a concept map, timeline or alternative Make a concept map, timeline or alternative notebook which includes a brief history and notebook which includes a brief history and

the progression of organic chemistry.the progression of organic chemistry.

You must include one accidental discovery i.e.: You must include one accidental discovery i.e.: Perkin’s Dye or TeflonPerkin’s Dye or Teflon

This helps us to determine This helps us to determine structure and shape of some structure and shape of some simple organic compounds.simple organic compounds.

http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/DEMOS/Repcmpds.htmlDEMOS/Repcmpds.html

HistoryHistoryhttp://www.angelfire.com/bc2/OrgChem/intro.htmlhttp://www.angelfire.com/bc2/OrgChem/intro.html

The name organic chemistry came from the word organism. Prior to The name organic chemistry came from the word organism. Prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their remains. The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of remains. The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of organic compounds could only be produced within living matter while organic compounds could only be produced within living matter while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. A theory inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. A theory known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from living organisms was known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from living organisms was necessary to make an organic compound. 1828, a German chemist necessary to make an organic compound. 1828, a German chemist Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) amazed the science community by using Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) amazed the science community by using the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate, NHthe inorganic compound ammonium cyanate, NH44OCN to synthesize OCN to synthesize

urea, Hurea, H22NCONHNCONH22, an organic substance found in the urine of many , an organic substance found in the urine of many

animals. This led to the disappearance of the "Vitalism" theory.animals. This led to the disappearance of the "Vitalism" theory.

Today, chemists consider organic compounds to Today, chemists consider organic compounds to be those containing carbon and one or more be those containing carbon and one or more

other elements, most often hydrogen, oxygen, other elements, most often hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or the halogens, but sometimes nitrogen, sulfur, or the halogens, but sometimes others as well. Organic chemistry is defined as others as well. Organic chemistry is defined as

the chemistry of carbon and its compounds.the chemistry of carbon and its compounds.

This web page contains information that willThis web page contains information that will

help you identify important organic chemistryhelp you identify important organic chemistry

compounds, alkyl and aryl groups, as well ascompounds, alkyl and aryl groups, as well as

functional groups that exist in many organicfunctional groups that exist in many organic

chemistry compounds.chemistry compounds.

http://www.miracosta.edu/home/dlr/ocnames.htmhttp://www.miracosta.edu/home/dlr/ocnames.htm

We will learn how to name We will learn how to name some organic compounds.some organic compounds.

Alkane, Alkene, Alkynes, Aromatics,Alkane, Alkene, Alkynes, Aromatics,Alcohols, Esters, Amines, and KetonesAlcohols, Esters, Amines, and Ketones

just to name a few!just to name a few!

There are more carbon compounds than there are There are more carbon compounds than there are compounds of all other elements combined. Plastics, foods, compounds of all other elements combined. Plastics, foods, textiles, and many other common substances contain textiles, and many other common substances contain carbon. With oxygen and a metallic element, carbon forms carbon. With oxygen and a metallic element, carbon forms many important carbonates, such as calcium carbonate many important carbonates, such as calcium carbonate (limestone) and sodium carbonate (soda). Certain active (limestone) and sodium carbonate (soda). Certain active metals react with it to make industrially important carbides, metals react with it to make industrially important carbides, such as silicon carbide, an abrasive known as carborundum, such as silicon carbide, an abrasive known as carborundum, and tungsten carbide, an extremely hard substance used for and tungsten carbide, an extremely hard substance used for rock drills and metalworking tools.rock drills and metalworking tools.

The Uniqueness of Carbon

PolymersPolymersA A polymerpolymer is a large is a large moleculemolecule ( (macromoleculemacromolecule) )

composed of repeating composed of repeating structural unitsstructural units connected by connected by covalentcovalent chemical bondschemical bonds. The word . The word

is derived from the Greek words πολυ (poly), is derived from the Greek words πολυ (poly), meaning "many"; and μέρος (meros), meaning meaning "many"; and μέρος (meros), meaning

"part". Well known examples of polymers include "part". Well known examples of polymers include plasticsplastics, , DNADNA and and proteinsproteins..

While "polymer" in popular usage suggestsWhile "polymer" in popular usage suggests

""plasticplastic", the term actually refers to a large", the term actually refers to a large

class of natural and synthetic materials with aclass of natural and synthetic materials with a

variety of properties and purposes.variety of properties and purposes.

A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part") is a small molecule that may

become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer [1].

A single molecule that has the ability to combine with identical or similar molecules, a

process also known as polymerization.

Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules, or monomers, combine to form larger

molecules, or polymers.

http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit2/U02L01.htm

Natural polymersNatural polymersSynthetic polymersSynthetic polymers

andandBiopolymersBiopolymers

Natural polymer materials such as Natural polymer materials such as shellacshellac and and amberamberhave been in use for centuries. Biopolymers such ashave been in use for centuries. Biopolymers such as

proteinsproteins and and nucleic acidsnucleic acids play crucial roles in play crucial roles inbiological processes. A variety of other natural polymersbiological processes. A variety of other natural polymersexist, such as exist, such as cellulosecellulose, which is the main constituent of, which is the main constituent ofwood and paper. Some common synthetic polymers arewood and paper. Some common synthetic polymers are

BakeliteBakelite, , neopreneneoprene, , nylonnylon, , PVCPVC (polyvinyl chloride), (polyvinyl chloride),polystyrenepolystyrene, , polyacrylonitrilepolyacrylonitrile and and PVBPVB (polyvinyl butyral) (polyvinyl butyral)

Introduction to polymer science by Introduction to polymer science by William ReuschWilliam Reusch

http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/polymers.htmhttp://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/polymers.htm

Use the web site above to match which polymer makes the following products.Use the web site above to match which polymer makes the following products.

Seat covers, filmsSeat covers, filmsLighting covers, signs, skylightsLighting covers, signs, skylightsLatex paints, adhesiveLatex paints, adhesiveFilm wrap, plastic bagsFilm wrap, plastic bagsPipes, siding, flooringPipes, siding, flooringSynthetic rubber oil resistantSynthetic rubber oil resistantToys, cabinets, packaging foamToys, cabinets, packaging foamSimilar to LDPE carpet, upholsterySimilar to LDPE carpet, upholsteryRequires vulcanization for practical useRequires vulcanization for practical useNon-stick surfaces, electrical insulationNon-stick surfaces, electrical insulationElectrical insulation bottles, toysElectrical insulation bottles, toysRugs, blankets, clothingRugs, blankets, clothing

The great number of carbon compounds is possible because of The great number of carbon compounds is possible because of the ability of carbon to form strong covalent bonds to each other the ability of carbon to form strong covalent bonds to each other while also holding the atoms of other nonmetals strongly. Carbon while also holding the atoms of other nonmetals strongly. Carbon atoms have the special property to bond with each other to form atoms have the special property to bond with each other to form chains, ring, spheres, and tubes. Chains of carbon atoms can be chains, ring, spheres, and tubes. Chains of carbon atoms can be

thousands of atoms long, as in polyethylene.thousands of atoms long, as in polyethylene.

Polyethylene chain:Polyethylene chain:

H H H H H H H HH H HH H H H H H H HH H H

| | | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | | |H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-etc.H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-etc. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H HH H H H H H H H H H HH H H H H H H H H

Another model of Another model of polyethylenepolyethylene

------>------>

Teflon, a product advertised as making life easy, is also used in a different form to keep stains off carpets and clothing. DuPont calls these products the housewives'

best friend. Teflon and the chemicals used in its production have grown into a $2 billion-a-year industry.

This includes ammonium perfluorooctanoate, known as C-8, which has been linked to cancer, organ damage and

other health effects in tests on laboratory animals.

In two to five minutes on a conventional stovetop, cookware coated with Teflon and other non-stick surfaces can exceed temperatures at which the

coating breaks apart and emits toxic particles and gases linked to hundreds, perhaps thousands, of pet

bird deaths and an unknown number of human illnesses each year, according to tests commissioned

by Environmental Working Group (EWG).

Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain

and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of

adjacent amino acid residues.

Proteins are probably the most important class of biochemical molecules, although of

course lipids and carbohydrates are also essential for life. Proteins are the basis for the

major structural components of animal and human tissue.

PROTEIN

BiodegardableBiodegardable

Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may

be broken down by other living organisms. Waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms may

be called non-biodegradable.

Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste (sometimes called

biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Other biodegradable wastes include human

waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste.

NonbiodegradableNonbiodegradableSubstance that cannot be broken down in the environment

by natural processess.

This is a list for "non biodegrdable materials" .... * Plastic

Plastic is made from petrol, and petrol can not degrade in the nature very easily.

* Nylon Nylon is made from plastic also.

* Tin cans Tin cans are very bad for the nature.

NylonNylonNylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic

polymers known generically as polyamides and first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. Nylon is one of the most commonly used

polymers.

Structural IsomersStructural Isomers

Isomers are classified as structural isomers, which have theIsomers are classified as structural isomers, which have thesame number of atoms of each element in them and the samesame number of atoms of each element in them and the sameatomic weight but differ in the arrangement of atoms in theatomic weight but differ in the arrangement of atoms in themolecule. For example, there ware two compounds with themolecule. For example, there ware two compounds with the

molecular formula Cmolecular formula C22HH66O. One is ethanol (also called ethylO. One is ethanol (also called ethyl

alcohol), CHalcohol), CH33CHCH22OH, a colorless liquid alcohol; the other isOH, a colorless liquid alcohol; the other is

dimethyl ether, CHdimethyl ether, CH33OCHOCH33, a colorless gaseous ether. Among, a colorless gaseous ether. Among

their different properties, ethanol has a boiling point of 78.5°Ctheir different properties, ethanol has a boiling point of 78.5°Cand a freezing point of -117°C; dimethyl ether has a boilingand a freezing point of -117°C; dimethyl ether has a boilingpoint of -25°C and a freezing point of -138°C. Ethanol andpoint of -25°C and a freezing point of -138°C. Ethanol anddimethyl ether are isomers because they differ in the way thedimethyl ether are isomers because they differ in the way the

atoms are joined together in their molecules.atoms are joined together in their molecules.