organic chemistry all living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: h, o, n, c “honk”...
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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
• All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C “honk”
• Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories:
• Inorganic Compounds:– Do not contain carbon
• Organic compounds– Contain significant amounts of carbon.– Often found with common "functional
groups"
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Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” of Chemistry.Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” of Chemistry.
• Carbon is essential to life for several reasons:– It can form strong stable
(usually non-polar) covalent bonds
– It can form up to 4 chemical bonds
– It can form multiple bonds
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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds
• Organic Compounds often form Polymers
• Long chains of smaller molecules (not atoms) called monomers, bind to form huge Macromolecules
• 4 Types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic acids
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen
• Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O )
• Following ratio of elements CnH2nOn
• Sugars: Provide immediate energy for cells
• Simple sugars include Glucose & Fructose since these are made of only 1 Carbohydrate molecule they are known as Monosaccharides
Glucose: A Monosaccharide
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Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis
• Monosaccharides can be linked together through the process of Dehydration Synthesis– Water is removed from 2 monocaccharides - resulting in a
covalent bond between the 2 molecules
• Sucrose (table sugar) is made of 2 sugars linked together and these are called Disaccharides
• Require some digestion to be used by cells
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HydrolysisHydrolysis
• Dehydration synthesis is a reversible process Called Hydrolysis.
• A water molecule is inserted where the monomers join. Breaking their bonds.
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Dehydration Synthesis SimplifiedDehydration Synthesis Simplified
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Hydrolysis SimplifiedHydrolysis Simplified
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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess• Starches are many monosaccharides linked
together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides.– Plants use Starch for energy storage e.g. Potatoes– Two types of starches
• Amylose - Long strait unbranched chains• Pectins - many linked short Amylose chains
Starch
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CelluloseCellulose
• Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains• Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible• Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide
subunits, digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them
Cellulose
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GlycogenGlycogen
• Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide• Animals use this for short-term energy storage.• Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to
fat
Glycogen
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LipidsLipids• Lipids are
macromolecules including Fats, Waxes and Oils.
• Primary function is energy storage.
• Energy is stored in C-H bonds.
• More efficient in storing energy
• Lipids are made of 2 parts
• Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule
• 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains
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Dehydration Synthesis of a Dehydration Synthesis of a LipidLipid
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Hydrolysis of a Hydrolysis of a LipidLipid
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Types of fatsTypes of fats• Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds• Unsaturated fats have double bonds• Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
– Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.
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Other Other LipidsLipids
• 4 Other types of biologically important Lipids– Phospholipids - Important for membrane structure– Steroids - eg. Cholesterol & testosterone. Provide
membrane support / serve as hormones– Terpenes - serve as important components of
pigments– Prostaglandins - appear to act like localized
hormones to induce cellular/tissue responses
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ProteinsProteins
• Proteins are made of Amino Acids• There are 20 different amino acids. Each having a
similar general structure - Differ only in their “R” groups
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Peptide Peptide BondsBonds• Amino acids form proteins via dehydration synthesis
forming peptide bonds• Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides• More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides -
polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long
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Dehydration Dehydration synthesissynthesis
of a proteinof a protein
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Hydrolysis of a Hydrolysis of a ProteinProtein
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Protein StructureProtein Structure
• Protein types include globular proteins which are usually enzymes and Fiberous proteins which usually serve for structure (eg. Hair)
• Proteins Exhibit 4 “levels of structure.
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Primary StructurePrimary Structure
• Primary Structure of a protein is it’s sequence of amino acids
• Primary Structure dictates all further levels of protein structure
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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
• The Sequence (primary structure) causes parts of a protein molecule to fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes - this is a protein’s Secondary Structure.
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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure
• The protein then can compact and twist on itself to form a mass called it’s Tertiary Structure
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Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure
• Several Proteins then can can combine and form a protein’s Quaternary Structure
• Various conformations are usually caused by the formation of hydrogen or disulfide bonds.
• PH, changes or heat can disrupt these bonds, permanently denaturing the protein.
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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
• Two types of Nucleic acids
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)• DNA is Formed of in a
"Double Helix" - like a spiral staircase.
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NucleotidesNucleotides
• DNA is formed from Nucleotides
• These are made of 3 components– A 5-Carbon Sugar– A Nitrogenous base– A Phosphate group
• Nucleotides form a backbone through linkages from the OH group of the 3rd carbon to a phosphate group of the adjoining nucleotide. These are called Phosphodiester bonds
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Types of Types of NucleotidesNucleotides• For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides categorized as either
Purines (double ring) or Pyramidines (single ringed). These are usually represented by a letter. These Are:
• Adenine (A)• Cytosine (C)• Guanine (G)• Thymine (T)
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Base Pairing Base Pairing RulesRules
• Each "Rung" of the DNA "staircase" is formed by the linking of 2 Nucleotides through Hydrogen Bonds.
• These Hydrogen bonds form only between specific Nucleotides. This is known as Base Pairing. The rules are as follows:– Adenine (A) will ONLY bond to Thymine (T)– Cytosine (C) will ONLY bond to Guanine (G)
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Summary of DNA Summary of DNA StructureStructure
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RNARNA• AKA ribonucleic acid• RNA differs from DNA in
several important ways.• It is much smaller• It is single-stranded• It does NOT contain
Thymine, but rather a new nucleotide called Uracil which will bind to Adenine.
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ATPATP • Short for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. ATP is
closely related to nucleic acids.• Composed of Ribose, Adenine & a
phosphate group• Phosphate group has ability to
bind/release additional phosphate group allowing it to store or release energy