Organic Chemistry

(Chapter 3)

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. 

Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living thingsInorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

Some organic molecules

Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

alcohols

acids

bases

Also....ALKANE

 consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds C- C- C -C -C

ALKENE  

consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond  C = C - C

ALKYNE

consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

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The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right

One carbon chain, single bonds;  2 functional groups

ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

Reaction Types

•Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water

•Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O

•Endergonic - requires the input of energy

•Exergonic - releases energy•Redox - electron transfer reactions

           

Oxidation Involves LossReduction Involves Gain

OIL   RIG

MACROMOLECULES -   Monomers link together to form polymers  

Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together

Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

Redox Reactions Explained

Some Molecules

Not a dehydration reaction

MACROMOLECULES important to life

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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1. CARBOHYDRATES•monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose•disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and

lactose•polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of

monosaccharides•starch (plants)  and glycogen (animals) are energy storage

polymers•cellulose & chitin are structural polymers              

2. Lipids 

Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* 

Fats* & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids 

Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection

Phospholipids - 

Important structural component of the cell membrane 

Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature

Lipids and Fatty Acids

3.  Proteins

Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also called polypeptides

Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue

Support |  Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later

There are 20 known amino acids

Proteins

Proteins have four shapes1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous)4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

Nucleic Acids

• Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)

   Each nucleotide consists of:

1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2.  A phosphate3.  A nitrogen base            - adenine            - thymine            - guanine            - cytosine            - uracil (in RNA)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

MATCHINGa.  carbohydrate     b.  lipidsc.  protein               d.  nucleic acids

1.  contains adenine and thymine2.  lactose3.  chains of amino acids4.  long term energy storage5.  cholesterol6.  chains of fatty acids and glycerol7.  plant cell walls