With your teachers: Natasha and Delaney

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Prefixes and suffixes of Alkanes• Refer back to this when you hit the naming slides• Prefixes for the amount of carbon in a strand• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta,

8=octa, 9=nona, 10=deca

• Alkanes• The suffix/ending=ane• Suffix/ ending for branches=‘yl’• Prefixes for the branches (also goes by the amount of carbon)• 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta,

8=octa, 9=nona, 10=deca

Prefix and suffixes of Halo groups• Prefix for the amount of carbon in the strand• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta,

8=octa, 9=nona, 10=deca

• Branches (which consist of chluorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine• Cl=chloro, I=Iodo, Br=Bromo, F=Fluoro

Prefixes and suffixes of Alkenes and Alkynes• Prefixes to the amount of carbon in the chain• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta,

8=octa, 9=nona, 10=deca

• Prefixes for the branches (also goes by amount of carbon)• 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta,

8=octa, 9=nona, 10=deca

• Alkene:• Suffix/ending= ene• Suffix/ending for branches= yl

• Alkyne• Suffix/ending=yne• Suffix/ending for branches=yl

Prefixes and Suffixes for others• Aldehydes: suffix=al• Ethers: suffix= oxy• Ketone: suffix=one• Amines: prefix= amino• Amides: suffix=amide• Carboxylic acid: suffix=anic acid

Alkanes• A straight chained, single bonded carbons• Ex: C-C-C-C

• The general formula is CnH2n+2

• The general formula is used to help find the amount of H’s• Example: You have C4 how many H’s are there?

• Well, the 4 represents the n, so plug the 4 into the equation where ever there is an n and do the math kids!

• Answer: there would be H10

Naming Alkanes•When naming an alkane there is a different suffix used at the end of a prefix which is ‘ane’• Looking at the first slide there is a table of what prefix is used to how much carbons are in a chain• Example: if there is are 5 carbons in a chain what would be the

prefix?• Penta

• Now lets look at how to name some types of branched alkanes• There are 3 steps when naming a branched alkane• 1) Find the longest continuous C chain and name it• 2)Note and number the position of the branch• 3) Name the branch (ending is ‘yl’)• 4) Then name the hydrocarbon

Branched Alkanes #1

• 1) the longest carbon chain is highlighted which is 4 carbons=butane

• 2) The position of the branch is on the second carbon, since you want to go by the lowest number position• 3) Since the branched carbon has only 1 carbon, the name of the branched carbon would be methyl• 4)Naming the hydrocarbon you want to take the answers from step 2-3-1 which should look like this: 2-methylbutane

Branched Alkanes #2• 1) The longest carbon chain contains 8 carbons w = octane•

• 2) The position of the branch is on the 3rd carbon carbon• 3) The name of the branch has 1 carbon=methyl• 4) The hydrocarbon name= 3-methyloctane•

Branched Alkanes #3

• 1) the longest chain has 8=octane• 2)the branch is on the 4th carbon• 3) there are 2 carbons in the branch=ethyl

Branched Alkanes #4 1) the longest branch has 7 carbons=heptane

2) Number the position of the branches going f from lowest position =2,2,4,6 (there are t two 2’s two 2’s because 2 branches are on t the 2nd carbon

3)1 carbon branch=methyl

-1 carbon branch=methyl

-2carbon branch=ethyl

1-carbon branch=methyl

Con’t branched alkanes #4• Since there are 2 different types of branches (ethyl and methyl) you want to start in alphabetically• So first you would have the 4-ethyl: since the 4 is the position

and ethyl is the prefix for the 2 carbons in the branch• Next you want to list all the positions of the same # carbon

branch (which is the methyl).So: 2-2-6-trimethyl• The tri prefix represents that there are 3 methyl's (1+1+1=3 which

is tri)

• Finally you want to put the heptane at the end

• The final answer is 4-ethyl-2-2-6-trimethylheptane

1 carbon (methane)•When you have 1 carbon…..• The structural formula=

• The molecular formula= CH4

• Why Because around the 1 carbon there are 4 H’s thus the CH4

• The condensed formula= CH4

• Why? Because the condensed formula looks at the groups of CH’s instead of the amount of C and H by itself. Since there is only one hydrocarbon group it will have the same answer as the molecular formula.

• Line formula= Doesn’t have one

2 carbons (Ethane)•When you have 2 carbons…..• The structural formula=

• The molecular formula=C2H6

• Why? Because the molecular focuses on the amount of the C and the H by itself. Do the math and you should have C2 and H6

• The condensed formula: CH3CH3

• Why? Because when looking at the structural formula you are looking for the groups of CH’s. There are 2 groups and each C is surrounded by 3 H, thus CH3CH3

• The line formula=

• Why? Because there are 2 carbons which equals to 2 points

3 carbons(Propane)•When you have 3 carbon…..• The structural formula=

• Molecular formula=C3H8

• Why? Because there are 3 individual C’s and 8 individual H’s

• Condensed formula=CH3 CH2CH3

• Why? Because when looking at the structural formula, you are looking for the groups of CH’s. There are 3 groups of CH’s, the first and last C have 3 H’s surrounding them (CH3) and the middle C, since it already has a bond between the other 2 carbons is only able to hold 2 H’s (CH2).

• Line formula=

• Why? Because there are three C’s which equals to 3 points

4 carbons(Butane)•When you have 4 carbons…..• The structural formula=

• The molecular formula=C4H10• Why? Because there are 4 individuals C’s and 10 individuals

H’s

• The condensed formula=CH3CH2CH2CH3• Why? The first and last group have 3 H’s surrounding the C’s

hence the CH3 and the 2 middle C’s are bonded to the C’s on either side only giving room to bond with 2 H’s hence the CH2

• Line formula=

• Why? Because there are 4 carbons thus 4 points

Questions• Name the following hydrocarbons:• 1) Answer: 3-methylhexane

• 2) Answer: 3-methlyheptane

• 3) Answer: 2-methylhexane

• 4) Answer: 3,4-dimethylheptane

Questions• Draw the following:• 1) 4-proplynonane 3) 3-ethylheptane

• 2) 4-ethyl-2-methyloctane 4) 3,4-diethylhexane

Alkanes in everyday life• 1) commercial fuels (propane)• 2) Components of gasoline (pentane)• 3) Natural gas (methane)• 4) In plant hormones• 5) Paraffin wax

Isomers• Compounds which have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms• Each structural isomer has a set of chemical and physical properties which differ form those of other isomers with the same chemical formula

• Ex) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or

• Ex) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or

Isomer questions• 1) Write the condensed structure and name for the three structural isomers having the molecular formula C5H12.

• Answers: • pentane: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 methylbutane:

• Dimethylpropane:

• 2) Write the condensed structure and name for the two structural isomers that involve a single methyl group attached to hexane.• Answers:• 2-methylhexane:

• 3-methylhexane:

Cyclo Alkane• They are hydrocarbon chains that are connected in a ‘head to tail’ format

• The general formula=CnH2n

• So if you have C5, how many H’s would you have• Plug in the 5 for the n, and times it by 2• Answer=H10

Naming

• Ex)

• Cyclopropane• Why? Since there is no branches, the cyclo is first in the name. In the picture

there are 3 carbons=prop as well since this group is part of the alkane group the ending is ‘ane’

• Ex)

• Methlycyclotetrane• Note: when there is an attachment on a cyclo single bond: you do not use

numbers to indicate its position.

• Why? Because since there is a branch (and it only has 1 carbon making it methyl) it is placed at the beginning of the name. To follow is cyclo and lastly since there are 4 carbons in the main chain it equals to tetra and the ending would be ‘ane’

Cyclopropane•When you have cyclopropane…..• The structural formula=

• The molecular formula=C3H6

• The condensed formula=CH2CH2CH2

• The line formula=

Cyclobutane•When you have cyclobutane…..• The structural formula:

• The molecular formula=C4H8

• The condensed formula=CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2

• The line formula=

Questions• Name the following• 1) Answer: methylcyclopropane

• 2) Answer: ethylcyclohexane

• Draw the following• 1) propylcyclopropane 2)methylcyclohexane

Everyday use• 1) pharmaceutical drugs• 2) important components of food

Alkyl halides(halo groups)• Cholorpropyl• The structural formula:

• The molecular formula: C3H7Cl

• The condensed formula: CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl

• Line formula:

Halo groups• Fluoroethyl• The structural formula:

• Molecular formula:C2H4F

• Condensed formula: CH3CH2F

• Line formula:

Drawing Halo• Chloroethane= CH3-CH2-Cl

• Why there are 2 carbons=ethane and there is only 1 chloro

• Fluorocyclopentane=

• Why since the structure is closed it is a cyclo, the F=fluro and there are 5 carbons=pentane

Naming Halo groups• CH3-Cl=Chloromethane• Why? Because one carbon=methane and one Halo alkyl

(Cl)=Choloro

• 2-fluoropropane

• Why? 3 carbons=propane, 1 F=fluoro and the alkyl is on the 2nd carbon

• 2-bromo-1,4-diiodobutane• Why? Carbons=butane, 2 groups of I=diiodo, 1 group of

Br=bromo and the Alkyls are on the 1st, 2nd and 4th carbon. Remember when writing the name you want to go in alphabetical order

Questions• Draw the following• 1) 1,2-dichloroehtane Answer: Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl• 2) 1-iodo-4-methylpentane Answer:

• Name the following• 1) Answer: 1,3,5-

tribromocyclohexane

• 2) Answer: 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethane

Everyday uses• Chloroform: an anesthetic• Chlorofluorocarbons: used in refrigerators

Alkenes• An alkene is an organic compound containing a carbon-carbon double bond• Their general formula=CnH2n• Alkenes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because the have less hydrogen atoms equivalent to alkanes. On contrast, alkanes are saturated because they hold the max number of hydrogen's

Naming• CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3=2-hexene

• Why? There are 6 carbons=hexa, drop the a and add ene. The 2 represent which carbon the double bond starts from

• 2-methyl-1-butene• Why? There are 4 carbons=butene. The 1 represents where the double

bond starts from. The methyl is the branch and the 2 represents which carbon the branch is off of• 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentene• Why? The 3,3 represents which carbon the

branch is off o of, since there are 2 methyl's (di methyl) off the same f carbon that’s why there is 3,3. The 1 represents where the double bond begins and the structure is closed so that’s why there is the cyclo. Lastly since there are 5 carbons=pentene•

Drawing• 2-butene= CH3-CH=CH-CH3• Why? There are 4 carbons= butene, and the 2 represents

where the double bond begins

• 3-methly-3-hexene Why? The 3 represents where the branch is and since the bran branch only has 1 carbon=methyl. The 3 in front of the hexene represents where the double bond begins and since there are 6 carbons=hexene

2,2-dibromo-3-iodo-4-propyl-1-hexene

Why? There are 2 bromo’s(dibromo) on the 2nd carbon d second carbon which is why it is 2,2. there is an iodo on the 3rd carbon, a propyl on the 4th carbon and 1 represents the double bond starting at the 1st carbon. Since there 6 carbons=hexene

Questions• Draw the following:

• 1) 3-hexene: CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2CH3

• 2) 3,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene:

• 3) 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene

Questions• Name the following:

• 1) CH3-CH=CH-CH3 Answer: 2-butene

• 2) Answer: 1,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclobutene

• 3) Answer: 3-methyl-3-hexene

Everyday uses• Used to artificially ripen fruit• Extremely important in the manufacturing of plastics

Alkynes • Are organic compounds that contain a triple bond

• Their general formula=CnH2n-2

• Alkynes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because the have less hydrogen atoms equivalent to alkanes. On contrast, alkanes are saturated because they hold the max number of hydrogen's

Naming• When naming the ending of the prefix becomes “yne”• Ex) 2-butyne• Why? There are 4 carbons=butyne and the

triple bond begins on the 2nd carbon

Ex) 5,6-dimethyl-1-cyclooctyne

Why? The 5, 6 represent the carbon that the branches are on. And since there are 2 methyls=dimethyl. The 1 represents on what carbon the triple bond starts from, the cyclo=it’s a closed structure and there are 8 carbons=octyne

Naming

•

• 1,3,4-tribromo-2-chloro-3-fluoro-2-iodo-4-propyl-3-hexene• Why? On the 1st, 3rd and 4th carbon there are bromo

(3=tribromo). On the 2nd carbon there is a chloro and an iodo hence the 2 in front of chloro and iodo. On the 3rd carbon there is a fluoro branch. On the 4th branch there is also a chain of 3 carbons=proply. The 3 represents the triple bond starting from the 3rd carbon. And since there is 6 carbons=hexene.

Drawing• 1-heptyne• Why? The 1 represents where the triple bond starts and since

there are 7 carbons=heptyne

• Cyclopropyne• Why? Since it’s a closed structure it has the cyclo in the

name and since there are 3 carbons=propyne

• 3,6-diethyl-2-methyl-4-octyne• Why? Remember when naming you want to go in

alphabetical order. The 3, 6 represent the carbons where the branch ethyl in on. Since there are 2 branches of ethyl's=diethyls. Next the 2 represents the carbon where the methyl is on. The 4 represents where the triple bond starts from and since there are 8 carbons=octyne

Questions• Name the following:• 1) Answer: 3-methyl-4-octyne

• 2) Answer: 3-hexyne

• 3) Answer:1,1-dibromo-2,2-difluoro-1-propyne

Questions(draw the following)1)2-methyl-1-pentyne

• 2)2,2-diethyl-3-pentyne

• 3)Cyclooctyne

Everyday uses• Used for metal cutting and wielding• Can be used as an illuminant

alcohols• Organic compounds that contain –OH•When naming:• Make sure the branch number of the alcohol is before the

parent chain (the longest carbon chain) name• Number the branch carbons from the lowest carbon position• The ending of the branch name drops the ‘e’ and an ‘ol’ is

added

Functional groups• A specific group of atoms which exists in molecules and gives a molecule an ability to react in a specific manner or giver it special properties•Why is alcohol is there own functional group? Because they consist of OH’s where as hydrocarbons consist of H’s and C’s.

Naming alcohols• CH3-OH= methanol• Why? 1 carbon=methane but drop the e and add ol

• 2-butanol

• Why? 4 carbons=butane but drop the e and add ol. And the 2 represents what carbon the branch is on

Drawing alcohols

• 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butanol• Why? It’s on the 4th carbon because you cannot make the

carbon 1 when it’s has a fluoro surrounding it. The 3 F’s give the tri in front of the fluoro. 4 carbons= butane drop the e and add ol and the 2 represents the OH on the 2nd carbon.

• 2-propanol• Why? 3 carbons=propane, drop the e and add ol and the 2

represents the OH on the second carbon

Questions• Name the following:• 3-methyl-1-butane

• 2-methyl-2-propanol

Questions• Draw the following:

Everyday uses of alcohols• Ethanol: it is the least toxic of the alcohols and is used in perfumes to stop the plant and animal extracts from going off• Cleaners: gets rid of bacteria and oil, can also be used as mouth wash• Antiseptic: is safer on skin because it works at lower levels of concentration• Sedative: preparing patients for surgery

Other functional groups• Aldehydes: an organic compound containing C=O• Group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain

• Ex) =methanal• Why? One carbon=methane, and c=o group at end gives ‘al’

ending so you have to drop the e to add it

• Ex) =2-methylpentanal• Why? Five carbons=pentane (drop the e), the CHO gives ‘al’

ending, and the branch is on the 2nd carbon (1 branch carbon=methyl).• Real life uses • Manufacture of resins, dyes and organic acids

• Formaldehyde can be used to preserve dead animals

Other functional groups• Ketones: an organic compound containing C=O• Grouped at any position other than at the end of a hydrocarbon chain

• Ex) propanone• Why? 3carbons=propane(drop the e) and the C=O gives ‘one’ ending

• Ex) cyclohexanone• Why? 6 carbons=hexane(drop the e), the C=O gives ‘one’ ending

and since the structure is head to tail (closed) it’s a cyclo

• Real life uses • Acetone: used to remove nail polish• Butanone: added to commercial bottles of cleaning alcohol so it

makes it undrinkable and seller can avoid it being taxed as an alcoholic beverage

Other Functional Groups• Ethers: a compound in which an oxygen joins 2 hydrocarbons• Ex) ethoxyethane• Why? Before the oxygen there are 2 carbons=eth, oxygen is in

the middle=oxy and after the oxygen there are 2 carbons=ethane

• Ex) 1-methoxy-3,3-dimethylbutane

• Why? 4 carbons=butane, branches on 3rd carbon (since there is 2 on the same it becomes 3,3) also because there are 2 methyl branches it becomes dimethyl. Oxygen-I carbon =meth(oxy) because its on the first carbon

• Everday uses • Sedative: main ingerdient in morphines• Industrial purposes: ethoxyehtane is quite volatie and can be

used as a started fluid for diseasel engines and gasoline enginges in cold weather

Other Functional Groups• Amines: organic compound that contains an NH2 group

• Ex) CH3-CH2-NH2=aminoethane

• Why? 2 carbons=ethane and 1 NH2=amino

• Ex) NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2=1,4-diaminobutane

• Why? 4 carbons=butane, the branches of NH2 are on the 1st and 4th carbon, and since there are two NH2 it becomes diamino.

• Everyday uses • For solubilizing herbicides• Fabric softeners

Other Functional Groups• Amides: organic comppounds that contain CONH2(pic)

• Ex) CH3-CONH2= ethanamide

• Why 2 carbons-ehtane drop the e and add –amide since there is only 1 CONH2

• Ex) 3,3-dimethylbutanamide• Why 4 carbons=butane drop the e and add –amid since there

is only 1 CONH2. Since there are 2 methyl on the 3rd carbon, it becomes dimethyl and that’s why there 3,3 since there are 2 methyls on the 3rd carbon.

• Everyday uses:• Polyacryamide: treatment of drinking and sewage water• Polyacryamide: used in paper industry since it is used as a

binder and rententions aids for fibers. It also retains the coour pigmnet on the paper

Other Functional groups• Carboxylic acid: organic acids are organic compounds that contain COOH

• Ex) CH3-COOH ethanoic acid

• Why 2 carbons=ethane drop the e and add –oic acid since there is only 1 COOH

• Ex) 2-aminopropanoic acid• Why 3 carbons=propane drop the e and add –oic acid since

there is only 1 COOH. 1 NH2=amino and the amino is on the 2nd carbon.• Note: amino acids are carboxylic acid with an amino on 2nd

carbon (NH2)

• Everyday uses• Acetic acid: found in vinegar• Methanoic acid: found in many insect stings

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