organic cereal crop production - the north farm
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Upper Peninsula Research and Extension Center
Organic Cereal Crop Production
Presented by:Christian Kapp, MSU AgBioResearch
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Grains grown in Michigan
Wheat (Soft red winter, soft white winter, hard red spring)
Oats Barley Rye Spelt Triticale Ancient grains (Einkorn, Emmer)
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Uses Flour Straw Animal feed Cover crops Artisanal purpose
Forage Green manure
(plowdown) Distilling Malt
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Challenges
Climate Weeds Soil type Fertility Insects Disease Lack of equipment Storage
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First step
Secure a market! Contract? Have a plan B
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Variety selection
Refer to regional variety trial data Consult with end user Spread your risk
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ESBN Yield across location7
Varietal yield (bu/ac) across location
Hickory Corners Posen Chatham
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Field selection
Small grains prefer well drained soils-sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam
Soil pH range from 6 to 8 Some have low tolerance of acidic soils
(barley)
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Crop rotations Well planned crop
rotation important.
Continuous small grain production is BAD.
Why? Leads to higher incidence of disease and insects.
Small grain following legume best.
Small grain grown after corn can lead to an increase of FHB.
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Planting Plant as soon as soil
conditions allow Early planting leads to
higher yields and lower crude protein
Plant 0.5 to 1.5 inches deep
Target is 1 inch Use high end on
seeding rate
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Soil Fertility
Healthy soils key
Don’t guess soil test!
How much N?
Based on yield goal, previous crop grown
Small grain responds well to N.
Use legumes, compost, manure, commercial organic fertilizer- Bio-Ag, Fertrell
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Weed Control Weeds are nutrient, moisture and sunlight takers
Make it difficult at harvest – grain heating, seedcontamination
Control through previous years management
Tine weeder
Early planting
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Insects Cereal leaf beetle main insect pest
Threshold is 3 larva/stem before boot stage.
After boot stage, 1 larva/flag leaf.
Always protect the flag leaf!! Factory for grain fill
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Feekes Stages14
Flag leaf
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Disease Most severe disease is
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB)
Fungal disease that infects kernels.
Develops mycotoxins (DON)
FDA regulated 1 ppm DON on finished
wheat products for human 10 ppm DON on grains
and grain by-products for cattle
5 ppm DON on grains and grain by-products destined for swine
Favorable environment 75 to 85 F
Spores carried by wind or splashed by rain.
Control through resistant varieties crop rotation, tillage
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Harvesting Target moisture, 13.5% Grain harvested above 13.5 % has to be
dried. Beard removal can be challenging Slow cylinder speeds, adjust concave Can be harvested at 18% but watch for
kernel damage, slow both reel and ground speed
Dry with cool aeration If no storage, transport to end user/feed
mill Can be stored on concrete floor IF correct
moisture-will have issue with rodents/insects
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UPREC Research Overview
Small grains (conventional mgt) in UPREC research program for 15+ years- oats, barley, spring wheat, winter wheat
Last 5 years have focused on malting barley-msue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/malting_barley
Started organic grain research in 2017 focusing on available varieties/species, weed control and fertility
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UPREC Malting Barley Laboratory
Crude protein Germination- GE, GC Kernel assortment Pre-harvest sprout DON screen
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Thank you! 19