organ systems of the toad reviewer
DESCRIPTION
A reviewer made for Bio 11TRANSCRIPT
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Organ Systems of the Toad
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Digestive System
• Function of nutrition (ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion)
• Both physical and mechanical breakdown of food
• Amoeba and Paramecium – formation of a food vacuole
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Incomplete Digestive System
• Mouth serves as entrance of food and exit of waste materials
• Chlonorchis and Fasciola – trematodes; with 2 suckers for attachment to host
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Cockroach Digestive System
• Esophagus
• Crop
• Gizzard
• Intestinal caeca
• Midgut
• Mapighian tubules
• Hindgut
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Complete Digestive System
• Coelom -> pericardial cavity and pleuro-peritoneal cavity
• Pleuro-peritoneal cavity– Body wall lining: parietal peritoneum
– Viscera lining: visceral peritoneum
• Mesenteries – suspend the viscera from the body wallo Mesogaster – suspends stomach
o Mesorecturm – suspends large intestine (rectum)
o Mesenterium – suspends small intestine (ileum)
• Omentum – connect viscera
o Gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum – connects the stomach, liver, duodenum
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Buccal Cavity
• Maxillary teeth
• Tongue
• Esophageal opening
• Glottis
• Opening to vocal sacs (males only)
• Choanae/internal nares
• Vomerine teeth
• Opening to Eustachian tube
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Digestive Tube
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Pyloric sphincter
• Small intestine
– Duodenum
– Ileum
• Large intestine
• Cloaca
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Digestive Glands
• Liver – Largest gland in the body
– Secretes bile
• Gall bladder– Stores bile
– Drained by cystic duct
• Pancreas– Within gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum
– Secretes pancreatic juice
• Common bile duct – union of cystic duct, hepatic ducts, pancreatic ducts
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Respiratory System
• Facilitates the exchange of gases between the organism and its environment
• Derived from the integument of the lining of the digestive tube
• Permeable, highly vascularized, in contact with medium rich in oxygen
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Aquatic Respiratory Systems
• Gills
• Gill arches
• Pharyngeal clefts
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Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
• Tracheal system – provide oxygen directly to tissues
• Tracheal trunk
• Spiracles - openings
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Excretory System
• Excretion of waste substances
• Protonephridia – lower metazoans
• Metanephridia – annelids
• Nephridia – mollusks
• Green glands – crustaceans
• Malpighian tubules – insects, arachnids (uric acid crystals)
• Kidneys - vertebrates
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Kidneys
• Retroperitoneal
• Lie in cisterna magna
• Drained by mesonephric/Wolffian duct (toads) or ureter (mammals)
• Drains into urinary bladder which stores urine before releasing it into the cloaca
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Mammalian Kidney
• Cortex– Renal corpuscles
– tubules
• Medulla– Collecting tubules
• Renal pelvis• Expanded beginning of ureter
• Hilus• Concavity containing the
blood vessels (renal artery and vein)
*renal pyramid – made up of collecting tubules and renal papilla
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Circulatory System
• Transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and other substances to the different parts of the body
• Assists in homeostasis
• Not present in lower metazoans
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Open Circulatory System
• Aorta
• Heart– With lateral ostia guarded by
valves to prevent backflow
– Located in the pericardial sinus
– Ventral wall is called the dorsal diaphragm
• Trachea (respiratory system)
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Closed Circulatory System
CONUS ARTERIOSUS
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Arterial System
COELIACOMESENTERIC ARTERY
COELIAC ARTERY
PULMOCUTANEOUS ARTERY
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Venous System
ANTERIOR VENA CAVA
POSTERIOR VENA CAVA
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Mammalian Heart
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Nervous System• Perceive and transmit stimuli, coordinate and integrate
the functions of the different organ systems
1. Nerve Net – coelenterates
– Impulses transmitted in all directions from the point of stimulations
2. Ladder – flatworms
– Cephalization present
3. Ganglionic – arthropods & mollusks
– Ventral nerve cord and cerebral ganglia
4. Tubular – vertebrates
–Hollow nerve tube
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Types of Nervous Systems
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Frog Brain
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
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Frog Brain Vesicles
• 1st and 2nd lateral vesicles
• 3rd ventricle
• Opticoels
• Aqueduct of Sylvius
• 4th Ventricle
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Huling hirit• Importante ang blood tracing, sabihin ang lahat ng
vessels na dinadaanan ng dugo pag pinatrace kayo. Alam niyo na dapat kung ano yung nagsusupply o nagdedrain ng mga parte ng katawan ng toad.
• Kung napansin niyo, ito lang rin yung nasa manual, kaya magbasa kayo ng manual ok? Andun naman halos lahat ng sagot, maliban sa answers to questions nadapat sinagutan niyo na.
• Hindi ko sinama yung sa nervous system masyado, ipapasa niyo pa kasi sa akin yun sa exam date.
• Sa exam mismo, basahin niyo ng mabuti yungquestions.
• Good luck sa inyong lahat! See you in Bio 12.