oreal project 2015
TRANSCRIPT
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PROJECT REPORT
ON
“A Study of the Attitudes of buyer’s towards
Hair care products of L’orea!"ar#ier$
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The application of the four Ps (Product, Price, Promotion, and Place) of marketing revolves mainly around the customers in the target segment. The
target segment for any product is that homogeneous group of people which is
purported to be the most potential customer for the product. The market follows
the Pareto Principle, which says that 8 per cent of the sales come from ! per
cent of the people. Thus, for any product, one of the ma"or tasks of marketers is
to identify the group of ! per cent that gives 8 per cent revenue of that
product#s sale to the company. $o surprise then that ma"or marketing efforts of
companies attempt to attract the most potential group.
This pro"ect is an e%tensive study of the &Ps analysis of the 'arnier products.
This detailed study helped us in understanding the Price% Pace% Product a#d
Pro&otio# aspect of the 'arnier products. fter having done this study was
able to identify the pricing strategies followed by *#+real in terms of their
product along with their promotional strategy in the $- region.
This case study also helps in getting an overview of the ndian hair care market
scenario, its growth trends, future prospects and opportunities available.
*+real is one of the most successful nternational premium brands in ndia.
This /rench brand came to ndia in 1001 with its ltra 2ou% range of 3hampoo
through its gent *aboratories 'arnier. n 100& *aboratories 'arnier became
the 14 subsidiary of *+r5al.
n ! *#+real launched its range of cosmetics in to ndian market. The ndian
osmetic and skin care market is estimated to be around 67 illion. n this
market the olor osmetic segment is around -s !9 crore while the 3kin care
segment is estimated to be around -s & crore.
*+r5als strategy is to evolve "ar#ier into a master brand, stretching across
categories that over the ne%t few years would include soap, body wash and
facial care, similar to nilever with 2ove. :/ructis shampoo and conditioner iscore, and they are introducing styling aids as part of a mega brand strategy.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
HAIR CARE INDUSTRY IN INDIA- MARKET ANALYSIS
The hair care market in ndia is valued at 6!9 million. t has registered agrowth of 7.84 over the previous year. The hair care market can be segmented
into hair oils, shampoos, hair colorants ; conditioners, and hair gels. ccording
to $ielsen (the worlds leading marketing information company), hair
colorants, feminine hygiene, and baby care have accelerated growth in personal
care market.
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occasionally to look beautiful. Today, they have become the way of life. Today,
if there are more brands in the ndian market, it#s largely due to demand. /or
instance when hair colors first came to ndia, more than a decade ago, it was
largely to cover grey hair. =ut with the increasing number of youth in the
country> it has become a fashion statement, especially with the young and
trendy.
That#s why all the players have plans to modify e%isting products, launch new
products and target different geographic segments and age?groups.
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Today
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Eatika and $yle. The anti?dandruff shampoos include linic ll lear,
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=rand loyalties in shampoo are not very strong. onsumers freAuently
look for a change, particularly in fragrance.
onsumers attribute lathering to the act of cleaning.
a"or e%pectations from the product are improvement in te%ture and
manageability, giving softness and bounce to hair, curing and avoiding
damage to the hair.
n ndian needs more shampoo for a proper wash ( average @ ml )compared to & ml needed in Hestern countries as most ndian women
have long hair
ost consumers do not use shampoo daily.
-egular users would need smaller Auantity of shampoo per bath.
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product awareness in the ndian market and also focusing on targeting the rural
market which is ma"orly unaware about the product. t is due to this reason hat
d campaigns are on a rise as there is a lot of competition in this area and there
are low penetration levels with a large untapped market. There are certain
brands that are actively increasing their presence in the market by marketing
their shampoos through different channels, especially online marketing.
INTRODUCTION
The *+r5al 'roup is a /rench cosmetics and beauty company, headAuartered
in lichy,
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range 'arnier, lu%ury products such as *ancMme and active cosmetics such as
Eichy. ts closest global competitor in the premium make?up segment is -evlon.
*#+r5al has si% worldwide research and development centersJ two in
/ranceJ ulnay and hevilly> one in the .3.J lark , $ew Nersey> one
in NapanJ Fawasaki, Fanagawa Prefecture> in !9 one was established
in 3hanghai, hina, and one in ndia. future facility in the 3 will be
in =erkeley
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management, systems and structure. =eing the world#s second largest cosmetics
ma"or, *#+real is planning to foray into the -s 1,?crore ndian herbal and
ayurvedic cosmetics industry. fter identifying its targets, *#+real ndia is in
advanced talks with =iotiAue and E* to acAuire herbalCayurvedic cosmetics
brands. The group is taking the acAuisition route to enter this niche sector.
*#+real has thus identified ndia as one of its top five growing businesses
globally. *+r5als research facilities in /rance, the 3, and Napan bring
together more than 7, scientists and research staff. Their discoveries are
published in leading scientific "ournals. *#+r5al#s innovations are patented,creating some 98@ patents in !& alone.
*#+real#s methodologies for evaluating the safety and efficacy of ingredients
and finished products, product evaluation and claim substantiation are
recogniKed by the international scientific community.
Board of directors
urrent members of the board of directors of *#+r5al areJ
Nean?Paul gon, hairman and I+
Nean?Pierre eyers, Eice?hairman of the =oard of 2irectors
Peter =rabeck?*etmathe, Eice?hairman of the =oard of 2irectors
/ranoise =ettencourt eyers, 2irector
Paul =ulcke, 2irector
harles?
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L’Oreal produ!" are !#e re"ul! o$ !#e $ollo%&'( re"ear#) de*elop+e'!
a'd e*alua!&o' proe"",
1. The benefits offered by our products are supported by the scientific and
customer evidence gathered at 17 research centers, 17 evaluation centers and
through collaborations with leading independent research institutes around
the world.
!. *#+r5al products are validated by independent cosmetic?clinical studies
under dermatological control to assess their efficacy and safety. The sample
siKe of these cosmetic?clinical studies is in line with the industry#s standards.
7. n addition, *#+r5al conducts consumer studies to assess the products#
efficacy and satisfaction rate before they are launched. These tests are
conducted by independent research companies and performed on a statistically
significant number of women and men.
&. oreover, customer satisfaction surveys are carried out after the products
are launched. These involve interviewing a statistically significant number of
people who have bought and used the products for several weeks to assess their
level of satisfaction and to help us to continually improve *#+real products.
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ARNIER- AN EXTENSIVE RESEARCH ON A L’OREAL SU.-.RAND
*#+real operates in ndia through four main divisionsJ co#su&er products%
professio#a products% acti'e cos&etics a#d u(ury products.
The biggest contributor to its revenue in ndia is the consumer products division
led by its strongest brand in terms of sales O 'arnier. n the hair color segment,
'arnier operates in the mid?price and lu%ury segment. This has enabled it to
garner a ! per cent share in a market dominated by local hair colorants and
dyes. 'arnier attributes its performance to being the first player in ndia to
introduce a cream?based hair color below the price of -s 1 (!!) and the
first home?highlighting kit (!9).
'arnier mainly produces hair care products, including the /ructis line, and most
recently, skin care products under the name, $utritioniste, that are sold around
the world. +ne of their key ingredients is a fruit concentrate used in all their
products. t is a combination of fruit acids, vitamin =7, =@, fructose and
glucose.'arnier, the *+real?owned brand that shook up the 3 hair care market
with the introduction of /ructis in !7, now has plans to bring over its skin
care collection too. Hhile *+r5al was focusing on hair color market in the
initial stages of its launch, aybelline was in the premium color cosmetic
segment while 'arnier in the :naturals: segment.
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n ! *#+real launched its range of cosmetics in to ndian market. 'arnier
concentrated on the $atural
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COMPANY REVIE/
"ar#ier is a mass market cosmetics brand of *+r5al that produces hair
care and skin care products. The company started as Laboratoires "ar#ier in
10&, and was acAuired by *+r5al in the 10Bs. 'arnier is sold in numerous
countries worldwide, with specific product lines targeted for different skin types
and cultures. n !11, 'arnier partnered with Terra ycle to promote upcycling of product containers and the introduction
of biodegradable products. 'arnier hair care and skin care products is one of the
highest lu%ury brands used in sia, hina, Napan ; ndia. n the =rand Trust
-eport !1!, 'arnier was ranked B7rd among ndias most trusted brands and
subseAuently, according to the =rand Trust -eport !17, 'arnier was ranked
&Bth among ndias most trusted brands. n !1& however, 'arnier was ranked
87rd among ndias most trusted brands according to the =rand Trust -eport
!1&, a study conducted by Trust -esearch dvisory, a brand analytics
company.
'arnier offers a vast range of hair color, hair care and skin care that bring you
natural beauty. To guarantee complete satisfaction to its customers, 'arnier
seeks to continually improve product performance by addressing their
1@
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Or%C3%A9alhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraCyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Or%C3%A9alhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraCyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
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customer#s specific needs using the company#s long e%pertise in hair care, hair
color and skin care.
To be sure 'arnier products guarantee ma%imum effectiveness in total harmony
with the customer#s body, the company rigorously lab?tests all its new product
propositions. Ivaluated by e%perts and consumers before being put on the
market, 'arnier products give immediate and visible results. /or the natural
beauty of hair and skin, the company offers to its customers, more than simple
products, providing advice and routines adapted to their personal needs.
ARNIER TESTIN POLICIES
ll products are the result of rigorous research and development and benefit
from the e%pertise of our multi?disciplinary scientists ; research staff. Their
discoveries are freAuently published in leading scientific "ournals and have
resulted in several patents.
'arnier uses methodologies recogniKed by the international scientific
community as part of its products development process which assess their
safety and effectiveness.
STA"ES O) RESEARCH% *E+ELOP,ENT AN* E+AL-AT.ON AT "ARN.ER
STA"E ./ 'arnier products benefits from scientific and customer
research gathered from several research centers and evaluation centers
around the world.
STA"E ../ ndependent clinical studies to assess the effectiveness
and safety of our products. They can be done under dermatological or
+phthalmological control.
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STA"E .../ onsumer studies verify product effectiveness and
consumer satisfaction rates before the product is launched.
STA"E .+/ +nce products are launched> customer satisfaction
surveys are also carried out. These involve interviewing a statistically
significant number of people who have bought and used the products
for several weeks. This information helps us to monitor levels of
satisfaction and we use this type of customer feedback to evaluate and
improve our products on an ongoing basis.
INTRODUCTION TO 0 P’S OF MARKETIN
The ,ar0eti#1 &i( is a set of four decisions which needs to be taken before
launching any new product. These variables are also known as the 2 P’s of
&ar0eti#1. These four variables help the firm in making strategic decisionsnecessary for the smooth running of any product C organiKation. These variables
are
1. Product
!. Price
7. Place
&. Promotions
arketing mi% is mainly of two types.
1) Product &ar0eti#1 &i( R omprised of Product, price, place and promotions. This marketing mi% is mainly used in case of Tangible goods.
!) Ser'ice &ar0eti#1 &i( R The service marketing mi% has three further
variables included which are people, physical evidence and process.
The term marketing mi% was first coined by $eil < =orden back in 10@& in his
article SThe concept of marketing mi%. 3everal strategic analysts over the years
believe that the marketing mi% can make or break the firm.
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time the concept of marketing mi% has provided a steady platform for the launch
of a new product or business.
s mentioned before, the marketing mix is characteriKed by four different but
eAually important variables. These variables are never constant and may be
changed over time.
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long with the above factors, there are also other things which have to be taken
in consideration when deciding on a pricing strategy. ompetition can be the
best e%ample. 3imilarly, pricing also affects the targeting and positioning of a
product. Pricing is used for sales promotions in the form of trade discounts.
Thus based on these factors there are several pricing strategies, one of which is
implemented for the marketing mi%.
7) Pace R Place refers to the distribution channel of a product. f a product is a
consumer product, it needs to be available as far and wide as possible. +n the
other hand, if the product is a Premium consumer product , it will be available
only in select stores. 3imilarly, if the product is a business product, you need a
team who interacts with businesses and makes the product available to them.Thus the place where the product is distributed depends on the product and
pricing decisions, as well as any 3TP decisions taken by a firm.
2istribution has a huge affect on the profitability of a product. onsider a
/' company which has national distribution for its product. n increase in
petrol rates by -s. 1 will in fact bring about drastic changes in the profitability
of the company. Thus supply chain and logistics decisions are considered as
very important costing decisions of the firm. The firm needs to have a full proof logistics and supply chain plan for its distribution.
&) Pro&otio#s R Promotions in the marketing mi% includes the complete
integrated marketing communications which in turn includes T* and =T*
advertising as well as sales promotions. Promotions are dependent a lot on the
product and pricing decision. Hhat is the budget for marketing and advertisingU
Hhat stage is the product inU f the product is completely new in the market, it
needs brand C product awareness promotions, whereas if the product is already
e%isting then it will need brand recall promotions.
Promotions also decide the segmentation targeting and positioning of the
product. The right kind of promotions affect all the other three variables R the
product, price and place. f the promotions are effective, you might have to
increase distribution points, you might get to increase the price because of the
rising brand eAuity of the product, and the profitability might support you in
launching even more products.
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the same needs to be taken in consideration while deciding the costing of the
product.
Thus as we see from the above diagram, all the four variables of marketing mi%
are inter related and affect each other. =y increasing the pricing of the product,
demand of the product might lessen, and lesser distribution points might be
needed. +n the other hand, the product 3P can be such that ma%imumconcentration is on creating brand awareness, thereby increasing need of better
pricing and more promotions. /inally, the overall marketing mi% can result in
your customer base asking for some improvement in the product, and the same
can be launched as the upgraded product.
The roe of &ar0eti#1 &i( i# Strate1y R arketing mi% plays a crucial role
while deciding the strategy of an organiKation. t is the first step even when a
marketing plan or a business plan is being made. This is because, your
marketing mi% decision will also affect segmentation, targeting and
positioning decisions. =ased on products, segmentation and targeting will be
done. =ased on the price, positioning can be decided. nd these decisions will
likely affect the place and promotion decisions. Thus, the marketing mi%
strategy goes hand in hand with segmentation targeting and positioning.
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STUDY OF 4 P’S OF GARNIER
HAIR CARE PRODUCTS
3 "ar#ier )ructis *aiy Care
'arnier /ructis 2aily are is fortified with -einforced ctive /ruit oncentrate
? an innovative combination of vitamins =7 and =@, fructose and glucose.
'entle enough for everyday use, it nourishes, strengthens and smoothes each
hair strand, keeping it balanced and healthy?looking.
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'arnier /ructis olor 3hield is fortified with E protectant and -einforced
ctive /ruit oncentrate ? an innovative combination of vitamins =7 and =@,
fructose and glucose. 3pecially created to care for color?treated or highlighted
hair, it penetrates inside the hair to moisturiKe and strengthen it. Hith E protectant, the formula helps keep your color?treated hair brilliant and shiny on
the outside.
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an your friKKy, coarse, rebellious hair withstand even the most humid weatherU
'et the strength to fight friKK with 'arnier /ructis 3leek ; 3hine. ts specially
created to smooth dry, unmanageable hair and contains $utritive /ruit icro?
+ils ? an innovative combination of apricot and avocado oils, and vitamins =7and =@.
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3oothe your scalpV reated with Pyrithione Ginc and ctive /ruit oncentrate ?
an innovative combination of vitamins =7 and =@, fructose and glucose ? this
double?action formula is gentle on your scalp, but ruthless on dandruff. ts a
powerful force for healthy?looking hair and the confidence that comes with it. thelps eliminate the symptoms of dandruff, effective with the first wash, and
makes your hair up to 7 times strongerV The resultJ $o flakes guaranteed.
3 "ar#ier )ructis Stre#1th 5 Repair
'arnier /ructis introduces the 3trength ; -epair 3ystem to help reverse the
signs of damage in one week, leaving hair intensely nourished, repaired fromthe inside out and more resistant to breakage. The formulas with $utritive /ruit
icro?+ils ? a combination of apricot and avocado oils ? nourish hair, and
eramide -econstructor to help repair and fortify hair.
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Fructis Oil 2 in 1Shampoo + Oil 2 in 1 Strengthening Shampoo
Cleanses like a shampoo, cares like an oil.
*ove to oil your hair but dont have the timeU Try 'arnier /ructis 3hampoo D+il ! in 1. The oils penetrate each layer of the hair ; nourish it, while theshampoo cleans ; strengthens its fibre.
Fructis Fall Fight Strengthening Shampoo
ctive /ruit concentrate nourishes the hair from the roots and strengthen the
hair fibre to give 9Q less hairfall.W *ab testJ 3hampoo D conditioner vs ordinaryshampoo.
Fructis Fall Fight Strengthening Conditioner
ctive /ruit concentrate nourishes the hair from the roots and strengthen thehair fibre to give 9Q less hairfall. W *ab testJ 3hampoo D conditioner vs.ordinary shampoo.
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Fructis Normal Strengthening Shampoo- Strengthens the hair
from within and improves shine
Hash after wash, this formula with active fruit concentrate provides fortifyingactives to every level of the hair, strengthening it from within and improving itsshine on the outside.
Fructis ong ! Strong Strengthening Conditioner " #elps
reduce $reakage and split"ends
ts innovative formula makes hair up to 9Q strongerW and helps reduce breakageand split?ends W nstrumental test on shampoo D conditioner vs. non?conditioning shampoo.
Fructisong ! StrongStrengthening Serum " #elps reduce
$reakage and split"ends
'arnier /ructis *ong ; 3trong 3erum smoothes hair without heaviness,
detangles unruly hair and helps prevent breakage ; split ends.
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Fructis ong ! Strong Strengthening Shampoo " #elps reduce
$reakage and split"ends
ts innovative formula makes hair up to 9Q stronger W and helps reduce
breakage and split?endsW. Wnstrumental test on shampoo D conditioner vs non?conditioning shampoo.
Fructis %nti"&andruff Strengthening Shampoo " Com$ats
dandruff from the first wash
ombats dandruff from the first wash and prevents from reappearingW whilstgently cleansing, soothing and purifying the scalp.Wfter 1 applications.
Fructis 'ood$(e &amage Strengthening Serum
ontinuous e%posure to sun, pollution, dirt ; dust spoils your hair making itlifeless and prone to breakage. -everse 1 year of 2amage in "ust 7 washes withthe revolutionary 'arnier /ructis 'oodbye 2amage range with mla and activefruit concentrates.Wnstrumental tests shampoo D conditioner D serum ? 7 applications per week.
3oftness and hair fiber surface state evaluation.
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Fructis'ood$(e &amageStrengthening Oil
ontinuous e%posure to sun, pollution, dirt ; dust spoils your hair making itlifeless and prone to breakage. -everse 1 year of 2amage in "ust 7 washes withthe revolutionary 'arnier /ructis 'oodbye 2amage range with mla and activefruit concentrates.Wnstrumental tests shampoo D conditioner D serum ? 7 applications per week.3oftness and hair fiber surface state evaluation.
'arnier )ltra &ou* range
NATURAL INREDIENTS OF ARNIER,
F)C-OS %N& ')COS
/ructose is also known as fruit sugar because it is abundantly found in fruits.
t is generally associated with 'lucose. They are a part of the class of
arbohydrates, which represent an important source of energy for all living
organisms. The role of /ructose and 'lucose in nourishing hair was
demonstrated by in vitro culture of hair follicles. /ructose and 'lucose are
fuel for hair.
F)/- %#%0s
!0
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lpha it penetrates deep into the hair to improve the mechanical resistance of
hair structure.
'N -% -%C-
t is obtained from young dry leaves which have been macarated and
percolated in cold e%traction process in order to reserve the plant#s active
components. 'reen tea contains affeine, which has stimulating properties
and is considered a medical plant.
C%FF/N
The stimulating properties of caffeine help to break down fat. t is also
known for its beneficial effect on micro?circulation and for its decongesting
properties.
%N-/ S-O%' '/N'O
'ingko slows down storage of fats and is renowned for it filtering properties.
'%3 S& O/
/ragrant fruit oil concentrate that starts nourishing while one colors hisCher
hair.
4/-%5/NS 67 %N& 68
These vitamins are organic compounds which are vital for cellular lifeJ they
actively participate in metabolic reactions. Eitamin =@ can be found in
various fruits including avocado, grapes, pineapple and peaches. Eitamin =7
can also be found in fruit> apricots, bananas, lemons, figs, pears.
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F)/- O/S
'arnier has selected a uniAue combination of fruit oils from olives, grape
seeds, blackcurrants, avocado, almond and apricot to help replenish lipids
that the skin is lacking.
Pro+o!&o'al S!ra!e(1
The cos&etics 1ia#t is usi#1 hairdressi#1 schoos to sti&uate de&a#d for
products &a#y .#dia#s saw as a# aie# e(tra'a1a#ce6
bove a bank in north =ombay, ndia#s future hairdressers are sculpting the
tresses of volunteer models more willing to let trainees loose on their hair than a
seasoned local stylist wielding a bottle of dye. SIveryone is very particular
about their hair these days, said -uchi Fhater, from beneath a stack of silver
foil at *#+r5al#s hairdressing academy.
/or a customer who needs more than a trim, a visit to a hairdresser in ndia has
traditionally been something of a hair?raising e%perience. This was particularly
true for fair?haired Hestern women with layered styles and blonde highlights.They learnt the hard way that ndian hairdressers know little of color beyond a
"et?black rinse or a streak of henna.
That is not surprising as 89 per cent of ndian women have long, straight hair.
Their natural tone is dark and they prefer home remedies recommended by their
mothers. ost still use hair oil ? vegetable oil, no less R rather than fancy
conditioners.
t is a challenging environment for any company trying to sell packaged beauty
products R to the ma"ority of ndia#s 1.1 billion people they are not only alien
but also an e%travagance.
The solution for *#+r5al, the world#s largest beauty and cosmetics group, was to
create a market from scratch.
3ince it opened its first academy in =ombay in !@, B7 hairdressers have
graduated. The si%?month course turns out professionals capable of working as a
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"unior in one of the select but growing number of international?standard salons
in ndia#s big cities.
*#+r5al#s distribution network also plays a vital role. +ver the past decade thecompany has trained more than 7, hairdressers in ndia in the use of its
products.
n a media?driven culture obsessed with =ollywood, urban consumers are very
demanding and image is everything. They read glossy magaKines such as
Eogue, which launched an ndian edition in 3eptember, and follow the changing
fashions of their favourite celebrities. ts sales in ndia, where it is $o ! behind
nilever, are growing at 79 per cent a year. This year, they are about X1million (YB1 million).
lthough *#+r5al#s professional products division represents only 1B per cent of
total revenues, hair color was the Paris?based group#s genesis and remains the
creative heart of the business. oney?spinning mass?market brands such as
'arnier are being pushed hard in ndia, where the company estimates there is a
market of 9 million people.
*#+r5al hopes that very soon it will be because they think they#re worth it.
n ndia, advertisements for *+r5al?branded products and the companys
'arnier line generally feature a pale model and focus on the ingredients in the
product, using take?action language like :LI3 to fairer and younger looking
skin: or :gainst inside cell damages.:
L’Oreal roup a'd odre2 Co'"u+er Produ!" do+&'a!e Spe'd" o'
Ha&r D1e" &' Tele*&"&o' Ad*er!&"&'(,
*ast time, we had seen that 3hampoos was not a very seasonal category in terms
of advertising on TE. *ets check out the trends for another similar category
from the Personal are 3ector?
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advertising pie whereas 'odre" onsumer Products gets 774 share of
advertising. t the 7rd place we have
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PROMOTION
'arnier has been very active and upfront in adopting new promotional
techniAues to market its products. The company follows a very popular
techniAue to advertise and market its products that is the Eiral arketing policy.Eiral marketing is a term coined to define the productive ways a marketing
message is made available. nd corporate are using the medium to circulate
brands and brand messages. The idea has caught on like a virus, as efficiently as
nformation Technology has entered households and businesses.
/irms are now structuring their businesses in a way that allows them to grow
like a virus and lock out the e%isting brick and mortar competitors through
innovative pricing and e%ploitation of competitors distribution channels. The
beauty of this marketing techniAue is that none of it reAuires any marketing.
ustomers, who have caught the virus, do the selling. Eiral marketing describes
any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to
others, creating the potential for e%ponential growth in the messages e%posure
and influence. *ike viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid
multiplication to e%plode the message to thousands, to millions.
+ff the nternet, viral marketing has been referred to as :word?of?mouth,
:creating a buKK, :leveraging the media and even :network marketing. ts a
7&
s er TE 2 source data
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deceptively simple conceptJ reate a message, send it via e?mail, and make it so
compelling that recipients want to pass it on to everyone in their address book.
dvertisers are hot on the tactic, and the idea of putting consumers to work
spreading the word about a brand or service seems sound.
Hhen 'arnier launched its /ructis shampoo, they latched on to the idea. The
firm had to introduce the aspect of five times stronger hair and the firm had a
braid competition whereby consumers could register on a site and create a knot
on the /ructis braid, as part of their entry into the contest. The knot creation was
actually created (visually presented on the site) and as a ne%t step, consumers
were e%pected to invite their friends to visit the braid and add to their score.
record B@, consumers created their own knot on the braid and forwarded thelink to more than 8!, of their friends, a survey report indicated. Eiral
marketers practice delayed gratification. They may not profit today, or
tomorrow, but if they can generate a groundswell of interest from something
free, they know they will profit soon and for the rest of their lives. 3ince /ree
happens to be the most powerful word in a marketers vocabulary, most viral
marketing programmes have attached themselves to it. The idea is to give away
valuable products or services to attract attention. nd, more importantly,
someone elses resources are depleted rather than our own. 'arnier has positioned itself as a lifestyle product mainly targeting teenagers and young
girls. This is very evident from 'arnier ads be it for 'arnier fructis shampoos or
for hair color. n a recent advertisement of 'arnier hair color, a daughter
advises her mother to try the product and thus makes an attempt to promote
product among middle?aged women.
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PRICE
The target segment for any product is that homogeneous group of people which
is purported to be the most potential customer for the product. The market
follows the Pareto Principle, which says that 8 per cent of the sales come from
! per cent of the people. Thus, for any product, one of the ma"or tasks of
marketers is to identify the group of ! per cent that gives 8 per cent revenue
of that product#s sale to the company. $o surprise then that ma"or marketing
efforts of companies attempt to attract the most potential group. n the present
stage of immense competition, companies are reAuired to effectively plan their
pricing strategies to not only retain current customers but to also e%pand the
customer base by targeting new segments with an aim to convert them into loyal
customers.
Trying to strike a balance in its pricing strategy for the ndian market, Z*+real
ndia Private *td believes that by introducing more stock keeping units (3Fs)
it will be able to tide over the steep pricing of its products.
r. shwin -a"gopal, arketing anager, *+real onsumer Products, told
=usiness *ine that, :He are looking at pricing in the ndian conte%t and there isa kind of balance we have struck. onsidering the large number of 3Fs that
we already have worldwide, it is possible to market the products at an almost
comparable pricing.:
/or aspirational products 'arnier has adopted an international pricing strategy,
which may not be the case for the rest of the products.
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*+real recogniKed the leverage effect of it brand and focus its propagandas on
brand rather than propagandas on particular product. t is dedicated in building
the relationship between its brand and the market. t aims to enhance brand
power by maintaining the good image in publicities. *+real#s efforts were also
embodied on its marketing strategy. t always concentrates on supporting those
brands which can mostly represent its advantages and leverage resources to
those premium products.
PLACE
To run a company in profit the place factor out of the &p#s of marketing mi%
plays a very crucial role. This includes decisions about where to sell the productor concerns about where the customers are, and how to get to them. t also
includes the :channel of distribution: ? meaning, all the different middlemen a
company use to get the product out to the customer. *#+real runs a massive
worldwide operation employing nearly @!, men and women of various
races, backgrounds and religions across nearly @ countries. Part of the reason
for the corporation#s success has been its sensitivity not only to its consumers
but also to each and every one of its employees. The corporation has made sure
that all their employees have opportunities to develop themselves both personally and professionally. This commitment by the corporation to take care
of their own employees has resulted in *#+real being rated by the Iuropean
business school students as The Imployer of hoice for the year !@. Hith
over a century of e%perience in the cosmetics industry, *#+real has established
10 global brands and produces them in & factories across the world. These
factories are all state of the art and 3+ 1&1 certified and all of their
industrial sites are audited with the standard 3 8 (*#+real orporation).
The corporation makes sure that every product that rolls out from their factoriescomplies with their own high standards and meets or e%ceeds Auality and safety
standards set by local governmental agencies such as the /ood ; 2rug
dministration of the nited 3tates of merica. *#+real#s success in the
cosmetic industry is due not only to their high Auality, but also to the
corporation#s marketing efforts to make sure their various brands have a strong
market presence. n past 1 years that it has e%panded, it has supplied to 17
countries with offices in 98 different countries. To make its presence feel in
different parts of the world *#+real has acAuired many different companies like
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SThe =ody 3hop nternational plc, known as The =ody 3hop, which has over
!, stores in more than 9 countries.
ANALYSIS OF INDIAN MARKET
"ar#ier bei#1 a# i&porta#t bra#d of L’Orea i# both hair care a#d s0i# care is
a'aiabe a rou#d the 1obe easiy6 .# .#dia# &ar0et the hair care products of 1ar#ier
i0e “1ar#ier fructis$% “utra dou($ etc is a'aiabe i# both or1a#ised a#d u#or1a#i7ed
retai shops i# .#dia6 The hi1h e#d s0i# care products i0e “Nutritio#site$ are a'aiabe
o#y i# seected retai outets i# cou#try6 .# .#dia "ar#ier &a#ufactures its products i#
Pu#e whereas it’s re1istered office is i# ,u&bai6 To popuari7e its product i#e L’Orea
has occupied bra#d cor#ers i# &a#y bi1 &as a#d retai outets i# which 1ar#ier
products 1et a &a8or chu#06 L’Orea has tie ups with &a#y bi1 beauty sao#s a#d
parors who ca# pro&ote a#d se its products6 O'er the past decade the co&pa#y has
trai#ed &ore tha# 9:%::: hairdressers i# .#dia i# the use of its products6 A#d it has
heped to estabish about 9:: sao#s i# the past fi'e years6 The theory is si&pe/ .f there
is #o #atura de&a#d for your 1oods% sti&uate it6 “4e ha'e created a professio# a#d a
&ar0et%$ *idier +ia#ue'a% L’Or;a .#dia’s cou#try &a#a1er% said6 “.f you trai# peope
they wi use your products6$ .ts saes i# .#dia% where it is No < behi#d -#ie'er% are
1rowi#1 at 9= per ce#t a year6 This year% they are about >?:: &iio# @B? &iio#6
Athou1h L’Or;a’s professio#a products di'isio# represe#ts o#y ?B per ce#t of tota
re'e#ues% hair coor was the Paris!based 1roup’s 1e#esis a#d re&ai#s the creati'e heart
of the busi#ess6 ,o#ey!spi##i#1 &ass!&ar0et bra#ds such as "ar#ier are bei#1 pushed
hard i# .#dia% where the co&pa#y esti&ates there is a &ar0et of =: &iio#6 "ar#ier
products are easiy a'aiabe for sae o# &a#y websites i# .#dia6
S/OT ANALYSIS OF ARNIER PRODUCTS
Stre#1ths
3trong and /ocused =rand Portfolio.
Presence in Imerging arkets.
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3trong -;2 apability.
Eariants available.
'eographical overage.
4ea0#esses
2ependence on Hestern Iuropean arkets
*ate Intry into sian markets.
nable to gain much of market share.
Opportu#ities
; +pportunities.
'rowth in d"acent ategories.
2emand for $atural osmetics.
'rowth of 2irect 3ales hannels
hanging onsumer *ifestyles.
-ural market growth.
=eauty products market growing with a significant rate.
Threats
ompetition from Private *abels.
Price ompetition among =randed anufacturers.
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CHAPTER 2: AIMS &
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE OF TE STUDY
• The ob"ective of my pro"ect is to comprehensively research on customer#s
perception on one of the successful sub?brands of *#+real? '-$I-.
• Hithin 'arnier, have incurred a study on the hair care product range of
'arnier that is 'arnier /ructis and ltra 2ou%. have essentially focused
on its shampoos and conditioners.
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• y research has been aimed at understanding the market share of 'arnier
within the *#+real brand and among other brands. lso have captured
the market capabilities of 'arnier hair care shampoos and conditioners.
• have researched on the brand perception of the product by the customers
and customer loyalty towards the product.
• have also stressed on the four P#s of marketing in relation to this product
and the marketing strategies that have been adopted by *#+real,
essentially 'arnier from time to time.
• The stress however has been on the P-+2T out of all the four P#s and
on the consumer behavior and their perception towards the brand.
• have also focused on the current leading competitors of *#+real?'arnier
and conducted a brief study on their marketing strategies.
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CHAPTER 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARC !ETODO"GY OF TE STUDY
Ivery pro"ect work is based on certain methodology, which is a way to
systematically solve the problem or attain its ob"ectives. t is a very importantguideline and lead to completion of any pro"ect work through observation, data
collection and data analysis .
Accordi#1 to Cifford 4oody%
S-esearch ethodology comprises of defining ; redefining problems,
collecting, organiKing ;evaluating data, making deductions ;researching to
conclusions.
ccordingly, the methodology used in the pro"ect is as followsJ ?2efining the ob"ectives of the study
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/raming of Auestionnaire keeping ob"ectives in mind (considering the
ob"ectives)
/eedback from the respondents
nalysis of feedback
onclusion, findings and suggestions.
-I3I-< 2I3'$
2ifferent types of research design have emerged on account of the different
perspectives from which a research study can be viewed. There are three
fundamental categories that we use freAuently are given below.
EDPLORATOR RESEARCH
n the case of e%ploratory research, the focus is on the discovery of ideas. n
e%ploratory study is generally based on the secondary data that are readily
available. t does not have formal and rigid as the researcher may have to
change his focus on direction, depending on new idea and relationships among
variables. n e%ploratory research is in nature of preliminary investigation.
*ESCR.PT.+E RESEARCH/
The ob"ective of such a study is to answer the Swho, what, when, where and
how of the sub"ect under investigation, descriptive studies are well structured
and tend to be rigid.
CAS-AL RESEARCH
casual research investigates is cause and effect relationship between two or
more variables. The casual research design is based on reason along
The research design used in this pro"ect is a 2I3-PTEI 2I3'$.
DATA COLLECTION
-esearch will be based on two sourcesJ
PR.,AR *ATA
Primary data is that kind of data which is collected by the investigator
herself for the purpose of specific study. The data such collected is original in
character. The advantage of third method collection is the authenticity.
SECON*AR *ATA
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Hhen an investigator uses the data that has been collected by others is
called secondary data. The secondary data could be collected from "ournals,
reports and various publications. The advantages of secondary data can be
economical, both in the term of money and time spent.
n my pro"ect work have used both primary and secondary sources of data.
Primary sources in the form of Auestionnaire and secondary sources were
various internet sites like 'oogle.com, Hikipedia.org and many more with the
past records of the company and also visited various libraries for collection of
the introduction part.
Instrument for data collection
Through Auestionnaires Through interview
Through observation
Fuestio##aire )or&uatio#
arketing researchers have the best instrument in collecting primary data
i.e. a Auestionnaire to collect the data and to establish the view of the
people from all the sectors of the society.
[uestions should beJ
• lear
• Iasy to understand
• 2irected towards meeting an ob"ective.
ust maintain impartiality and be very careful with personal data. Two basic
types of Auestions areJ
•+pen ended
• losed ended
The Guestio##aire desi1#ed for this pro8ect co#tai#s cosed!e#ded
Guestio#s6 ll the Auestions are clearly defined. ll the Auestions are clearly
defined. The Auestions are framed keeping in mind the ob"ective of research
and kind of information reAuired.
F&'d&'("
The findings of the pro"ect are -esearch 2esign J 2escriptive
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2ata 3ource J Primary and secondary
-esearch approach J 3urvey method
-esearch instrument J [uestionnaireType of Auestions J losed ended
3ample 3iKe J 1 samples
ollection J onvenient sampling
3ample rea J sansol
Time J 71 days
SAMPLE TECHNI!E The sampling designs are mainly of two type non?probability and probability
sample designs.
-$2+ 3P*$'
random sample gives every unit of population a known and probability of
being selected. 3ince random sampling implies eAual probability to every unit
in the population. t is necessary that the selection of the sample must be freefrom human "udgments.
3L3TIT 3P*$'
n this method first a sampling fraction is calculated as $Cn where $ is the total
no. of units in the population and n is the siKe of sample.
3T-T/I2 -$2+ 3P*$'
stratified random sampling is divided into mutually e%clusive and mutuallye%haustive strata or sub group and then a simple random sample is selected in
each strata or sub group.
• *3TI- 3P*$'
luster sampling implies that instead of selecting individual units from the
population entire groups or clusters are selected random.
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[+T 3P*$'
[uota sampling involves the fi%ation of certain Auotas, which are to be
fulfilled by the interviewers, since Auota sampling is not based on randomselection it is not possible to calculate estimates of certain errors for the
sample result.
N2'II$T* 3P*$'
The main characteristics of "udgmental sampling is that units on elements of the
population are purposely selected it is because of this that "udgment samples are
also called purposive samples. 3ince the purpose of "udgmental sampling is not
based on random sampling it is also called non probability sampling.
SAMPLING SIZE
2ata collection reas sansol
3ample 3iKe 1
ethod sed 3urvey ethod
Chapter 2
).N*.N"S AN* ANALS.S
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TOTAL N-,ER O) 4ORI.N" AN* NON 4ORIN"
RESPON*ENTS
4#$
%&$ 'OR(ING
NOT 'OR(ING
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nterpretationJ
The above pie diagram indicates that out of the total 1 respondents surveyed,
&74 are working and the remaining 9B4 are not working and are mostly
students.
"ARN.ER -SA"E A,ON" 4ORI.N" RESPON*ENTS
&)$
#)$
USE
DON’T USE
nterpretationJ
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+ut of the total &7 working respondents surveyed, only 74 of them don#t use
any of the 'arnier products, the remaining B4 of the working respondents use
'arnier products. This indicates that the brand is popular amongst the working
people. The respondents so surveyed were well aware about the brand and were
also aware about almost all the product lines being offered by 'arnier, be it in
skin care or hair care. This result indicates that 'arnier has a well defined target
market catering mainly to upper middle class consumers which is mainly why
the working respondents are freAuent users of different products of 'arnier.
"ARN.ER -SA"E A,ON" NON 4ORI.N" RESPON*ENTS
*4$
+,$
USE
DON’T USE
nterpretationJ
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+ut of the 9B non working respondents surveyed, about 8&4 of the respondents
use 'arnier products which means about &B out of 9B people use 'arnier
products and 1@4 of the respondents don#t use any of the 'arnier products.
This again indicates that the brand is popular among even the non working
respondents who are ma"orly students in our survey.
The inference that can be drawn from the above two pie charts is that
irrespective of whether the consumers are working or are students, the brand has
a good popularity. This means that the brand has successfully caters to the needs
of the youth as well as people falling in the age bracket of 79 to 99.
PRE)ERENCE )OR HA.R CARE A,ON" 4ORI.N"
RESPON*ENTS
4$
+&$
&*$
s-i. care
/air care
0ot/
nterpretationJ
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+ut of the &7 people who are working, about !0 of them use 'arnier products
and out of these !0 people, only &4 of the respondents use only skin care
products and 184 of them use only hair care products while a ma"or chunk of
B84 of the respondents use both skin care and hair care products of 'arnier.
This indicates that the customers are regular and loyal users of almost all the
product lines of 'arnier.
PRE)ERENCE O) HA.R CARE PRO*-CTS A,ON" NON 4ORI.N"
RESPON*ENTS
1*$
1%$
4&$s-i.
/air
0ot/
nterpretationJ
+ut of the 9B non working respondents, about 7@ of them use 'arnier products.
+ut of these 7@ respondents, !94 use only 'arnier hair care products, !84 of
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them use 'arnier skin care products and &B4 of them use both hair care and
skin care products of 'arnier. This again indicates that ma"ority of people like
both the segments of 'arnier but unlike the working consumers the non
working consumers prefer 'arnier skin care products over its hair care products.
-SA"E )REF-ENC A,ON" 4ORI.N" RESPON*ENTS
2$
&)$
11$
fort.i3/t5
6o.t/5
#6o.t/s
nterpretationJ
+ut of the !0 people using 'arnier products, 04 of the respondents purchase
'arnier products fortnightly, @04 of the respondents purchase the products on a
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monthly basis and !!4 of them purchase the products once in three months.
This indicates that a ma"ority of respondents are freAuent users of 'arnier
products. This also indicates that there is easy availability of 'arnier products at
almost all retail outlets.
-SA"E )REF-ENC A,ON" NON 4ORI.N" RESPON*ENTS
#$
%*$
##$
,$
fort.i3/t5
6o.t/5
#6o.t/s
7ee-5
nterpretationJ
+ut of the 7@ respondents who use 'arner products, only 74 purchase the
products fortnightly, about @4 purchase the products weekly, 774 of them purchase the products once in three months and a ma"ority of 984 of the
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customers purchase the products on a monthly basis. The result of this data is
very much similar to that of the working respondents.
This indicates that the buying pattern of customers is more or less the same
irrespective of their occupation.
A+A.LA.L.T O) "ARN.ER PRO*-CTS
e8er5 store seecti8e stores .t a8aia0e)
%
+)
+%
1)
1%
#)
#%
4)
.ot 7or-i.3
7or-i.3
nterpretationJ
The above data gives a combined interpretation for both working and non
working respondents that out of !0 working respondents, 1 feel that 'arner
products are easily available at every store while 10 feel that they are available
only at selective stores and out of 7@ non working respondents, 1@ respondents
feel that the products are readily available at all stores, 10 feel that the products
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are available only at selective stores and only 1 respondent felt that the products
are not easily available at all.
The combined interpretation of this result indicates that the distribution network
of 'arnier is not very strong which leads to the unavailability of 'arnier
products Auite often.
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combined interpretation of this can be that about 94 of both working
respondents as well as students feel that the prices of all the 'arnier products
are slightly overpriced. This means that 'arnier does not have a prime aim to
offer the products at reasonable or affordable prices for all segments of
consumers. This is because 'arnier caters mainly to the middle class and the
upper middle class consumers with a prime aim of providing good Auality
products to its loyal customers.
SAT.S)ACTON LE+EL
)
%
+)
+%
1)
1%
#)
#%
'OR(INGNOT 'OR(ING
nterpretationJ
+ut of the !0 working people surveyed, about 9 found garnier products highly
satisfactory and a ma"ority of !& found the products satisfactory while none of
the working respondents found them below satisfaction levels. Hhile out of the
7@ no working respondents surveyed, ! respondents found the products highly
satisfactory and a ma"ority of 77 people found them satisfactory. +nly 1 person
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out of the non working respondents found the products below satisfaction
levels.
The common interpretation out of this result can be that a ma"ority of customers
find 'arnier products satisfactory which leaves some scope for improvement in
the Auality of products being offered by 'arnier so that it can attract more
customers thereby e%panding the e%isting customer base.
-SA"E P-RPOSE
&%
1
Purpo"e O$ U"a(e
Cos6etic Use
!edica Use
nterpretationJ
+ut of the 1 people surveyed, BB people use 'arnier products. +ut of these BB
people only ! answered that they use the product for medical purpose, while a
ma"ority of B9 people answered that they use the products for cosmetic purpose.
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Therefore those people who use 'arnier products, 0B4 use them for cosmetic
purpose, while a very small percentage of 74 use it for medical purpose. t is
very clear from this data that people prefer 'arnier products for cosmetic use
only.
PRO*-CTS -SA"E
S/a69oo : Co.ditio.er
Face7as/
Ac.e Re6o8a Crea6
air Coor
A.ti;A3ei.3 Crea6
Fair.ess Crea6
A.ti 'ri.-e Crea6
Dar- Circe Re6o8a Crea6
!oist
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3hampoo ; conditioner is used by 9B people, /acewash by 70 people, cne
-emoval ream by 8 people,
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'arnier products through television, !1 by newspaper and magaKines, ! by
word of mouth and B through internet. This data suggests that TE is the most
popular source of information and awareness regarding 'arnier products.
Reaso#s for Not -si#1 "ar#ier Products
#= +4$
4= +*$
+4= ,4$
+= %$
PriceNot E>ecti8e
a995 7it/ C
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if 'arnier needs to make the customers use their products for once and be able
to stand on their e%pectations.
F&'d&'("
B4 of the total working respondents use 'arnier products.
8&4 of the total non working respondents use 'arnier product.
B84 of the working respondents users use both hair and skin care
products, whereas 184 uses only hair care products by 'arnier and &4
only skin care products.
n non working respondents &B4 uses both skin and hair care products by
'arnier, !94 only hair care and !84 skin care products.
mong the non users of the 'arnier products @&4 are happy with their
current brand, 184 find 'arnier products ineffective and 1&4 people find
the price of the products a ma"or concern.
TE is the most popular source of information and awareness regarding
'arnier products.
3hampoos ; onditioner are the most popular 'arnier products.
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+nly &4 of the users said that garnier products are available at every
store.
8!4 of the 'arnier users are satisfied with the products.
Chapter =
L.,.TAT.ON
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L&+&!a!&o'" o$ !#e S!ud1
/irst limitation of this pro"ect is the very short time limit.
portion of the respondents are not cooperative.
The researcher is ine%perienced.
=iasness or pre"udice of some of the respondents regarding any sort of
the information which is reAuired for such study.
$ot much of importance was attached to this task by some of the
-espondents.
The sample siKe of the respondents is very small.
The method of sampling is "udgement sampling.
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Chapter
RECO,,EN*AT.ON
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RECOMMENDATION
t needs to improve the availability network of the product so as to reach
a large customer base because @4 of the respondents feel that it is
available at selective 3tores only
lmost @&4 people are happy with their current brand and do not want to
switch to 'arnier products thus it needs to make the customers aware of
the products.
'arnier need to adopt different promotional mediums like internet,
magaKines, product binding schemes and even surrogative marketing.
ntroducing a low price product line for the rural market.
ake the consumers aware of all the products other than its flagship
products like shampoo, conditioner, hair color, and face wash etc.
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mprove upon online sales service in tier 1 and tier ! cities taking the time
constraint of the customers in the picture.
t is still considered as a product for youth so it needs to target the people
in the age group of 79 and above.
s boys are also becoming looks conscious so the male beauty segment
can be one area of focus.
ntroduce herbal product lines as the customer is getting more inclined
towards herbal products.
Chapter B ! CONCL-S.ON
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CONCLUSION
The present study comes to the floor with the revelations having e%citing and
full of curiosity determinants in relation to the specified ob"ectives to
understand and analyKe the &P aspects of marketing for 'arnier. /urther the
study helped in identifying the reasons which stops the customers to buy
'arnier Products over other products and to understand customer =rand
knowledge with regard to 'arnier. s the study has been conducted, in the
conte%t of ndian customers (where interviewed customers are from sansol
only), the investigation perspectives have been thrown, conditioning the
specified motives of ndian people, putting aside the motives outside ndia. The
research conducted was also helpful in identifying the freAuency of purchase
and usage of the 'arnier products.
@B
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Chapter K
.L.O"RAPH
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.I.LIORAPHY
Pri#cipes of ,ar0eti#1, Philip Fotler ; 'ary rmstrong, 11th edition,
Prentice
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Websies:
www.google.co.in www.garnier.in
www.loreal.co.in
www.loreal.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.facebook.comCgarnier.asp%
ANNED-RE
B
http://www.google.co.in/http://www.garnier.in/http://www.loreal.co.in/http://www.loreal.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.facebook.com/garnier.aspxhttp://www.google.co.in/http://www.garnier.in/http://www.loreal.co.in/http://www.loreal.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.facebook.com/garnier.aspx
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3UESTIONNAIRE
RESPON*ENT PRO).LE
Area of Reside#ce/
A1e /
"e#der / ale\\\\ /emale\\\\
Lour monthly household incomeJa) =elow 1 b) 1?!9 c) !9?9 d) bove 9
?6 Lou use 'arnier products. -egularly\\\\\ 3ometimes\\\\
-arely \\\\\ $ever \\\\
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