orchestra - studysheets.s3. · pdf fileconducting an orchestra ... violin played with a bow...

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L i m e n e t

L i n u s M e t z l e r

W a t t s t r a s s e 3

9 3 0 6 F r e i d o r f

0 7 1 4 5 5 1 9 1 5

0 7 9 5 2 8 1 7 4 2

2 9 . 0 3 . 2 0 1 0

Linus Metzler

Orchestra

2 Orchestra

2 limenet.ch – ksrstudysheet ©2010 by linus metzler

subject: Music 1

st Kanti study sheet for the test on the 3/31/2010

author: Linus Metzler

e-mail: [email protected]

version: 1.0b

Publish date: 3/29/2010

title: Orchestra

pages: 15

ORCHESTRA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 2

Info .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Study Part ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Seating arrangement of an orchestra ................................................................................................................ 5

The instrumental sections of an orchestra ......................................................................................................... 5

The instruments of the sections: description and sound ................................................................................... 5

woowind ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

Piccolo ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

Flute .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

Oboe ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

mailto:[email protected]

3 Orchestra


English Horn ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Clarinet...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Bassoon ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

Saxophone ................................................................................................................................................ 7

String.............................................................................................................................................................. 7

Violin ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

Viola .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

(Violon-)Cello ............................................................................................................................................ 8

String / Double Bass .................................................................................................................................. 8

Harp .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

Brass .............................................................................................................................................................. 8

Trumpet .................................................................................................................................................... 8

French Horn .............................................................................................................................................. 9

Trombone ................................................................................................................................................. 9

Euphonium ................................................................................................................................................ 9

Tuba .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

percussion.................................................................................................................................................... 10

Rhythmic ................................................................................................................................................. 10

Drum Set ............................................................................................................................................ 10

Bass Drum ..................................................................................................................................... 10

Snare Drum ................................................................................................................................... 10

Cymbals ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Timpani .............................................................................................................................................. 11

Cymbal ............................................................................................................................................... 11

Triangle .............................................................................................................................................. 11

Gong ................................................................................................................................................... 11

4 Orchestra


Maracas .............................................................................................................................................. 12

Tambourine ........................................................................................................................................ 12

Melodic ................................................................................................................................................... 12

Xylophone .......................................................................................................................................... 12

The score: organization and reading ................................................................................................................ 12

Parts of a string instrument .............................................................................................................................. 13

Parts of a wind winstrument (brass and woodwind) ....................................................................................... 13

Brass ............................................................................................................................................................ 13

Woodwind ................................................................................................................................................... 14

Sound production of the instruments .............................................................................................................. 14

English names of the instruments and their parts ........................................................................................... 14

Conducting an orchestra .................................................................................................................................. 15

Intervals ............................................................................................................................................................ 15

Sources .................................................................................................................................................................. 15

INFO

This is a study sheet by Linus Metzler about Orchestra, which was mentioned in the 1st

Kanti at Mr. Nick. There

is no claim for completeness. All warranties are disclaimed.

ksrstudysheet by Linus Metzler is under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0

Unported license.

http://www.limenet.ch/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/



5 Orchestra


STUDY PART

SEATING ARRANGEMENT OF AN ORCHESTRA

THE INSTRUMENTAL SECTIONS OF AN ORCHESTRA

In total, they’re four main sections in an orchestra

Strings

Woodwinds

Brass

Percussion

THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE SECTIONS: DESCRIPTION AND SOUND

WOOWIND

PICCOLO

Transverse flute

Pitched an octave higher than a standard flute

Range of three octaves

Used for special effects

Originally made out of wood

6 Orchestra


FLUTE

Soprano voice

Most made of metal

Oval-shaped mouthpiece with a long tube

Horizontally held

Different notes made with the keys (levers)


OBOE

Smallest and highest double reed

Cylindrical body


Extremely difficult to play

ENGLISH HORN

A fifth lower than the oboe

“alto oboe”

CLARINET

Long tube with a mouthpiece and a bell-shaped

opening

Tone holes covered by small metal levers

The musicians blows on a flat cane reed, which is

attached to the mouthpiece

Manufactured in four different keys

Range of three and a half octaves

BASSOON

Double reed

Eight feet of cylindrical wood tubing

Four joints

Ten key controlled holes on the body

Eight finger holes

7 Orchestra


SAXOPHONE

Mixture out of the single reed and the mouthpiece of

the clarinet, a metal body and widened version of the

conical bore of the oboe

Most of them are curved at the bottom (not all)

Twenty openings covered by keys

Range of two and a half octaves

STRING

VIOLIN

Played with a bow

Highest string

Wuning pegs attached to the peg box to

alter the pitch of a string

Ways of playing

o Pizzicato

o Trmolo

o Sul ponticello

o Col legno

o Glissando

VIOLA

Second highest string

Written in alto clef

8 Orchestra


(VIOLON-)CELLO

Larger than a violin but the same shape

Four feet long

Played sitting down

Range of four octaves

STRING / DOUBLE BASS

Largest and lowest pitched string

Sex feet high

HARP

No bow used

Forty-six strings

Range of six and a half octaves

BRASS

TRUMPET

Sound produced by vibrating the lips and

blowing into a cup-shaped mouthpiece

Notes changed by the three valves

Different pitches

Tube is as long as four and a half feet

9 Orchestra


FRENCH HORN

Twelve feet long tube


blowing into a funnel-shaped mouthpiece

Notes changed by the three valves

Often, the hand is used as a mute in the bell

TROMBONE

Tenor voice

Cup-shaped mouthpiece

Slide

Nine feet long tube

EUPHONIUM

Member of tuba family

Tenor tuba

Three valves

TUBA

Big family

Largest brass

Lowest pitched brass


blowing into a cup-shaped mouthpiece

Notes changed by lip tension or fingering the

valves

Three to five valves

10 Orchestra


PERCUSSION

RHYTHMIC

DRUM SET

First drum sets around 1800

Possible for one person to play several

instruments at the same time

Usually consists of the following instruments

o Bass drum

o Snare drum

o Cymbals

o Tom toms

o (cowbells)

o (woodblocks)

BASS DRUM

Largest part of the kit

Played with a foot pedal

Low, deep sound

SNARE DRUM

Higher pitch than the bass drum

Buzzing or snapping sound

CYMBALS

Made out of various metals

Diameter range is from six to 22 inches

Different “main forms”

o Hi-hat

In a pair

Stick foot pedal played

o Crash- and ride cymbal

Stick played

o Tom-tom

Normally three in a kit

11 Orchestra


TIMPANI

Often called kettledrum

Large copper or fiberglass shell

Single drumhead

Pedal

Different notes possible (only drum)

CYMBAL

Used since the Middle Ages

Often used in religious ceremonies

See also “drum set”

TRIANGLE

Made out of steel

Used in Europe since the 14th

century

GONG

Bronze disk

Struck with a beater

From Middle East or South East Asia in the 9th

century to Indonesia and finally to Europe in the

18th

century

12 Orchestra


MARACAS

Rattles

From South America

First made with beans in shells

TAMBOURINE

Jingling metal disks

Drum

Many different ways to play

MELODIC

XYLOPHONE

Mallet instrument

Graduated wooden bars

Southeast Asia in the 1300s

THE SCORE: ORGANIZATION AND READING

A score for symphony orchestra normally uses the order of instruments as you see on the

left. It’s organized like a timeline; every note which is under another is played at the same

time. And of course they’re also bars and time signatures.

woodwind

brass

percussion

string

13 Orchestra


PARTS OF A STRING INSTRUMENT

And a bow/stick with horse hair

PARTS OF A WIND WINSTRUMENT (BRASS AND WOODWIND)

Basically, the woodwind and the brass instruments have a mouthpiece, a tube and a bell. Some of them got a

slide, valves or keys.

BRASS

14 Orchestra


WOODWIND

SOUND PRODUCTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS

ENGLISH NAMES OF THE INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR PARTS

bra

ss •the air has to vibrate

•lips tighter -higher note

•tube longer -lower note

•to change the sound, you can use a mute and put in the bell

wo

od

win

d •all use wind to make a sound

•longer tube -deeper note

•they've three differetn ways to create sound

•o-shaped mouthpiece

•single reed mouthpiece

•double reed motupiece

stri

ng •they've got

differences in pitch and size

•you can bow or pluck them

•they're only heard 'cause of the bridge, which transports it to the body and amplifiys it

per

cuss

ion •you can shake

or hit them

•they're to sub-families

•tuned

•different notes

•untuned

•no melody possible

•used for pure rhythm and to make noise

15 Orchestra


The whole sheet is in English, so…just read it through and you’ll learn them

automatically

CONDUCTING AN ORCHESTRA

The conductor is the one, who controls the orchestra, gives the speed and tells everyone when he/she hast to

play. She/he uses her/his hands to give the dynamics with the left hand and the beats and tempo with the right

hand.

INTERVALS

1. Unison

2. 2nd

3. 3rd

4. 4th

5. 5th

6. 6th

7. 7th

8. Octave

SOURCES

Wikipedia

And many others for the images

http://en.wikipedia.org/

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