orbit clinical round
TRANSCRIPT
Orbit Clinical Round
By/Mohamed Ahmed El –Shafie
Assistant Lecturer in ophthalmology department KafrELShiekh University
ANATOMY OF
ORBIT
Frontal Ethmoid SphenoidLacrimal PalatineMaxillary Zygomatic
pyramidal or conical in shape consists of an apex, a base and 4 sides: roof, floor, medial wall and lateral wall
WALLS OF THE ORBIT
Medial Lateral Floor Roof
Roof of the Orbit frontal bone lesser wing of the sphenoid
Lateral wall of the Orbit zygomatic bone greater wing of the sphenoid
Inferiorly – inf orbital fissure Medially – sup orbital fissure
Medial Wall ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary and sphenoid bones
Floor of the Orbit maxillary, zygomatic bones palatine
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
Contents of orbit Eye ball Orbital fat Connective tissue system: Periorbita Orbital septum Tenon’s capsule Blood vessels Nerves Extraocular muscles
Orbital septum: Interconnecting / circumferential radial webs
of fascial system
support and transmit forces in trauma
Compressive optic neuropathy following trauma
CLINICAL EVALUATIONPatient Sheet 6 P’sHistory Complain PainVisual acuityAnterior segment Soft tissue Proptosis :
1. Severity: Hertl’s exophthalmometer, pen and ruler.
2. Direction3. Exclude pseudoproptosis.
Extra Ocular Motility Forced duction test Differential IOP
ProptosisProgressionPalpationPulsationPeriorbital changes
Posterior segment : fundus examinationSpecial investigation: CT, MRI, Needle aspiration biopsy
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION IN ANTERIOR SEGMENT
EXAMINATION • Soft tissue signs:
• Oedema :lid • Retraction of upper lid• Ptosis • Chemosis (conjunctival and caruncle oedema)
• Proptosis• Enophthalmos • Dystopia• Extra ocular motility: (ophthalmoplegia)
SOFT TISSUE
PERIORBITAL LID SWELLING LID
RETRACTION CHEMOSIS
PROPTOSIS
• Examining A case of proptosis entails:• Degree or severity• Direction • Exclude psuedoproptosis
Protrusion of globe
• Apparent forward displacement of eye ball seen with :
1. Enophthalmous of the opposite eye2. Very large ipsilateral globe e.g. : High myopia3. Facial asymmetry4. Retraction of upper eyelid on the ipsilateral side
(same side)
• Should be differentiated from psuedoproptosis
MEASUREMENT OF PROPTOSIS
• The normal distance between the apex of the cornea and the lateral orbital rim is usually less than 20 mm .
• A reading of 21 mm or more is regarded abnormal. • A difference of 2 mm between 2 eyes is suspicious.• The amount of proptosis is measured with a hertel
exophthalmometer or a plastic ruler placed at the lateral canthus and resting on the bone.
Axial e.g. Cavernous haemangioma Non Axial Displacement - outside the muscle cone-Superior Displacement: maxillary tumor invading the floor of the orbit-Inferomedial displacement:dermoid cyst and lacrimal gland tumor
-Days to weeks: inflammatory diseases. Infectious diseases, metastatic tumors-Months to years: dermoids
DIRECTION OF PROPTOSIS
PROGRESSION
Palpation Superonasal: Mucoceles, neurofibromas dermoids Superotemporal: lacrimal gland tumor- pseudo
tumor
Pulsations with bruit : CCS Fistula without bruit: meningoencephalocoeles
ENOPHTHALMOS• ENOPHTHALMOS: RETRACTION OF THE EYE INTO THE ORBIT
• NORMAL IN : ELDERLY PEOPLE THAT IS DUE TO SENILE ATROPHY OF THE ORBITAL FAT.
• THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ENOPHTHALMOS IS TRAUMA.
• FRACTURE OF THE ORBITAL FLOOR RESULTS IN HERNIATION OF THE ORBITAL CONTENT INTO THE MAXILLARY SINUS.
Pseudoenophthalmos: causes : microphthalmos, phthisis bulbi
If you forget clinical picture of orbital disease try this scheme
• 6 P’S• PAIN HISTORY• PERIORBITAL CHANGES ANTERIOR
SEGMENT• PROPTOSIS • PROGRESSION• PALPATION• PULSATION
VISUAL AFFECTION
• CORNEAL EXPOSURE • OPTIC NERVE COMPRESSION
CT Scan Good for most orbital
conditions, esp fractures Good view of bone & Ca Degraded image of orbital apex
due to bony artifact
Less soft tissue detail Good for metallic foreign body Less expensive Shorter Scanning time
MRI Better for orbitocranial lesions
No view of bone & Ca Good view of Orbital Apex
More soft tissue detail Contraindicated for Metallic
Foreign Body More expensive Longer Scanning time
ORBITAL DISEASES
1. INFLAMMATORY: 1. THYROID EYE DISEASE (ALSO CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS
ENDOCRINAL)2. IDIOPATHIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
2. TUMORS AND CYSTS3. INFECTION4. TRAUMA
ENDOCRINAL PROPTOSISTHYROID EYE DISEASE
Main Clinical Manifestation1. Eyelid retraction2. Soft Tissue involvement3. Proptosis4. Optic Neuropathy5. Restrictive Myopathy
1-EYELID RETRACTION 50% OF PATIENTS• VON GRAEFE SIGN: LID LAG
• KOCHER SIGN: ATTENTIVE FIXATION
2-Soft Tissue Involvement (infiltration)1. Conjunctival Injection2. Chemosis3. Eyelid swelling 4. Kerato-conjunctival Sicca
3-PROPTOSIS• AXIAL• BI OR UNI• NOT SYMMETRICAL
4-OPTIC NEUROPATHY• DIRECT COMPRESSION BY RECTI
5-Restrictive MyopathyIR>MR>SR>LR
CT SCAN• EOM
HYPERTROPHY WITH TENDON SPARING
PRESEPTAL CELLULITIS
• INFECTION CONFINED TO THE EYELIDS AND PERIORBITAL TISSUES ANTERIOR TO THE ORBITAL SEPTUM
• GLOBE IS UNINVOLVED: PUPILLARY REFLEXES VISUAL ACUITY EOM’S ARE NORMAL• NO CHEMOSIS• NO PAIN• NO PROPTOSIS
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
• Clinical picture: • fever, proptosis, chemosis, EOM restrictions, pain on eye
movement, decrease visual acuity, pupillary reflex abnormalities RAPD
• Commonest cause is ethmoiditis
Capillary Hemangioma Most common tumor of the orbit in childhood increase in tumor size during crying and straining absent bruit and pulsation involute spontaneously
Cavernous Hemangioma Most common benign orbital lesion in adults middle-aged women commonly affected enhanced well-encapsulated mass on CT scan
Rhabdomyosarcoma Most common primary orbital malignancy of childhood age-onset is 7-8 y/o rapid onset of proptosis
Pleomorphic AdenomaMost common epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland4th -5th decades of life, mostly menprogresssive, painless, downward & inward displacement
Epidermoid / Dermoid CystDermoid is a benign cystic teratomawell-encapsulated lined by stratified squamous & contain
dermal appendagesEpidermoid - does not contain dermal appendages
MENINGO-ENCEPHALOCELE
FRACTURES OF THE ORBITAL
FLOOR• Clinical features
• Periocular changes: ecchymosis, edema, subcutaneous emphysema
• Enophthalmos• Infraorbital nerve
anesthesia• Diplopia
المليون؟ سيربح من
THANK YOU
THANK YOU