oral hygiene report final locked unedited with questionnaire
DESCRIPTION
SMK TAMAN SEA R&D CLUBTRANSCRIPT
RESEARCH ON THE IMPORTANCE OF
ORAL HYGIENE
A MINI RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE
R & D CLUB OF S.M.K TAMAN S.E.A., P.J.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE SIXTH FORM COURSE
2011
BY
JONATHAN HENG FUQIANG
S M K TAMAN SEA, PETALING JAYA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to record my grateful appreciation to all the Form 6 teachers, especially Pn
Tan Sin Wah and Pn Vasanthy for their guidance and support. I would also like to thank my dad
for taking his effort to look through my work.
This research would not have been a success if not for the cooperation and support of several
parties including the involvement of members of the research and development club who helped
us in no small way.
I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my group members namely Men How, Saystri,
Kah Lin, Hoc Leong, Alexander, and Sathes for their hard work and team spirit to ensure the
success of this research project.
Last but not least, I must thank the students of 4 Cempaka for their involvement in this research by
giving kind co-operation and undivided support and time to be willing respondents to our survey.
ii
ABSTRACT
The study investigates the importance of oral hygiene among secondary school students.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the awareness of oral hygiene among secondary school
students and to identify their oral health status.
The outcome highlighted a high degree of student awareness of oral hygiene and indicates their
positive attitude towards it.
There exist a small number of students quite unaware about the importance of oral hygiene which
can affect their appearance and oral health.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................ iii
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................6
Statement of Problem................................................................................................................. 6
Purpose of Study..........................................................................................................................6
Significance of Study....................................................................................................................6
Research Question.......................................................................................................................7
Operational Definition.................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................10
Overview....................................................................................................................................10
Site.............................................................................................................................................10
Participants................................................................................................................................10
Instruments............................................................................................................................... 10
Data Analysis............................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS....................................................................................................................11
iv
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................29
Introduction...............................................................................................................................29
Summary of the Study...............................................................................................................29
Findings......................................................................................................................................29
Implications............................................................................................................................... 30
Limitation...................................................................................................................................31
Recommendation and Future Research....................................................................................32
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................... 33
EXAMPLE SURVEY PAPER...............................................................................................................35
SURVEY PAPERS DID BY STUDENTS OF 4 CEMPAKA.......................................................................37
v
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Statement of Problem
Oral hygiene among students in Malaysia is not on par with the standard set by the World Dental
Assiositation which would cause many oral health problems among Malaysian students.
Besides that, students who are unaware about their oral hygiene tend to not care about their oral
health.
Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the level and knowledge of oral hygiene awareness
among secondary school students.
Purpose of Study
In the proposed study, I will investigate the importance of oral hygiene among secondary school
students. Specifically, this study aims to:
Investigate the students’ level of awareness on oral hygiene.
Determine how aware secondary school students are on their habits, status and knowledge of oral
hygiene.
Outcomes and insights acquired through this study are expected to create awareness among school
students on their practice of oral hygiene.
Significance of Study
Conclusions drawn from this study will enable the society and its elites, i.e., dentist, teachers etc., to
better determine the way forward in assisting students by identifying level of oral hygiene.
For instance, if it is found, in this study, that level of oral hygiene among students does negatively
affect a student’s image, then various departments can derive methods to overcome this problem.
Besides that it can educate the students and create awareness to the public.
6
Therefore, this study was carried out in order to identify the level and knowledge of oral hygiene
among secondary students .
Research Question
What are students level of awareness and knowledge on oral hygiene?
Operational Definition
For the purpose of this research:
Awareness
- Having or showing realization, perception, or knowledge
Knowledge
- The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience
Oral Hygiene
- Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems
and bad breath..
Oral Health
- Dentistry is the known evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases,
disorders and conditions of the soft and hard tissues of the jaw (mandible), the oral cavity,
maxillofacial area and the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human
body.
7
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW
Habits
A WHO Collaborative Study conducted Cross-National Survey on Health Behaviour in
school-aged children, was to describe the oral hygiene habits (toothbrushing and flossing) of
11-year-old schoolchildren in 22 countries. At least 1300 school children participated in this
study. The children brushed most favorably in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria, and
Norway (83-73% brushed twice a day). More-than-once-a-day toothbrushing was especially
uncommon (from 26 to 33%) among boys in Finland, Lithuania, Russia, Estonia, and Latvia.
Toothbrushing frequency differed significantly according to school performance in Canada,
the Czech Republic, Scotland, Poland, Northern Ireland, and Wales and between different
socio-economic groups in Northern Ireland, Wales, the Czech Republic, Scotland, Poland,
and Russia. Use of dental floss was rare. In general, flossing was less frequent among boys
than among girls. Daily flossing was most common among Canadian adolescents (25%).
Awareness
The Office of National Statistics together with the Universities of Birmingham, Dundee,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Wales conducted an Adult Dental Health survey in the UK.The
purpose of the survey is to identify the behavioural indicator whether people say they go to a
dentist for a regular dental check-up, an occasional dental check-up or only when they have
trouble with their teeth. The proportion of dentate adults in the UK who report attending for
regular dental check-ups has risen from 43% in 1978 to 59% in 1998. Older adults (over 55
years old) were the most likely to say they attend for regular dental check-ups. Many younger
adults (16–24) said they went to a dentist less often than 5 years previously, they were also
the least likely to say they attend for regular dental check-ups.
8
Knowledge
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou , China have started
a study of oral health knowledge among college students. 3356 undergraduates from three
Jinzhou colleges take a closed-questionnaire on oral health. Results show that college students
lack the basic oral health knowledge.Only 59.7% of the students answered correctly.The
female students were significantly better than the male students.(55.9% for boys,62.7% for
girls).The medical students were significantly better than other students.(63.4% for the
medical students, 57.0% for other students.) The students who major in oral cavity were
significantly better than other medical students(66.8% for the students who major in oral
cavity,62.3% for other medical students). The rate of correctly answering significantly
increased with the increase of the educational span.
9
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods of collection & analyzing of data, the strategies put forth
and characteristics of the study.
Overview
This study is purposed to investigate the awareness of oral health among students. There are three
main aspects of a student’s awareness that this study will focus on: habits, status and awareness
and knowledge on oral health.
Site
This study was carried out in a co-ed national secondary school in Petaling Jaya. This site was
chosen as the area has a balanced population of students of various socio-economic
backgrounds. Sekolah Menengah Kebangasaan Taman S.E.A. was chosen as it fulfils the
criteria.
Participants
The participants of this study consist of students from various financial and educational
background from a Form 4 class that is 4 Cempaka. A total of 18 males and 22 females from the
class were involved in the study.
Instruments
Survey forms containing 10 questions for the execution of this study. Each item has 2 to 5
options.
Data Analysis
The survey data was collected and was then analyzed using graphs, charts and pie charts.
10
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS
This chapter disscusses the findings of the Questionnare that were given out.Tables, bar charts
and pie charts were used to display the results.
Table 1: Gender Of Students In 4 Cempaka
Gender of student Number of Student %
Boys 18 45%
Girls 22 55%
Total 40 100%
Figure 1: Gender Of Students In 4 Cempaka
45%
55% Boys
Girls
Table 1 showed the gender of students in 4 Cempaka which comprised of 18 (45%) males and 22
(55%) female students.
11
Table 2: Ethnicity Of Students In 4 Cempaka
Race of student
Number of Student %
Number of Male Student %
Number of Female Student %
Malay 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%Chinese 35 87.5% 18 100.0% 17 77.3%Indian 4 10.0% 0 0.0% 4 18.2%Others 1 2.5% 0 0.0% 1 4.5%
Total 40100.0
% 18100.0
% 22 100.0%
Figure 2: Ethnicity Of Students In 4 Cempaka
88%
10%3%
MalayChineseIndianOthers
Figure 3: Ethnicity of Male students in 4 Cempaka Figure 4: Ethinicity of female students 4 Cempaka
100%
MalayChineseIndianOthers
77%
18% 5%
MalayChineseIndianOthers
In Figure 3, class 4 Cempaka consisted of 35 Chinese (87% )(18 male and 17 Female) , 4 Indians
(4 females, 18.2% ) and 1 female (4.5%) from the ‘Others’ category.
Table 3: Financial Status Based On Students’ Perspective
12
Financial status
Number of Student %
Number of Male Student %
Number of Female Student %
Very Good 1 2.5% 0 0.0% 1 4.5%Good 14 35.0% 7 38.9% 7 31.8%Moderate 22 55.0% 9 50.0% 13 59.1%Very Poor 3 7.5% 2 11.1% 1 4.5%
Total 40100.0
% 18100.0
% 22 100.0%
Figure 5: Financial Status Based On Students’ Perspective
3%
35%
55%
8%
Very Good
Good
Moderate
Very Poor
Figure 6: Financial Status of Male Students Figure 7: Financial Status of Female Students
39%
50%
11%
Very Good Good
Moderate Very Poor
5%
32%
59%
5%
Very Good Good
Moderate Very Poor
Based on the analysis of the students’ perception on financial status in Figure 3, the respondents in 4
Cempaka, a majority of them stated that they were from moderate financial status families (9 males
and 13 females). Only 35% of the class stated that they came from families of good financial status (7
male,7 female) and 7.5 % of the class (3 males and 2 females) claimed that they came from very poor
families. Interestingly, one female student stated that she came from a family of very good financial
status.
13
Analysis of the Response of the Class
This part of the study will illustrate the response of the class to the various questions of the
questionnaire based on the gender.
Figure 8: Frequency Of Brushing Teeth By Students
8%
65%
20%8%
Once
Twice
Thrice
After each meal
In Figure 8, Out of the total, 65% of the class brushed their teeth twice a day while 20% of the class
students brushed their teeth thrice a day. Of the remainder, 8% brushed their teeth once and 7% of
the class students brushed after every meal.
14
Table 4: Frequency Of Brushing Teeth By Students By Gender
Male Female TotalOnce 3 16.7% 0 0.0% 3 7.5%Twice 14 77.8% 12 54.5% 26 65.0%Thrice 0 0.0% 8 36.4% 8 20.0%After Each Meal 1 5.6% 2 9.1% 3 7.5%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 9: Frequency Of Brushing Teeth By Students By Gender
Once Twice Thrice After Each Meal0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er
of
Stu
de
nts
In Figure 9, of those respondents who brushed their teeth twice a day, 77.8% or 14 students were
male while 54.5% or 12 students were female. 36.4% or 8 female students brushed their teeth
thrice a day. There were no male students in this category. Only 3 students for those who brushed
their teeth after every meal. Of these, 2 were female students and one was a male student.
15
Figure 10: Teeth Flossing Among Students
18%
57%
25%
Yes
No
Sometimes
In Figure 10, out of the total respondents, 58% or 23 students did not floss their teeth. 17% or 7
students flossed their teeth while 25% or 10 students flossed their teeth sometimes.
Table 5: Teeth Flossing By Gender
Male Female TotalYes 4 22.2% 3 13.6% 7 17.5%No 11 61.1% 12 54.5% 23 57.5%Sometimes 3 16.7% 7 31.8% 10 25.0%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 11: Teeth Flossing By Gender
Yes No Sometimes0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er o
f S
tu
de
nt
Analysis of the responses to this question state in Figure 11 showed that a majority of students
from both gender did not floss their teeth. Of 40 respondents, 23 students or 57.5% did not floss
their teeth. Of these, 11 of them were males while 12 were females. Only 4 out of 18 male
students or 22.2% of the gender group practised flossing while 3 out of 22 female students or
13.6% of their gender group flossed their teeth. In addition, 3 male students or 16.7% of their
16
gender group and 7 female students or 31.8% of their gender group responded that they sometimes
floseds their teeth.
Figure 12: Tongue Cleaning Among Students
50%
33%
18%
Yes No Sometimes
In Figure 12, out of the total respondents, 20 students or 50% cleaned their tongues. 13 students or
32.5% did not clean their tongues while 7 students (17.5%) replied that they cleaned their tongue
sometimes.
Table 6: Tongue Cleaning By Gender
Male Female TotalYes 8 44.4% 12 54.5% 20 50.0%No 5 27.8% 8 36.4% 13 32.5%Sometimes 5 27.8% 2 9.1% 7 17.5%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 13: Tongue Cleaning By Students
Yes No Sometimes0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er o
f Stu
de
nt
Based on gender results in Figure 13, 8 out of 18 male students or 44.4% of their gender group
cleaned their tongues while 12 out of 22 or 54.5% of the female gender group did this. 5 male
students or 27.8% and 8 females or 36.4% of their respective gender groups did not clean their
17
tongues. For those who responded that they cleaned their tongues sometimes, 5 were male
respondents or 27.8% and 2 were females or 9.1% of their respective gender groups.
Figure 14: Time Taken To Brush Their Teeth By Students
50%50%
< 5 Minutes5 Minutes >
In Figure 14, out of the total, 50% of the class students brushed their teeth more than 5 minutes
while the other 50% brushed their teeth less than 5 minutes.
Table 7: Time Taken To Brush Their Teeth By Gender
Male Female Total< 5 Minutes 8 44.4% 12 54.5% 20 50.0%5 minutes > 10 55.6% 10 45.5% 20 50.0%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 15: Time Taken To Brush Their Teeth By Gender
< 5 Minutes 5 Minutes >0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Male
FemaleNu
mb
er o
f Stu
de
nt
In Figure 15, 18 male students,10 students (55.6%) brushed their teeth more than 5 minutes and 8
students (44.4%) brushed their teeth less than 5 minutes. For female students, 12 students or
18
54.5% brushed their teeth less than 5 minutes while 10 students or 45.5% brushed longer than 5
minutes.
Figure 16: Students Perception On Current Oral Hygiene Status
75%
15%10%
Very Poor
Poor
Good
Very Good
Excellent
In Figure 16, a total of 75% of the students thought that their oral hygiene status was good. Only 6 of
them thought their oral hygiene wass very good while 4 students thought they had excellent oral
hygience.
Table 8: Students Perception On Current Oral Hygiene Status By Gender
Male Female TotalVery Poor 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%Poor 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%Good 16 88.9% 14 63.6% 30 75.0%Very Good 0 0.0% 6 27.3% 6 15.0%Excellent 2 11.1% 2 9.1% 4 10.0%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 17: Students Perception On Current Oral Hygiene Status By Gender
Very Poor Poor Good Very Good Excellent0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er o
f S
tu
de
nts
19
In Figure 17, a total of 88.9% male and 63.6% of female students expressed that their oral health
status was good. 6 females thought that their oral hygiene status was very good while 4 students (2
male,2 female) thought they had excellent oral hygience.
Figure 18: Dental Visit By Students
85%
15%
Yes
No
Outcome statistics in Figure 18 indicated that 85% of students had visited a dentist. The remaining
15% had never visited a dentist.This was testimony that the majority of students were aware of the
need to have good oral hygiene.
Table 9: Dental Visit By Students By Gender
Male Female TotalYes 17 94.4% 17 77.3% 34 85.0%No 1 5.6% 5 22.7% 6 15.0%
Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 19: Dental Visit Of Students By Gender
20
Yes No0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er o
f Stu
de
nt
From Figure 19, it was evident that 85% of the class (94.4% males and 77.3% females) had visited
the dentist. Only 6 students (1 male,5 females) have not visited a dentist before.
Table 10: Students’ Last Dental Visit
When was the last time you visited a dentist?Number of
student %
Less than one year ago 15 44.1%More than one year ago 9 26.5%More than two years ago 10 29.4%
TOTAL 34100.0
%
Figure 20: Students’ Last Dental Visit
44%
26%
29%
Less than one year agoMore than one year agoMore than two years ago
In Figure 20, of those who visited their dentists, 15 students or 44.1% of students visited their
dentist less than a year ago while 26.5% of that students last visited the dentist more than one
21
year but less than 2 years ago.Some 10 students or 29.4% last visited their dentist more than two
years ago.
Table 11: Students’ Last Dental Visit By Gender
Male Female TotalLess Than One Year Ago 6 35.3% 9 52.9% 15 44.1%More Than One Year Ago 5 29.4% 4 23.5% 9 26.5%More Than Two Year Ago 6 35.3% 4 23.5% 10 29.4%Total 17 100.0% 17 100.0% 34 100.0%
Figure 21: Students’ Last Dental Visit By Gender
Less Than One Year Ago More Than One Year Ago More Than Two Year Ago0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Male
FemaleNu
mb
er
of
Stu
de
nts
In Figure 21, Of male students, 6 or 35.3% visited their dentists less than a year ago. Of female
students,9 or 52.9% visited their dentists less than a year ago. This showed that more female
22
students rather than male students visited the dentists within a year. For those who visited their
dentists within one to two years, 5 students or 29.4% were males while 4 or 23.5% were female.
Statistics showed that 6 out of 17 males or 35.3% visited their dentists more than two years ago.
Comparatively, only 4 female students or 23.5% were in this category.
Table 12: Student’s Purpose For A Dental Visit
What was the purpose of your visit?Number of
student %
Examination, prevention 23 67.6%
Need for a filling/extraction 2 5.9%
Special treatment i.e. endodontics,prosthodontics,orthodontics 9 26.5%
TOTAL 34 100.0%
Figure 22: Student’s Purpose For A Dental Visit
68%
6%
26%Examination, prevention
Need for a filling/extraction
Special treatment i.e. endodontics,prosthodontics, orthodon-tics
23
In Figure 22, of the reasons for a dental visit, a majority of 23 students or.67.9% visited the dentist
for oral examination and prevention. Some 9 students or 26.5% went for special treatment while 2
students or 5.9% visited the dentist for fillings and extractions.
Table 13:Dental Visits By Gender
Male Female TotalExamination,Prevention 11 64.7% 12 70.6% 23 67.6%Need For a Filling/Extraction 2 11.8% 0 0.0% 2 5.9%Special Treatment 4 23.5% 5 29.4% 9 26.5%Total 17 100.0% 17 100.0% 34 100.0%
Figure 23: Dental Visits By Gender
Examination,Prevention Need For a Filling/Extraction
Special Treatment0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er
of
Stu
de
nts
In Figure 23, of those who visited their dentists for examination and prevention of cavities, 11
students or 64.7% were males while 12 or 70.6% were female students. Only 2 male students or
11.8% visited the dentist for a tooth filling or extraction. The balance of 9 students of which 4
24
were males (23.5%) and 5 (29.4%) were females sought special dental treatment such as
orthodontics .
Figure 24: Students Perception Of Toothbrush Quality On Their Oral Health
70%
10%
20%
Yes No Maybe
In Figure 24, a total of 28 students or 70% were of the opinion that a good quality
toothbrush was important for the maintenance of good oral hygiene. 4 students or 10%,
however, disagreed. The remaining 8 students or 20% expressed a ‘maybe’ response.
Table 14: Students Perception Of Toothbrush Quality On Their Oral Health By Gender
Male Female Total
Yes 12 66.7% 16 72.7% 28 70.0%No 2 11.1% 2 9.1% 4 10.0%Maybe 4 22.2% 4 18.2% 8 20.0%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
25
Figure 25: Students Perception Of Toothbrush Quality On Their Oral Health By Gender
Yes No Maybe0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er O
f Stu
de
nts
In Figure 25, a majority of the students (66.7% males,72.7%) agreed that a good quality
toothbrush can positively affect their oral hygiene, only 4 students (2 males,2 females)
disagreed. Some 8 students (4 male,4 female) responded with a ‘maybe’response.
Figure 26: Students Perception On Brushing Method
83%
8% 10%
Yes
No
Don't Care
In Figure 26, 33 students or 82.5% of all respondents perceived that a good brushing method
was imperative for maintaining good oral hygiene. Some 3 students or 7.5% responded
negatively while 4 students or 10% indicated that they were not concerned with it.
Table 15: Students Perception On Brushing Method By Gender
Male Female TotalYes 14 77.8% 19 86.4% 33 82.5%No 1 5.6% 2 9.1% 3 7.5%Don't Care 3 16.7% 1 4.5% 4 10.0%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 27: Students Perception On Brushing Method By Gender
26
Yes No Don't Care0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Male
FemaleNu
mb
er O
f S
tu
de
nts
In Figure 27, the analysis by gender showed of those who concurred with the statement
that a good brushing method was important for good oral hygience maintenance; 19
students or 85.4% were female students while 14 or 77.8% were male students. Of those
who disagreed, 2 or 9.1% were female students and 1 or 5.6% was a male. Of the students
who were not concerned at all with this statement, 3 or 16.7% were males while 1 or 4.5%
was a female.
Figure 28: Students Knowledge On Fluoride
13%
85%
3%
Pleasant Taste
Soft Feeling
Prevent Cavities
Price
In Figure 28, 34 students or 85% of the respondents displayed knowledge that fluoride was
important in preventing cavities, 5 students or 12% of the sample size thought it had a pleasant taste
and 1 student thought that it was value for money from the price perspective. No one responded to
the option that the toothpaste felt soft due to the flouride content.
Table 16: Students Knowledge On Fluoride By Gender
Male Female TotalPleasant Taste 0 0.0% 5 22.7% 5 12.5%Soft Feeling 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%Prevents Cavities 18 100.0% 16 72.7% 34 85.0%Price 0 0.0% 1 4.5% 1 2.5%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
27
Figure 29: Students Knowledge On Fluoride By Gender
Pleasant Taste Soft Feeling Prevents Cavities Price0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er O
f S
tu
de
nts
In Figure 29, all the male students showed awareness that fluoride was added to toothpaste to
prevent cavities. However, not all female students agreed on this statement. Only 16 female
students or 72.7% concured with this statement. 5 female students or 22.7% of them agreed that
fluoride was added to the toothpaste so that it can have a pleasant taste while 1 female student or
4.5% agreed it was added in for pricing purpose .
Figure 30: Students Perception Of Tooth Extraction As a Preferred Treatment
38%
63%
Yes
No
In Figure 30, some 25 student or 63% disagreed with this statement while 15 students or 35%
agreed with this statement.
Table 17: Students Perception Of Tooth Extraction As a Preferred Treatment By Gender
Male Female TotalYes 5 27.8% 10 45.5% 15 37.5%No 13 72.2% 12 54.5% 25 62.5%Total 18 100.0% 22 100.0% 40 100.0%
Figure 31: Students Perception Of Tooth Extraction As a Preferred Treatment By Gender
28
Yes No0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Male
Female
Nu
mb
er O
f Stu
de
nts
In Figure 31, 10 female students or 45.5% agreed while 5 male students or 27.8% subscribed to this
statement. They believed that extraction was the only viable option. However, of the 25 students
who disagreed, 13 students or 72.2% were males while 12 students or 54.5% were females.They
believed there were alternative treatments available.
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
The following chapter begins with a brief summary of the findings of students’ status and
awareness of oral hygiene in Chapter 4. This chapter will discuss the significance of the
study, its limitations, its implications, recomendations and future research.
Summary of the Study
The study was carried out to investigate the status and awareness of oral hygiene among
students. The overall results based on gender will be explained in detail in this chapter.
Findings
29
The results and discussions of Chapter 4 reveal that the habit cultivated by students for good
oral hygiene was at the same level for both genders. It can be concluded that both genders
practice correct oral hygiene habits except for flossing. Flossing is not cultivated as a habit of
students. This could be due to the long length of time required to do flossing. Besides that,
there was still a minority who were unaware that they have not cultivated good oral hygiene
habits. This might be due to ignorace or non-interest in maintaining good oral hygiene habits.
Apart from that, it is clearly seen that most of the female students were more aware than male
students on their oral hygiene. We can see that most of the female students go for check ups
regularly and do special treatment for they believed that good of oral hygiene helps to
improve one’s appearence. Eventhough the male students are not as aware as the female
students, both genders state that their oral hygiene is good.
Last but not least, majority of the male students have more knowledge on oral health than
female students as majority of the male students answered the question correctly while most
of the female students answered wrongly. This may be due to their perception of qualities and
method used by dentist were not understood by the students. This is also supported by the
study carried by The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou ,
China colleges which showed that college students lack the basic oral health knowledge
Implications
From the study,we can deduce that students from 4 Cempaka are aware about the
importance of good oral hygiene though there appears that there exist a handful of students
who are still unaware about the importance of oral hygiene and that they have yet to
cultivate good oral habits.
30
Students who are not aware of their oral hygiene should read articles on oral hygiene in
books or browse the internet. Additionally, teachers and parents should assist these
students by impressing upon them an awareness on the importance of oral hygiene. Our
goverment could also help to instill the awareness of oral hygiene via the school
curriculum and through public campaigns.
Students must be made to understand that good habits and knowledge of oral hygiene can
help improve their oral health status and also at the same time, enhance their appearence
and confidence. This is crucial in this era where competition is keen in order to secure
positions and jobs in good corporations.
Lastly, an indepth knowledge about oral hygiene must be instilled from young to ensure they
can enjoy good oral health when they attend school or become young adults. If students have
the knowledge and awareness of good oral hygiene and practices healthy habits such as teeth
brushing and tongue cleaning, they can be assured of a life free from tooth decay and loss as
well as other dental problems.
Limitation
There are limitations in this study. Firstly, the sample size of this survey of 40 students is too
small. This size is not representative to indicate the oral health of the students of SMK Taman
SEA generally. As such the conclusions will not be reflective nor can be accepted is true or
practical to be used as policy guidelines.
Secondly, this miniscule study would not be representative of all secondary students of
Malaysia. In the same vein, it can hardly be used as a benchmark to compare oral hygiene
standards on a regional or global basis.
31
As the respondents are still at a tender age, their maturity level may affect how they interpret
the questions in the questionnaire. The range of maturity of the respondents. As such the
standard deviation for this study will unavoidaby be large.
Finally, as the study is done in an urban area where oral hygiene is so much higher, it cannot
be used to reflect the level of oral hygiene in the rural areas of the country.
Recommendation and Future Research
The research was carried out only on a small scale. We hope future researchers can carry out a
similar study but on a larger scale so that it could be more representative and reflective of the
status of oral health among secondary school students. We are sure such finding will be more
useful to be use as inputs for policy consideration of the goverment to elevate the status of
oral health among secondary school students nationally.
By extention, we would also like to recommend that a similar study be conducted on the
Malaysian public so that we can have national level statistics towards planning for a more
comprehensive health policy for all Malaysians.
32
REFERENCES
Adult dental health survey
Retrieved excerpt 13 June 2011 from http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n4/abs/
4800918a.html
Ameeta Nanda, Navin A. Ingle. (2002). Study of fear of dentistry: JIDA; 73:104-10.
Chawla H.S. (1985). Dental health promotion, reaching the needy: JIDA. 57:387-95.
Dentist - How Often Should You See the Dentist for Check Ups and Cleanings
Retrieved excerpt 3 March 2011 from http://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalfactsfaqs/
f/checkupfrequent.htm
Dummer MH, Addy M, Kicks R, Anne kingdom. (1987). The effect of social class on the
prevalence of caries, plaque gingivitis and pocking in 11 - 12 year old children in
South Wales. J Dent; 15;185-90.
33
Eight Darned Good Reasons to Floss Your Teeth
Retrieved excerpt 3 March 2011 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Eight-Darned-Good-
Reasons-to-Floss-Your-Teeth&id=151436
Leo Polo CT. Carol man- der, Christine Utting, Kaden Watkins and Rock W.P. ( 1991). the
world health organization goals for oral health A progress report. Community Dent
Health:8:245 -51.
National Oral Health Organization. (1986). National Oral Health Policy: JIDA ;58:397-401.
Oral Care Information, Articles & Resources | Colgate Oral & Dental Health Info
Retrieved excerpt 3 March 2011 from http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/
Information/ Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health- Basics/Oral-Hygiene/Oral-Hygiene-
Basics/article/Taking-Care-of-Your-Teeth.cvsp
Oral health behavior patterns among Tanzanian university students: a repeat cross-sectional
survey.Retrieve from 3 March 2011. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/1/2
Oral Hygiene Habits of 11-year-old Schoolchildren in 22 European Countries and Canada.
Retrieved excerpt 13 June 2011 from http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/76/9/1602.short
Szatko F, Wierzbicka M, Dybibańska E, Struycka I, Iwonicka- Frankowska E. (2004) Oral
health of Polish three-year-olds and mothers’ oral health-related knowledge.
Community Dent Health, 21(2): 175-80.
34
The Analysis of Survey on 3356 Jinzhou College Students' Oral Health Knowledge
Retrieved excerpt 13 June 2011 from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-
JZYX200704012.htm
Toothache Causes & Solutions - A Complete Consumer Guide
Retrieved excerpt 3 March 2011 from http://www.yourdentistryguide.com/toothache-
causes/
Visiting the Dentist - Reasons to Visit the Dentist
Retrieved excerpt 3 March 2011 from http://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalhealth/
tp/visit_dentist.htm
35
EXAMPLE SURVEY PAPER
SMK Taman SEA
This questionnaire was done by the Form 6 students of SMK Taman SEA, Petaling Jaya, Selangor as a Research & Development study paper for the Year 2011.
Its purpose is to evaluate and to investigate the trend of oral hygiene of people and to instil awareness to the importance of maintaining proper oral hygiene and ensure good oral health.
Form: 1 2 3 4 5 6
36
Race: Malay Chinese Indian Others
Gender: Male Female
Financial Status: Very Good Good Moderate Very Poor
1. How many times do you brush your teeth a day? Once Twice Thrice After each meal
2. Do you floss your teeth? Yes No Sometimes
3. Do you clean your tongue? Yes No Sometimes
4. How long do you brush your teeth? <5 minutes >5 minutes
5. How do you describe your current oral health status? Very poor Poor Good Very good Excellent
6. Have you visited the dentist before? Yes No
For those who answered “Yes” for Question 6When was the last time you visited a dentist?
Less than one year ago More than one year ago More than two years ago
What was the purpose of your visit? Examination, prevention Need for a filling/extraction Special treatment i.e. endodontics, prosthodontics, orthodonticsEndodontics The branch of dentistry that deals with reformation of teeth by using bracesProsthodonticsThe branch of dentistry that deals with the replacement of missing teeth and bridges,dentures,or other artificial devices.Orthodontics
37
The branch of dentistry that deals with diseases of the tooth root,dental pulp,and surrounding tissue(Gum).
7. Do you think it is important to use a good quality toothbrush? Yes No Maybe
8. Do you think a proper method of brushing teeth is important? Yes No Don’t Care
9. Fluoride is added to toothpaste because of Pleasant taste Soft feeling Prevents cavities Price
10. If your tooth is very painful do you think that the extraction is the only possible treatment?
Yes No
THANK YOUYour time and effort is greatly appreciated for helping us complete this questionnaire.
38
SURVEY PAPERS DID BY STUDENTS OF
4 CEMPAKA
39