LET REVIEW 2016

Prepared by:Ms. Rona Relojo - dela Rosa

SPEECH AND ORAL

COMMUNICATION

Speech-Producing Mechanism

LL LipsTT TeethTR Alveolar / teeth ridge, convex part of the mouth, immediately behind the teethH Hard palate, concave part of the roof of the mouthS Soft palate in lowered position

U Uvula, the loose hanging end of the soft palateP PharynxBL Blade of the tongue, including the tip, the part opposite the teeth ridgeF Front of the tongue, the part opposite the hard palateB Back of the tongue, the part opposite the soft palate

E Epiglottis; this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowingW WindpipeFP Food passageV Vocal cords or vocal lipsLarynx The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords

The smallest unit of speech sound is called a phoneme.

One or more phonemes combine to form a syllable.

One or more syllables combine to form a word.Phonemes can be divided into two groups: vowels

and consonants.

Vowels are always voiced. Consonants may be voiced or

unvoiced. A diphthong is a combination of two or more vowels into one

phoneme. Consonants may be classified according to their manner of

articulation as plosive, fricative, nasal, liquid, and semivowel.

a) A phoneme is the smallest structural unit

in speech that distinguishes meaning.

An example of a phoneme is the /t/ sound in the words

“tip,” “stand,” “water,” and “cat.”

b) A syllable is a unit of organization for a

sequence of speech sounds. These are

considered the phonological “building

blocks” of words. A word that consists of a single syllable (like “cat”) is called a monosyllable.

c) A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists

of one or more morphemes. Typically a

word will consist of a root or stem and zero or

more affixes.

morpheme—is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. For example, the word

“unbreakable” has three morphemes: un- (meaning “not”), -break-, and -able.

affixes—is a morpheme that is attached to a root to form a

word like the prefix un- and the suffix –able in “unbreakable.”

d) A vowel is a sound in spoken language that is

characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure

above the glottis. A vowel is also understood to be syllabic and is usually

voiced.

e) A consonant is a sound that is

characterized by a constriction or

complete/partial closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.

g.) A diphthong is a monosyllabic vowel

combination involving a quick but smooth

movement or glide from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single

phoneme.

PLACE OF

ARTICULATION

Bilabial consonants occur

when you block/constrict airflow out of the

mouth./p/ as in "purse"

and "rap"/b/ as in "back" and

"cab"/m/ as in "mad"

and "clam"

Labiodental consonants occur when you block airflow by curling

your lower lip back and raising it

to touch your upper LIP.

/f/ as in "fro" and "calf"

/v/ as in "vine" and "have"

Dental consonants occur when you block

airflow by placing your tongue against your upper teeth.  

/θ/ as is "thick" and "bath"

/ð/ as in "the" and "rather"

  Alveolar consonants are

created when you raise your tongue to the alveolar ridge so as to block airflow.  

/n/ as in "no" and "man"

/t/ as in "tab" and "rat"/d/ as in "dip" and

"bad"/s/ as in "suit" and

"bus"/z/ as in "zit" and "jazz"

/l/ as in "luck" and "fully"

post-alveolar consonants are those that occur when the

tongue blocks airflow at the point just

beyond the alveolar ridge.  

/ʃ/ as in "shoot" or "brash"  

/ʒ/ as in "vision" or "measure"

/tʃ/ as in "chick" or "match"  

/dʒ/ as in "jam" or "badge"

Palatal consonants 

when you raise the tongue to

this point so as to block

airflow.  English has only

one palatal consonant: 

/j/ as in "yes" and "bayou"

Velar Consonants are

created when you raise the back of

your tongue to the velum so as to block

airflow.  /ŋ/ as in "going" and

"uncle" /k/ as in "kite" and

"back"/g/ as in "good" and

"bug"/w/ as in "wet" and

"howard"

Glottal consonants aren't really

consonants; they just play consonant

roles in the language.  

/h/ as in "hi" and "Bahamas".  You're not really blocking airflow for this /h/ sound, you're just sort of exhaling a little bit harder.

Manner of

Articulation

1.) A plosive (or stop) is a consonant sound produced by stopping

the airflow in the vocal tract as in /b/.

2. ) A fricative is a consonant sound

produced by forcing air through a narrow

channel made by placing two articulators

close together.

3.) A sibilant is a type of fricative or affricate consonant made by directing a jet of air through a narrow

channel in the vocal tract towards the sharp

edge of the teeth as in /s/.

4. ) A nasal is produced when the velum—that

fleshy part of thepalate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to

escapefreely through the nose

instead of the mouth as it is blocked

by the tongue, as in /m/.

5.) A liquid is a consonant sound that

is intermediate between vowels and typical consonants

and includes approximants and

laterals.

6.) A semivowel (also known as a glide) is a

non-syllabic vowel that form diphthongs

with full syllabic vowels like the

approximants /w/ and /y/.

Phonetics is the study of sounds.

With phonetic transcriptions,

dictionaries tell you about the

pronunciation of words.

IPA ASCII Examples

@ cat, black

e met, bed

i: see, heat

i hit, sitting

Front Vowels

a: arm, father

o: call, fouro hot, rocku: blue,

foodu put,

could

Back Vowels

Central Vowels

^ cup, luck

.. away, cinema

e:(r) turn, learn

ai five, eyeei say, eightoi boy, joini..(r) near, heree..(r) where, airu..(r) pure, tourist

Ou go, home

au now, out

Diphthongs

b bad, labp pet, mapt tea,

gettingd did, ladyk cat, backg give, flag

Plosives

f find, ifv voice,

fiveth think,

bothTH this,

mother

Fricatives

m man, lemon

n no, ten

N sing, finger

Nasals

s sun, miss

S she, crash

z zoo, lazyZ pleasure,

visionh how,

hello

Sibilants

tS check, church

dZ just, large

Affricates

r red, try

w wet, window

j yes, yellow

Approximants

l leg, little

Laterals

Suprasegmental

Phonemes

STRESS> degree of prominence a

syllable has. > For individual words, three

stress phonemes are significant.

primary stress, mid stress, weak stress

PITCH LEVELS> It is relative. > combine into patterns to make

meaningful melodies over the whole phrase

or sentence.

INTONATION CONTOURS

> Statement or declarative sentence

> Command> Wh- or information question

> Yes-no question in statement form

Oral Communication

and Language Functions

Group Communication

> Includes Three or More People> Includes Shared Perception

> Emphasizes Interdependence> Requires Communication

Public Speaking as Communication

Special Speaker Consideration

Types of SpeechesInformative speechPersuasive speechSpecial Occasion Speeches

 

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Early Filipino literature consists of: Salawikain BugtongSayings ProverbsLegends Folk tales

Epic

Spanish Period ( 1565-1898)

The coming of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in the Philippines in 1565

marked the start of more than 300 years of colonization; in the same manner that the stay of

Fray Andres Urdaneta started the evangelization of our country.

There were several changes brought about by the Spanish colonization

specifically in Literature.The Filipino alphabet was replaced by the Roman

alphabet.Teaching of Christian Doctrine

was the basic religious practices.

Spanish language became the literary language but not the medium of communication.

Only informers and interpreters were allowed to use Spanish.

European legends and traditions were assimilated to the Filipino

literature.Ancient literature were collected

and translated to dialects.Periodicals were of religious

tone.

Doctrina Christiana en Lengua espanola y

tagalog - was the first book printed .It was authored by

Fr. Juan de Plasencia.Poetry continued to be

the most popular vehicle for literary expression during the

Spanish time though they were church oriented.

Different literary forms

of the time were:

Marian Hymns - songs dedicated to Virgin

Pasyon - the verse narrative of the sufferings and death of Christ. Panunuluyan - a

play that dramatized Joseph’s and Mary’s search

for lodging.Cenaculo - dramatization of

the passion and death of Jesus Christ.

Salubong - meeting of the Risen Christ and His mother.Moriones - chase of Longinus

by the Roman soldiers .Tibag - Queen Elena’s search for the cross on which Christ

died.Pangangaluluwa - souls in purgatory are released on the night of All Saints’ Day.

Karagatan - the throwing of the ring of a maiden to the

sea Duplo - a long poetic joust

reasoning between bilyakas and bilyakos.

Balagtasan - contest of skills in debate using verses.Shadow Play - dramatic

entertainment presented outdoors.

Comedia - a play that demonstrates the

victory of Christians over Muslims.

Sainete - short dramatic form used between acts

of longer plays.

Awit - a dodecasyllabic verses which are fabricated stories

from writer’s imagination done by chanting. (Florante at

Laura).Corrido - an octosyllabic verse

usually on stories from European countries being narrated. (Ibong Adarna).

Period of

Emerging National

Consciousness

The execution of GOMBURZA after Fr. Pedro Pelaez’ death ,

and the coming of the liberal-minded Spanish

Governor Gov. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre transformed the Filipinos from religious spirit

to nationalism. The propaganda movement

came into existence.

Marcelo del Pilar wrote satire like Caiingat Cayo and Hikbi ng Pilipinas Ynang Espanya

which caused Andres Bonifacio to write a part of the triad in his Katapusang

Hikbi ng Pilipinas.Graciano Lopez-Jaena left the editorship of La Solidaridad

and wrote Fray Botod.

The Revolutionar

y Period

The period had 2 phases: the revolution against Spain where writings were in Tagalog written mostly by Bonifacio and Jacinto.

The second phase was the revolution during the Philippine-

American War where serious plays appeared mostly written

by the brains of the revolutions.Apolinario Mabini.

Literature during the American Regime

Nationalistic spirit flourished together with

mass education and literature was adopted after American writers such as Patrick Henry,

Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson.

In 1900, President Mc Kinley’s instructions made

English the official language of the country.

In 1901 American teachers arrived and in

the same year, the Philippine Normal School was founded with English as medium of instruction.

By 1905, the Philippine Free Press was published as a

bilingual weekly. In 1908 U.P was founded to vie with the

elite private schools. By 1930’s Filipino writers have mastered English writing. Recognized abroad were Carlos Bulosan, and Jose

Garcia Villa.

The Zobel Prize was founded in 1921 by Don Enrique Zobel de Ayala

for the best works in Spanish but it didn’t last long because of

lack of entries.

Vernacular

Literature

The compulsory study of Tagalog-based national

language in schools, widespread circulation of

Tagalog reading materials, Tagalog plays aired over the

radio or television made possible the flourishing of

vernacular literature.

Zarzuela is a musical comedy usually of three or more acts. Its name was taken from the

lodge where King Philip IV watched the play. Later on,

Zarzuela was turned into the vernacular which ended the

existence of comedia. Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang) wrote Walang Sugat to prove that

zarzuela was a better kind of play.

Theater during the Japanese

Occupation

The Japanese occupation was a great period for

Tagalog Theater. It enjoyed renaissance for the following

reasons: 1) American movies were

banned 2) Writing in English was

discouraged 3) There was a difficulty in

securing materials for movie making.

Philippine Literature in

English Period of

Transition and Learning

From Tagalog writings tried their hands in English.

For Short Stories - Paz Marquez Benitez and Paz Latorena

For Poetry - Marcelo de Garcia-Concepcion

For Essay - Vicente Hilario and Eliseo Quirino

For Novels - Zoilo Galang

Period of Emergence

and Recognition

The period covers the commonwealth, Japanese occupation and the grant

of independence in 1946.The government through the Republic Heritage Awards gave

recognition.

The Commonwealth Literary Awards. Winners were: Essay: Salvador Lopez

Short Story: Manuel Arguilla Estrella Alfon

Novel: Juan C. Laya NVM Gonzales

Poetry: Rafael Zulueta da Costa Jose Garcia Villa

The reestablishment of Commonwealth

Government meant the resumption of

publications such as College journals. They provided outlets for

young writers.

Modern Period

From 1960’s novel writers known in the country were

NVM Gonzales, Celso Carunungan, Francisco Sionil Jose, Kerima Polatan Tuviera, Bienvenido Santos. Essayists

were Francisco Arcellana, Renato Constantino, Ramon

Guererro Nakpil, Alfredo Roces and Leopoldo Yabes.

Period of New Society

(1972-1980)

> The Period of the new society started on

September 21, 1972.Military government

established a new office called the Ministry of

Public Affairs that supervised the newspaper,

books, and other publications.

> Singing both English and Filipino songs

received fresh incentives. > Kislap and Liwayway

helped in the development of literature. > Theaters were rebuilt.

> Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino was held yearly.

Period of the Third

Republic (1981-1985)

On January 2, 1981, after 10 years, Martial Rule was

lifted and the Third Republic started. Despite the problems, Philippine Literature continued to shine. Thus, the Carlos Palanca Award granted

prizes to deserving literary works.

Poetry was romantic and revolutionary so

that language of literature was

colorful yet violent and insulting.

Thank you!