options and opportunities for waste to energy technologies · 2 efw 670 95 peel environmental ince...
TRANSCRIPT
NNFCC
Options and opportunities for waste to energy technologies
Dr Geraint Evans Head of Biofuels and Bioenergy
NNFCC
NNFCC
Today’s presentation – UK W2E Scene
• Waste available • Policy – focus on MSW/C&I • Waste to energy
– Mass burn incineration – Advanced thermal processes – gasification
• Power • Heat • Fuels
– Biochemical processes
NNFCC
UK waste arisings, million tonnes/year (2008)
• About half goes to landfill • Landfilling will decline over next decade but will still be in use
England Wales Scotland Northern
Ireland Total
MSW 28.5 1.8 3 1.1 34.4
C&I waste 67.9 5.3 7.8 1.6 82.6
C&D waste 89.6 12.2 11.8 5 118.6
Total 186 19.3 22.6 7.7 235.6
NNFCC
As electrical power equivalent in GWe, assuming 25% conversion efficiency
• Compare against: – Drax – 4 GWe; 7% of UK power supply – Air Products IGCC – 50 MWe – Typical mass burn incineration plant – 25 MWe
England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Total
MSW 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.6
C&I waste 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 6.1
C&D waste 2.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 3.0
Total 9.4 0.8 1.1 0.3 11.7
NNFCC
Bioenergy Strategy - April 2012 • Sets out the Governments approach to ensuring that the
benefits from bioenergy are secured. • Four principles ensure:
– Looking out to 2050, genuine carbon reductions are achieved
– Bioenergy is cost effective – Regular assessment of potential unintended
consequences • Uncertainty is not sufficient to justify inaction. Lower risk
pathways have been identified: – Use of wastes – Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) – Transport, in particular advanced biofuels – Electricity, primarily coal conversion but also CHP –
longer term, CCS becomes important.
NNFCC
Doing the right thing
• Defra Waste Review – Get the most energy out of residual
waste and not the most waste into energy recovery
• Waste incineration directive (WID) – The WID places strict conditions and
minimum technical requirements on operators
• Waste hierarchy – Will limit available waste
NNFCC
Energy from waste options
Waste
Mass burn
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Biological
Composting
AD
Sugars fermentation
Treatment
Thermal MRF MBT MHT
RDF SRF RRBF
NNFCC
Combustion converts the chemical energy in the waste into heat; gasification and pyrolysis convert the chemical energy in the
waste into chemical energy in a gaseous (or liquid) form.
NNFCC
NNFCC
NNFCC
Key features • Strict compliance with WID – but, poor image; challenging planning • Large scale (250-300 kT/yr) - economics driven • Typically 23% efficient although latest plants quoting 27%
– Efficiency will drop if insufficient feed material or if feed too wet
NNFCC
kT/yr MWe Name Location 1 EFW 850 70 Viridor/Ineos/John Laing CHP (plus 51
MWth) Runcorn
2 EFW 670 95 Peel Environmental Ince Ltd Cheshire 3 EFW 585 66 Cory Environmental Riverside EFW London 4 EFW 675 51 London Waste Ltd Edmonton 5 EFW 500 51 Allington Quarry Kent 6 EFW 500 38 Kent Enviropower Ltd Maidstone 7 EFW 488 37 South East London CHPr Limited Lewisham 8 EFW 410 37 Lakeside Energy From Waste Limited Colnbrook, Slough 9 EFW 300 32 Sita London
10 EFW 420 31 Selchp Middlesex 11 EFW 400 30 Tyseley Waste Disposal Ltd Birmingham 12 EFW 350 30 Viridor, Trident Park Cardiff 13 EFW 280 26 Peel Environment CHP North Yorkshire 14 EFW 300 26 Biffa Skelton Grange Leeds 15 EFW 300 25 Project E2R (Veolia for Staffs CC) Staffordshire 16 EFW 300 24 Oxford waste partnership Oxfordshire 17 EFW 315 24 Coventry/Solihull Waste Disp Co Ltd Coventry 18 EFW 245 23 MVV Umwelt Plymouth waste CHP Plymouth 19 EFW 300 22 FCC Environment Buckinghamshire 20 EFW 300 21 Newhurst EFW, Biffa Leicestershire 21 EFW 275 20 Norfolk PFI EFW Norfolk 22 EFW 260 20 WasteNotts (Reclamation) Ltd Nottingham 23 EFW 250 20 Bogmoor Road, Peel Environmental Ltd Glasgow 24 EFW 263 20 SITA Tees Valley Limited Billingham, Teesside
NNFCC
11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects)
kT/yr MWe Name Location 25 EFW 242 19.25 Veolia ES South Downs Ltd Newhaven 26 EFW 225 17 Veolia ES Sheffield Limited Sheffield 27 EFW 210 16 MES Environmental Limited Stoke 28 EFW 187 14 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd (Marchwood) Southampton 29 EFW 187 14 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Portsmouth 30 EFW 150 11 SITA (Kirklees) Limited Huddersfield 31 EFW 127 10 Greater Manchester Waste Ltd Bolton 32 EFW 110 8 MES Environmental Limited Wolverhampton 33 EFW 102 8 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Chineham 34 EFW 105 8 MES Environmental Limited Dudley, West Midlands 35 EFW 85 7.25 Viridor, Peterborough Peterborough 36 EFW n/a 7 Sita, Richmond Hill, Douglas Isle of Man 37 EFW 60 3 Viridor, Devon CC Exeter 38 EFW 56 4 Newlincs Development Ltd Grimsby 39 EFW 53 4 Neath Port Talbot Recycling Ltd Swansea 40 EFW 22 7 MWt Lerwick (heat only) Shetlands 41 EFW 4 0.3 Council of The Isles of Scilly Cornwall
NNFCC
11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0-50
TPA
51-1
00 T
PA10
1-15
0 TP
A15
1-20
0 TP
A20
1-25
0 TP
A25
1-30
0 TP
A30
1-35
0 TP
A35
1-40
0 TP
A40
1-45
0 TP
A45
1-50
0 TP
A50
1-55
0 TP
A55
1-60
0 TP
A60
1-65
0 TP
A65
1-70
0 TP
A70
1-75
0 TP
A75
1-80
0 TP
A80
1-85
0 TP
A85
1-90
0 TP
A90
1-95
0 TP
A95
1-10
00 T
PA
012345678
0-5
MW
e6-
10 M
We
11-1
5 M
We
16-2
0 M
We
21-2
5 M
We
26-3
0 M
We
31-3
5 M
We
36-4
0 M
We
41-4
5 M
We
46-5
0 M
We
51-5
5 M
We
56-6
0 M
We
61-6
5 M
We
66-7
0 M
We
71-7
5 M
We
76-8
0 M
We
81-8
5 M
We
86-9
0 M
We
91-9
5 M
We
96-1
00 M
We
NNFCC
WtE capacity in UK • Could soon to be up to about 11.5 million
tonnes/year; ~1000 MWe – Was 4.4 MT in 2007.
• Tightness starting to appear – North European Market estimated to have overcapacity of 6.9 MT in 2011, with gate fees falling.
0
1
0
2
7
1
6
3
6
3
2 2
1
3
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
number of landfill sites MWe net ACT Figures show number of projects
NNFCC
Gasification - Flexible / “no regrets” technologies • Mitigate against inherent uncertainties of projecting deployment
scenarios over long timescales (including the uncertainties around CCS) – Emerging analysis (TINA, ETI, NNFCC) suggests that the
development of advanced conversion technologies, in particular reliable gasification and clean-up at scale, is crucial in allowing us to realise this “insurance”.
• Crucial gasification variants identified are – Advanced biofuels (e.g. FT fuels) – Biopower – Heat (biomethane/bioSNG)
• Technology innovation needed to reduce cost, increase efficiency, increase reliability to support the development of flexible bioenergy which can adapt to inherent uncertainties.
NNFCC
Methane (bioSNG)
Mixed alcohols synthesis
Furnace/Boiler
Fuel cell
Ethanol (fermentation)
Fischer Tropsch
Engine/Turbine
direct combustion
chemical synthesis
Gasification
Methanol synthesis
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen
Ammonia
DiMethylEther (DME)
Diesel / jet fuel
n-paraffins
Fertilisers
Acetyls
MTO/MOGD Formaldehyde
He
at
Po
we
r
Fu
els
ch
em
ica
ls a
nd
ma
teria
ls
syngas
Strategy identifies gasification as a key opportunity – values its flexibility
NNFCC
Bioenergy Strategy Opportunities
• Use of wastes • Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) • Transport, in particular advanced biofuels • Electricity, primarily coal conversion to biomass but also
CHP – longer term, CCS becomes important (strong ETI interest in bioCCS).
NNFCC
Gas cleaning /polishing and conditioning
Syngas cleaning &
conditioning Gasification
All applications are proven but not for biomass – boilers and engines are
most viable in near term
Individual technologies are commercially available, particularly the applications. More work is needed to prove the gasification step, to develop enhanced gas clean up for the more advanced applications. The key risks are at the interfaces.
NNFCC
Gasification to power is emerging with about 800 MWe of projects. Efficiencies are in the range 18-33% with potential to increase towards 40%.
Most projects use steam; where power is produced using an engine or turbine, the gasifiers are either downdraft or use plasma treatment in some way
NNFCC
ETI Waste to Energy Demonstrator • Royal Dahlman leads consortium to win a contract from the ETI to build a 7 MWe
combined cycle (IGCC) power plant incorporating a gas turbine – MILENA indirect gasifier with OLGA syngas cleanup technology
• Multi feedstock (RDF/SRF/wood) • Ongoing
– Pilot plant testing – Process design – Site development
• Permitting • Planning
NNFCC
Gasification and heat - bioSNG
Gasification Syngas
cooling & cleaning
Purification
wood
water
Char combustion
air
(steam)
natural gas network
Methanation
tars
CH 4
CO 2 H 2 O H 2 O
heat
(steam) UK electrical grid
C0 2 H
Purification to ensure bioSNG meets network standards before injection
Methanation at high pressure, with removal of excess heat to generate power and steam
Dual gasifier with steam, and indirect heating from char combustion. First plants plan to use only dried clean wood feedstock
Syngas cleaning to remove tars and other contaminants to the ppb level
NNFCC
• Biomass gasification to produce bioSNG is only at the demonstration stage, with limited experience in downstream fuel synthesis integration
• Three developers now active:
Developer Project Location Stage Size and start-up year
REPOTEC-
CTU
BioSNG Güssing Austria Pilot
1 MWbioSNG unit built at the 8 MWth Güssing CHP plant in June 2009, as part of the EU Bio-SNG project. Previous 10kWbioSNG test-rig in 2003
Gazobois Eclépens Switzerland Commercial 21.5 MWbioSNG plant starting in 2012
GoBiGas Gothenburg Sweden Commercial
20 MWbioSNG in 2012 + 80 MWbioSNG in 2015/6 with Goteborg Energi & E.ON Possible 200MWbioSNG plant with E.ON after 2015
ECN ECN
Petten Netherlands Pilot 25 kWth input test-rig started in 2004.
800kWth CHP pilot plant (no bioSNG) in 2008
Not yet determined Demo Plans for a 50MWth plant in 2016, after
demonstrating CHP plant at 10MWth with HVC
APP / Prog
Eng / Nat
Grid
APP Swindon Pilot Plans to convert existing APP pilot plant to produce bioSNG. 1st on waste. 2013-15
NNFCC
Illustrative BA/Solena Jet Fuel Plant Schematic
Gas cleaning /polishing and conditioning Syngas
cleaning & conditioning
Gasification Fischer Tropsch
Wax upgrading
NNFCC
Biomass to Liquids - Ineos Bio Process to produce ethanol via gasification is about to be demonstrated at commercial scale on Teesside. This, along with
the BA/Solena jet fuel plant, will leapfrog the UK in a world leading position with respect to BTL.
NNFCC
Coal conversion to biomass and co-firing: Metso are building a 140 MW fluidised bed wood gasifier in Vaasa,
Finland to co-fire syngas with coal • €40 million • 25-40% coal replacement • Removes ash from combustion process • Biomass can be brought on line during planned
shutdown – commissioning due December 2012
• Power station still can operate on 100% coal if necessary
NNFCC
© 2011 NNFCC
• Gasification of wastes to produce power is emerging most strongly • Increasing interest in bioSNG in the UK • Strongest interest in advanced biofuels from gasification currently
from aviation industry; lack of drive and policy from UK Government could be a derailer.
NNFCC
Biomass (including the biomass contained with wastes) consists of two complex sugars and lignin
Lignin
Cellulose (C6 sugar)
Hemicellulose (C5 sugar)
Lignin
Cellulose (C6 sugar)
Hemicellulose (C5sugar)
Ethanol Yeast/
bacteria
bacteria
Xylose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, glucose
Klinke et al., 2000
Does not convert to ethanol: • Source of natural aromatics (R&D) • Source of energy for process
NNFCC
Lignocellulosic Ethanol Technology Overview – Biochemical Route
• Example technology suppliers – Abengoa – Bluefire – Iogen – Mascoma – POET – Royal Nedalco – Fiberight
• UK and Wastes – Green Biologics
(butanol via ABE) – BioCaldol – TMO renewables – Genensys (Selby) – CPI (Research) – Rahu (early stages)
Lignin Does not convert to ethanol Can be used to
Provide heat and power Make aromatics
NNFCC
UK W2E Scene • Mass burn incineration is the most well established technology
– Some impressive facilities; WID compliant; efficiencies being quoted at up to 27%, typically around 23%
– Large scale – 250-300 kT/year; typically about 25 MWe – Only get subsidy if CHP – need for heat networks – ~1000 MWe of capacity built and in build – Planning challenges, poor image
• Gasification (and pyrolysis) supported by Government – flexibility – Efficiencies to power of up to 40% possible- but up to about 35% presently – Numbers of UK projects to produce power – Can be used to produce fuels, bioSNG, chemicals (materials) but
deployment timescales behind power production • Biochemical fuels production
– Waste heterogenity might be an issue – Some companies progressing the opportunity in the UK. – Strong UK R&D capability – Combination of thermochemical and biochemical could be a disruptor
NNFCC
Leadership Team