optimizing mowing mowing history performance€¦ · reel mower concept cutting action construction...
TRANSCRIPT
Optimizing Mowing Optimizing Mowing PerformancePerformance
Quality of Cut for Athletic FieldsQuality of Cut for Athletic FieldsQuality of Cut for Athletic FieldsQuality of Cut for Athletic Fields
Rotary and Reel Type MowersRotary and Reel Type Mowers
Jim Nedin Jim Nedin Consulting ServicesConsulting Services
1941 “Good-All”... first rotary lawn mower; 7/8 hp Maytag vertical shaft engine; Leonard B. Goodall, Missouri; Inventor
1947 “Ride-Away, Sr.” ... first 4 wheel rotary idi l C il El d P d
Mowing HistoryMowing History
riding lawn mower; Cecil Elwood Pond, Indiana; Entrepreneur and founder of Wheel Horse Products Company
1963 “The Hustler”... first zero turn riding rotary lawn mower; John Regier, Kanas; Machinist/Tinkerer
and seventy-five years laterand seventy five years later...
Grass plants do not benefit from cutting (defoliation)Mowing reduces photosynthesis by removing leaf tissue which leads to:
Mowing is a significant stress to turfMowing is a significant stress to turf
− Mowing reduces photosynthesis by removing leaf tissue which leads to:1. reduced carbohydrate synthesis & storage2. increased shoot growth (plant response to increase photosynthetic area)
− Reduces root mass & depth of rooting
− Carbohydrates produced are allocated to shoot growth (recovery)
− Root growth regulators may be produced in leaves
− Wounds tissue leading to dehydration, possible infection site for fungi.
+ Increases plant density to increase photosynthetic surface area
+ Reduces leaf width creating finer textured turf
Too much tissue removed at one time (infrequent mowing)
Removal of more than 40% leaf tissue at one time can stop root growth from 6 days to 2 weeks depending on the amount of tissue removed.
Why???
Turf plant stress increases with:Turf plant stress increases with:
Increased leaf damage (dull blade, suboptimum setup)
Increased environmental stress in combination with mowing
Ideal is to raise height of cut during summer stress
Mowing FrequencyOptimal Cutting Requirements
HOC: Re-mow at:0.750 (3/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.250) = 1.000 (1”)1.000 (1”) 1/3 growth (+0.333) = 1.333 (1-1/3”)1 125 (1 1/8”) 1/3 h ( 0 375) 1 500 (1 1/2”)
1/3 Rule: Grass blade removal not to exceed 1/3 HOCDr. James Beard, Texas A&M, 1953
1.125 (1-1/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.375) = 1.500 (1-1/2”)1.250 (1-1/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.416) = 1.666 (1-2/3”)1.500 (1-1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.500) = 2.000 (2”)1.750 (1-3/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.583) = 2.333 (2-1/3”)2.000 (2”) 1/3 growth (+0.666) = 2.666 (2-2/3”)2.250 (2-1/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.750) = 3.000 (3”)2.500 (2-1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.833) = 3.333 (3-1/3”)
Quality of Cut P fPerformance
Rotary MowerFundamentals
So What’s Under Here Anyway?
Rotary MowerC tConcept
Cutting Actiong
Recycler
Side Discharge
Rear Discharge Deck Design
RotaryM CliMower Clip
Factors Affecting Rotary Mower Clip
1. Blade-tip speed1. Blade tip speed
2. Ground speed
Blade Length
"inches"
BladeSpindle
RPM Traction Unit
MPH
Enter 27 2500 4
294.3309 Blade Tip Speed (feet per second)
3,531.971 Blade Tip Speed (inches per second)
Rotary Blade Speed Calculator
211,918.3 Inches per minute
17,659.86 Feet per minute
3.3446697 Miles per minute
200.68018 Miles per hour (blade speed)
4,224.00 Ground speed (inches per minute)
0.32 Clip Rate (inches)
Rotary Mowervs
R l MReel Mower
Horsepower Requirement
Average Horsepower Consumption
Rotary Type Mowers GenerallyRotary Type Mowers Generally Require 30% More Horsepower Than A Reel Type Mower When
Subjected To The Same Conditions.
Check Engine RPM Cutting Unit AttitudeBad Attitude Requires More Horsepower
⅛” - ¼”
Cutting Unit AttitudeMaintain Even Height Across Cutting Unit
Clean Underside Of Deck For Higher Cutting Efficiency
Rotary Mower Blade Designs
Low SailLow Sail Medium SailMedium Sail Recycler SailRecycler Sail High SailHigh Sail Atomic SailAtomic Sail
Rotary BladeMaintenance andMaintenance and
Sharpening
Dull Blades Require More Horsepower Sharp vs Dull
Rotary Blade Sharpening
WARNING !
Always wear a face shield f t l hor safety glasses when
grinding or sharpening.
FLAT PARTOF BLADE
SAIL
SAIL
WEAR
SAIL
SLOTFORMED
INCORRECT – This will cause poor qualityof cut and high horsepower requirement.
CORRECT
INCORRECT – This will cause poor qualityof cut and high horsepower requirement.
CORRECT
Never!!!
Straighten a Bent or Twisted BladeStraighten a Bent or Twisted Blade
DO NOT grind bottom of cutting edge.This will cause poor quality of cut and highhorsepower requirement.
Grind top side of cutting edge only.
Safety First…Safety First… Properly Balance Rotary Blades
“Impact Gun” Blade Removal Only! Start Bolt By Hand and Properly Torque
Safety First…Safety First… Properly Torque Rotary Blades
QuestionsQuestions
Reel TechnologyReel Technology
Guide to Optimal Reel Mower PerformanceGuide to Optimal Reel Mower Performance
Mowing HistoryMowing History1830 First mechanical reel mower;
Edwin Budding, Stroud England; Engineer
1890’s “Leyland Steam Mower” first steam powered 1 ½ ton steam-powered tricycle mower; James Sumner, United Kingdom; Blacksmith
1914 “Worthington” first gang-mower; Charles Campbell Worthington, Delaware; American Industrialist
1919 “Moto-Mower” first gas powered mower (175 lbs.); Colonel Edwin George, Detroit; Entrepreneur
and one hundred eighty-five years laterand one hundred eighty five years later...
Reel MowerConceptConcept
Cutting Action
Construction
Spider Reel Blade
Reel Cylinder
Bedknife Bedbar
Shaft
Side Plate Reel Frame
Construction
Bedbar Pivot BoltBedbar Assembly
Cutting Action
Sharp vs Dull
1. Maintain Proper ADJUSTMENT
2. BACKLAP the Reel and Bedknife
Quality of Cut Maintenance
C t e ee a d ed e
3. SHARPEN the Reel and Bedknife
1. Maintain Proper ADJUSTMENT
Quality of Cut Maintenance Maintain Consistent Minimal (light) Contact
Never over tighten the reel-to-bedknife adjustment in an attempt to produce
an acceptable quality of cut
Minimal Contact Only!Always follow mower manufacturer’s recommendations
RiflingMetal Distortion created at
Reel / Bedknife Cutting Surfaces
RiflingMultiple streaks appear on the turf
across the cutting unit path
Reel rotational direction
Rifling Rifling
Blade resistance moving across bedknife
ggPhenomenonPhenomenon
Rifling Phenomenon
Reel blade distortion is restricted at spiders
Reel blades distort between spiders, caused by heavy contact
at cutting edge
REEL
BEDKNIFE
After-cut Visible Streaks
1. Maintain Proper ADJUSTMENT
2. BACKLAP the Reel and Bedknife
Quality of Cut Maintenance
2. BACKLAP the Reel and Bedknife
BACKLAP OFTENbut
BACKLAP OFTENbut
VERY LITTLEVERY LITTLE
Approximately Two Minutes per Cutting Unit
@ 10-12 Hour Mowing Intervals
Backlapping ProcessReel rotation
is reversed ~250 rpm
Backlapping Compoundfor best results...
* Fairway mowers: 120 grit* Greens mowers: 180-220 grit
Backlapping compound is forced to pass between the reel & bedknife
Bedknife Deburring Tools
“Bedknife Buddy”
1. Maintain Proper ADJUSTMENT
2. BACKLAP the Reel and Bedknife
Quality of Cut Maintenance
C t e ee a d ed e
3. SHARPEN the Reel and Bedknife
Reel Grinders RELIEFANGLE
Reel Angles
Reel and Bedknife Angle Relationship
TOPANGLE
FRONTANGLE
RAKEANGLE
BedknifeAngles
Always follow manufacturer’s recommended grinding angles
Grinding / Sharpening
Reel Blade
Dull EdgesBedknife
Typical Grinding Interval... Approximately every 120 - 150 hours use
Reel Wear (Cone Shape)
Affects Blade Path Performance
Shaft
Helix-shapedreel blade
X
Ensure Reel Cylinder is Cylindrically Ground
Distance X = Y
X Y
Bedknife Grinders BedknivesOptimize Cutting Performance
Always follow manufacturer’s recommended grinding angles
Optimum Mowing PerformanceOptimum Mowing Performance
• Quality of CutMeasurable
• Quality of CutMeasurable
• After-cut AppearancePerception
• After-cut AppearancePerception
Don’t wait untilDon’t wait untilquality of cutdeteriorates
quality of cutdeteriorates
- Measures effective HOC.
- Aids in selecting the correct bedknife.
- Provides a birds eye view
TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Turf EvaluatorMeasure relative
HOC View turfconditions
of the quality of cut.- Tip Dieback- Onset of Disease- Mismatch- Stragglers
Issues Related to
Reel Mower PerformanceReel Mower Performance
Inconsistent Height of Cut / Turf Performance
Aggressive Cutting Unit Attitude Mowing Frequency / Reel Speed
Quality of Cut Performance Mowing Speed / Direction
Mowing PerformanceKey Factors
Frequency Of Clip
Mowing Frequencyg q y
Blade Path
Bedknife Attitude
Effective HOC and ACA
Frequency Of Clip(FOC)
BLADES
REEL
BEDKNIFEA
Frequency Of Clip Illustration
Movement of the blade from point A to point B equals one inch of forward travel of the bedknife or one inch Clip.
TURF SURFACE (GROUND)
BEDKNIFEBEDBAR
ROLLER
1” 1” 1” 1”
AB
FOC Animation
Accentuated Clip MarksAccentuated Clip Marks Frequency Of ClipFactors that affect FOC are:
•Ground Speed (mph)•Reel Speed (rpm)•Number of Reel Blades
HOC = FOC
FOC
HOC
Speed
vsvs
Performance
This condition t t di t t
When the cutting unit travels too fast:(or the reel turns too slow)
Frequency Of Clip
accentuates or distorts the variance between the grass cut at the HOC. The grass left longer, creates a visible Clip Mark.
Cures:
Clip Marks
• Increase Reel Speed
• Decrease Mow Speed
This can also distort the triangle or blow the grass out of the way due to turbulence at the shear point.
Frequency Of ClipWhen the reel spins too fast:
(or the cutting unit travels too slow)
p
Visual Result: strands of grass escape the gathering motion of the reel leaving stragglers.
Physiologically: excessive trauma occurs in the plant due to it being struck by the reel blades many more times than necessary.
Stragglers
Reel Blade Configurations
• 5 blade
• 7 blade
• 8 blade
• Cutting efficiency
• Clip spacing
• Height of cut range
Maximum Reel Speed: ~ 2,200 RPM
• 8 blade
• 11 blade
• Height of cut range
• Speed (traction / reel)
• Mowing productivity
• Mowing frequency
Frequency Of ClipFOC Formula
Ground speed mph converted to in inches per minute (mph X 1,056 = inches per minute)
Inches per minute ÷ Reel rpm ÷ number of Blades
Frequency OF Clip Converting mph to inches per minute:- example: 6 mph X 1,056 = 6,336 inches per minute
FOC Formula example:6,336 inches per minute ÷ 1,265 Reel rpm ÷ 8 Blades = 0.626 FOC
0.626 FOC = Optimal HOC (~5/8”)
Mowing Frequency
The lower you go… y g
The more often you’ll need to mow.
Too much tissue removed at one time (infrequent mowing)
Removal of more than 40% leaf tissue at one time can stop root growth from 6 days to 2 weeks depending on the amount of tissue removed.
Why???
Turf plant stress increases with:Turf plant stress increases with:
Increased leaf damage (dull blade, suboptimum setup)
Increased environmental stress in combination with mowing
Ideal is to raise height of cut during summer stress
Mowing FrequencyOptimal Cutting Requirements
HOC: Re-mow at:0.375 (3/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.125) = 0.500 (1/2”)0.500 (1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.166) = 0.666 (2/3”)
1/3 Rule: Grass blade removal not to exceed 1/3 HOCDr. James Beard, Texas A&M, 1953
0.625 (5/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.208) = 0.833 (5/6”)0.750 (3/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.250) = 1.000 (1”)0.875 (7/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.291) = 1.166 (1-1/6”)1.000 (1”) 1/3 growth (+0.333) = 1.333 (1-3/8”)1.125 (1-1/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.375) = 1.500 (1-1/2”)1.250 (1-1/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.416) = 1.666 (1-2/3”)1.500 (1-1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.500) = 2.000 (2”)
Mowing Frequency Cutting Unit OverlapCutting Unit OverlapAftercutAftercut Appearance StripesAppearance Stripes
Cutting Unit OverlapStraight Pass
2-1/2” Cutting Unit Overlap
2-1/2” 2-1/2” 2-1/2” 2-1/2”
3 / 2 Cut3 / 2 Cut
Front cutting units are subject to 23% additional uncut grass than rear cutting units.
Front 3 cutting units-light green appearance Rear 2 cutting units-dark green appearance
g
Under heavy cutting conditions, front cutting units are subject to greater stress.
Grass volume, cutting unit sharpness, reel-to-bedknife adjustment, bedknife type and bedknife attitude are key factors.
Reel / BedknifeSeparation
Bedknife flexes, separation Bedknife flexes, separation occurs, poor quality of cut resultsoccurs, poor quality of cut results
High volume High volume grass ingestiongrass ingestion
3 / 2 Cut Phenomenon
116
Front Cutting Unit Rear Cutting Unit
Blade Pathade at
Blade Path
Reel Diameter Performance
(% of wear)
Blade Path Cutting Action
5” Diameter Reel - Wear Limit
NEW
5” Diameter Reel - NEW4-1/2” Minimum Reel Diameter - WORN
5”
Manufacturer’s reel diameter specification - NEW Manufacturer’s reel shaft diameter specification
1/2” Differential1”
Shaft
2”
1-3/4”
WORN
Blade Tip
4-1/2”
x 2
x 2
+ =
7” Diameter Reel - Wear Limit
NEW
7” Diameter Reel - NEW6-3/8” Minimum Reel Diameter - WORN
7”
Manufacturer’s reel diameter specification - NEW Manufacturer’s reel shaft diameter specification
5/8” Differential1”
Shaft
3”
WORN
Blade Tip
2-11/16”
6-3/8”
x 2
x 2
+ =
Reel Mower Blade Path Illustration
Bedknife Attitude
Aggressiveness of cut
Aggressiveness of cut is determined by the bedknife position in relation to center line of the reel. The farther behind the centerline the more aggressive the cut.
As aggressiveness increases the Quality of Cut increases, but the cutting unit becomes less forgiving.(Aftercut Appearance may suffer)
Bedknife Attitude
Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle Centerline
Reel
Shear Point
BCD @ 00
00
FrontRoller
RearRoller
BedknifeHOC
Shear Point
RecommendationCool Season Grasses: 0-8 ° attitudeWarm Season Grasses: 0-4 ° attitude
Bedknife Attitude
CenterlineReel
Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle
Shear Point
20
BCD @ 20
FrontRoller
RearRoller
Bedknife HOC
Shear Point
RecommendationCool Season Grasses: 0-8 ° attitudeWarm Season Grasses: 0-4 ° attitude
Bedknife Attitude
CenterlineReel
Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle
Shear Point
60
BCD @ 60
FrontRoller
RearRoller
HOC
Shear Point
RecommendationCool Season Grasses: 0-8 ° attitudeWarm Season Grasses: 0-4 ° attitude
Bedknife Attitude
Centerline
Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle
Reel
Shear Point
80
BCD @ 80
FrontRoller
RearRoller
HOC
Shear Point
RecommendationCool Season Grasses: 0-8 ° attitudeWarm Season Grasses: 0-4 ° attitude
Centerline
Bedknife Attitude
Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle
Reel
Shear Point
150
BCD @ 150
FrontRoller
RearRoller
HOC
Shear Point
RecommendationCool Season Grasses: 0-8 ° attitudeWarm Season Grasses: 0-4 ° attitude
Incorrect Attitude Adjustment
Correct Attitude Adjustment
Using a Magnetic Protractorto Verify Bedknifeto Verify Bedknife
Attitude
810
750
-750
810
7560
Effective Height Of Cut
and
After-cut Appearance
Bench Set HOC
Bench Set HOC
Effective HOC
Effective HOC
Effective HOC
HOC Bedknife clearance
Measure effective HOC using a Turf Evaluator or Prism and select the correct bedknife accordingly.
Mowing Height of CutBench set vs. Effective HOC
g y
Note: (Effective HOC)
Comparing Bench set HOC at 5/8”, to Effective HOC; Effective HOC is typically 0.075” - 0.100” lower than the measured bench set HOC.
After-cut Appearance
Integrated Maintenance and Turf Performance
•• AerationAeration
•• VertiVerti--cuttingcutting
•• Topdressing Topdressing
Thatch Thatch
After-cut Appearance
Integrated Maintenance and Turf Performance
•• GroomingGrooming
B hiB hi
Grain Grain
•• BrushingBrushing
After-cut Appearance
Integrated Maintenance and Turf Performance
Bobbing / Bobbing / MarcellingMarcelling•• Rocking movement of the cutting unit thatRocking movement of the cutting unit that•• Rocking movement of the cutting unit thatRocking movement of the cutting unit that•• Rocking movement of the cutting unit that Rocking movement of the cutting unit that
leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. •• Rocking movement of the cutting unit that Rocking movement of the cutting unit that
leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. •• Change mowing direction 90Change mowing direction 9000. If the pattern . If the pattern
follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it does not, the pattern is most likely due to does not, the pattern is most likely due to turf variations. turf variations.
•• Change mowing direction 90Change mowing direction 9000. If the pattern . If the pattern follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it does not, the pattern is most likely due to does not, the pattern is most likely due to turf variations. turf variations.
Bobbing / Marcelling
ForwardM ti
Turf Compensation Kit
RhythmicBounce
Motion
Resistance
Bobbing / MarcellingRemediation
• Change mowing pattern
• Slow traction unit down
• Slow reel speed downSlow reel speed down
• Reduce bedknife attitude (0˚ +2˚)
• Extend cutting unit front roller
• Extreme cases may require de-thatching, aeration and rolling
Maintain Consistent Height Of Cut
Use a height of cut gauge to set cuttingunit heights and to maintain height consistency between cuttingcutting units.
Conventional Height Of Cut Gauge
0.245 = ~1/4” 0.560 = ~9/16”
QuestionsQuestions
Optimizing Spreader & Optimizing Spreader & Sprayer PerformanceSprayer Performance
Spreader & Sprayer Systems OverviewSpreader & Sprayer Systems Overview
Spreader & Sprayer CalibrationSpreader & Sprayer CalibrationSpreader & Sprayer CalibrationSpreader & Sprayer Calibration
Sprayer Nozzle SelectionSprayer Nozzle Selection
Tank Mixing Tank Mixing
SafetySafety
Jim Nedin Jim Nedin Consulting ServicesConsulting Services
Application Spreaders
Repeatable Repeatable AccuracyAccuracy
Product Applied=
Product Applied==
Target Area=
Target Area
Spreader CalibrationCalibration
b
h
Area Measurement(Acres = Total Area ÷ 43,560)
d
w
l
Area = Length x (l) x Width (w)
= Base (b) x Height (h)
2Area
b(3.14) x Diameter 2 (d)π
4Area =
Calculating pounds of fertilizer to apply:Based on soil test results, the lab has made the following recommendation…Apply 18-5-9 fertilizer at a rate of 4 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet, per growing season, to be applied four times within the growing season.
4 lb / 18% 22 lb f f ili4 lbs / 18% = 22 lbs of fertilizer per 1,000 square feet (per season)
22 lbs / 4 applications = 5.6 lbs of fertilizer per 1,000 square feet per application
5.6 lbs x 43.56 = 244 lbs per acre / 40 lbs (bag weight) = 6 bags per acre x 1.5 acres = 9 bags per application
Rotary Spreader Calibration
Rotary Spreader Distribution
Sp
read
er O
utp
ut
Purdue UniversityZac Reicher and Clark Throssell
Pass 1Pass 1 Pass 2Pass 2
overlap
Edge of Pattern Center of Spreader Edge of Pattern
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Rotary Spreader Effective Pattern
Rotary Spreader Distribution
Ou
tpu
tS
pre
ader
O
Edge of Pattern Center of Spreader Edge of Pattern
10 feet
Rotary Spreader Distribution Test
Place catch pans equal distances from the center point to catch fertilizer to the edge of the throw pattern
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
This fertilizer pattern is good“Bell Shaped Curve”
This fertilizer pattern is skewed to one side
Effective Pattern Width
50% weight / volume
50% weight / volume
Rotary Spreader Distribution
10’5’
gg
Effective Pattern Width
Rotary Spreader Distribution
5’ 5’5’5’
10’ 10’
Spreader Width Overlap
Overall Width of Spread = 48’
48’ X 0.75 = 36’
Working Width = 36’
Working Width = 75% of Overall Width of Spread
Working WidthWorking Width 36’
24’ 24’
Overall Width of Spread
Working Width = 36
Two Pass MethodApply recommended rate in two passes; the second pass at right angles to the first pass
Rotary Spreader Single Pass CalibrationTest Course
(20 ft. minimum)
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Spreader Calibration: Known Area MethodSingle Pass Calibration
Measure area of test course…Test Course Length (ft.) x Effective Pattern Width (ft.) = Total sq. ft.
Example: 25 ft. length x 5 ft. width = 125 square feet
1. Set the rotary spreader’s rate gate opening to the recommendation published on the fertilizer bag (per spreader brand, model, etc.).
2. Partially fill the spreader with a pre-weighed amount of fertilizer to be used in y p p gthe application.
3. Walk at your normal application pace. Achieve your application pace several feet before crossing the test course “Starting-line” and maintain your application pace several feet after crossing the test course “Finish-line”. * Turn the spreader on when the wheels are directly over the “Starting-line”…
… (example: 0 feet). * Turn the spreader off when the wheels are directly over the “Finish-line”…
…(example: 25 feet).
4. Weigh the amount of fertilizer left in the spreader and subtract that amount from the pre-weighed amount.
Use an accurate scale to weigh the fertilizer
Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L GrayDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L GrayDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Use the following method to determine if the spreader needs to be fine turned to accurately apply one pound of nitrogen
per thousand square feet, using… for example 18-5-9 fertilizer...(100 / 18 = 5.6 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft.)
5.6 pounds of 18-5-9 X pounds of 18-5-91,000 square feet 125 square feet
125 x 5.6 = 700 / 1,000 = 0.7 pounds of 18-5-9of fertilizer should have been dispensed during the test
0.7 lbs. x 16 = 11.2 ozs. per 125 sq. ft. Target = 11.2 ozs.
= 0.7 pounds of 18-5-9
Today
25
5
125
10
9.3
0.7
Cyclone B-14.5
18-5-95 ft
n/an/a
Joe’s Walking Pace
n/a
0.7
0.7125
5.6
244
Drop Spreader Calibration
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Use an accurate scale to weigh the fertilizer
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Use the following method to determine if the spreader needs to be fine turned to accurately apply one pound of nitrogen
per thousand square feet, using (for example 18-5-9 fertilizer).
5.6 pounds of 18-5-9 X pounds of 18-5-91,000 square feet 30 square foot
30 x 5.6 = 168 / 1,000 = 0.168 pounds of 18-5-9of fertilizer should have been dispensed during the test
0.168 lbs. x 16 = 2.688 ozs. per 30 sq. ft. Target = 2.688 (2.7) ozs.
=0.168 pounds of 18-5-9
In the event that you do not want to sweep the fertilizer up to weigh it… simply weigh the fertilizer prior to performing the distribution test, then re-weigh the portion of fertilizer left in the hopper after performing the test.
Fertilizer Pre vs Post Weight Calibration Method
The same calculation methodology applies:
Use the following method to determine if the spreader needs to be fine turned to accurately apply one pound of nitrogen
per thousand square feet, using (for example 18-5-9 fertilizer).
5.6 pounds of 18-5-9 X pounds of 18-5-91,000 square feet 30 square foot
30 x 5.6 = 168 / 1,000 = 0.168 pounds of 18-5-9of fertilizer should have been dispensed during the test
0.168 lbs. x 16 = 2.688 ozs. per 30 sq. ft. Target = 2.688 (2.7) ozs.
=0.168 pounds of 18-5-9
Drop Spreader w/catch pan attachment
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Weigh collected fertilizer and perform calibration function
Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray
Application Sprayers
Sprayer Systems andand
Components
MANUAL VALVE SPRAY SYSTEMFixed Speed w/ Centrifugal Pump
Plumbing Schematic
STANDARD ELECTRIC SPRAY SYSTEMFixed Speed w/ Centrifugal Pump
Plumbing Schematic
COMPUTER CONTROL SPRAY SYSTEMVariable Speed within a Fixed Gear w/ Centrifugal Pump
Plumbing Schematic
COMPUTER CONTROL SPRAY SYSTEMHydrostatic Drive w/ Centrifugal Pump
Plumbing Schematic
Analog Rate Control Valve
PUMP
COMPUTER CONTROL SPRAY SYSTEMHydrostatic Drive w/ Diaphragm Pump
Plumbing Schematic
DIAPHRAGM PUMP
PWM
Digital Rate Control Valve
DIAPHRAGM PUMP
DIAPHRAGM PUMP SPRAY SYSTEMPlumbing Schematic
High Pressure Relief Valve(relief valve opens @ 220psi)
Pesticide obstruction located in pressure relief hose
DIAPHRAGM PUMP SPRAY SYSTEMPlumbing Schematic
High Pressure Relief Valve(relief valve opens @ 220psi)
Flowmeter
Mysterious Pressure Increase
Winterization Triple rinse tank and entire spray system.
• Use recommended cleaner (detergent, ammonia or commercial tank cleaner) and re-circulate for 15 minutes.
• Operate spray booms long enough to ensure all nozzles and boom hoses are filled with cleaning solution. Let solution stand in system for several hours.
• Drain tank and refill with clean water. Re-circulate and spray out through nozzles until empty and repeat.
Service pump and other components requiring maintenance and repair.
• Remove filters, screens and nozzles. Clean and reinstall.
Winterize. Use 5-6 gallons of automotive antifreeze (50% water solution), or straight RV antifreeze (follow sprayer manufacturer’s recommendation).• Note: Automotive antifreeze (ethylene glycol) must be captured from tank and
spray nozzles, and properly disposed of. RV antifreeze (propylene glycol) is environmentally safe and can be sprayed directly onto the ground.
• Operate spray system; recirculate antifreeze within, and spray out nozzles. • Check nozzle output with antifreeze hydrometer / refractometer to ensure
antifreeze protection is throughout the entire spray system.
• Clean sprayers exterior with mild detergent solution. Repaint all chipped, cracked, and worn painted surfaces.
Sprayer CalibrationCalibration
Repeatable Repeatable AccuracyAccuracy
b
h
Area Measurement(Acres = Total Area ÷ 43,560)
d
w
l
Area = Length x (l) x Width (w)
= Base (b) x Height (h)
2Area
b(3.14) x Diameter 2 (d)π
4Area =
Product Applied=
Product Applied==
Target Area=
Target Area
Sprayer Control and Monitoring Systems Factors That Control Calibration
• Flow• Flow
• Speed
• Width
Flow
GPM =
GPA x MPH x Width (Nozzle Spacing)
5940 Constant: Acres
136.36 Constant: Thousand Square Feet
GPK
FlowGPM =
45 gpa x MPH x Width
5940
Speed
MPH =
0.682 x Length of Run in Feet
Time in Seconds
Speed
MPH = 4
0.682 x 200 feet = 136.4
34.1 seconds
Width
Nozzle Spacing =
Distance Between Nozzles in Inches
WidthSpray Boom Application
Nozzle Spacing
Distance Between Nozzles in Inches
20”20”
Width - Hand Gun Spray Application Distance Between Nozzle In Inches
36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”
FlowGPM = 0.606 (per nozzle)
(82 64)(1 033 gpk)45 gpa x 4 mph x 20”
(82.64)3,600
(136.36)
5940
(45 gpa / 43.56 = 1.033 gpk)
=(1.033 gpk)
Constant: Thousand Square Feet
Constant: Acre
Interpreting
Nozzle Charts
ISO Color
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
Gallons Per Acre
GPA = 45
5940 x 0.606 GPM
4.0 MPH x 20” Nozzle Spacing
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO Color
ISO
ISO
Calibration Formulas
Nozzle Uniformity
andand
Calibration Worksheet
Nozzle Uniformity Catch TestTo ensure a quantifiable sample size, utilize the “15/15 Rule”
15 ounces per nozzle (minimum sample size) / 15 seconds per nozzle (minimum catch time)
40 37.5 38
Turf Jet #6 40 psi(0.6 gpm @ 40 psi)
Today
(Volume Conversion) NOZZLE DECIMAL OUTPUT X 128 = ___________ OUNCES
NOZZLE CATCH TIME IN SECONDS = ___________
76.8
30
40
38.5
38
40
37.5
40
37
38
38
40
39.5
38.77
36.83 40.71
Total: 426.5 / 11 = 38.77
38.77 2,326.23,840
0.60630
20034.1 34.1
136.4 4.0
20
82.63 1.03380
44.99
Target GPA = 45Target GPA = 45-- 5% (45 x 0.95) = 42.755% (45 x 0.95) = 42.75+ 5% (45 x 1.05) = 47.25+ 5% (45 x 1.05) = 47.25
40
38.5
38
40
37.5
40
37
38
38
40
39.5
Today
Turf Jet #6 (.6gpm@40psi) 40 psi
38 77
30
76.8
38.77
36.83 40.71
38.77 2,326.23,840
0.60630
20034.1 34.1
136.4 4.00
20
82.6380
1.033
44.99
Product Applied=
Product Applied==
Target Area=
Target Area
High School Football
Target Area: 1.322 Acres (57,6002 ft)
Application Rate: 45 GPA (1.033 GPK)
Target Volume: 59.5 Gallons
Easy Method Sprayer Calibration128th Acre Test
1. Fill spray tank with clean water.2. Verify that spacing between nozzles is equal. (Record Inches)
3. Perform nozzle uniformity test.4. Measure test course. (Use formula to determine course length)
(4080 / Nozzle Spacing in Inches = Test Course in Feet)5. Drive the test course at your normal spraying speed and y p y g p
record travel time in seconds.6. Park sprayer while maintaining the same engine RPM used
to drive the test course.7. Set pressure to be used while spraying.8. Collect the output from one nozzle for the same amount
of time it took to travel the course.9. Each ounce collected equals a gallon per application rate.(Example: 52 ounces collected equals 52 GPA application rate)
Easy Method Sprayer CalibrationNozzle Spacing - Test Course Chart
Nozzle Spacing(Inches)
2018
Test CourseLength (Feet)
20422718
16141210
227255291340408
4080 / Nozzle Spacing in Inches = Test Course Length in Feet
Lawn Guns, Backpacks
and
Boomless Sprayers p y
Calibration Worksheet
(Known Area Method)
Width - Hand Gun Spray Application Distance Between Nozzle In Inches
36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”
50’ ÷ 3’ =16.7 passes
16.7 passes x 40’ =
40’
50’
668 feet
182 secondsspray travel
time =2.5 mph
Target Rate1.033 GPK(45 GPA)
Today
50
40
2,000
182
????
Calibration Formulas
Gallons Per Minute1 033 GPK 2 5 MPH 36” Width
MPH0.682 x 668 Feet
182 Second
2.5 MPH
0.682 Gallons Per Minute Note: Spray Width: 36”
Gallons Per 10002 ft136.36 x 0.682 GPM2.5 MPH x 36” Width
Target: 1.033 GPK x 2.5 MPH x 36” Width136.36 (constant for GPK)
1.033 x 2 (20002 ft) x 128 = 264.4 ozs (182 seconds catch time)
1.033 Gallons Per 10002 ft
Today
50
40
2,000
182
264.4
264.4 2.065
2.065 1.0332,000
45
????
50
40
2,000
182
Today
264.4
264.4 2.065
2.065 1.0332,000
45
29lbs,36”width,2.5mph0.8 gpm Whirl-jet
50 gallon skid
Front Lawn
Proper
N l S l tiNozzle SelectionSize and Type
4 X Pressure to Double Flow Rate
4 x Pressure to Double Flow
Nozzle Chart128ozs = 1 00
Nozzle Chart40psigo go
go Flow Doubled256ozs = 2.00 X =
X
12.648
:
3.5562 = 12.6452Pressure @ nozzle 160psi
128ozs = 1.00 40psigo go
Formula represents the relationship between pressure and flow
6.324
X
12.648
1.000 gal @ 40 psi = 3.00 oz AI % increase
1.083 gal @ 50 psi = 3.25 oz AI 8.3%1.167 gal @ 60 psi = 3.50 oz AI 16.7%1.250 gal @ 70 psi = 3.75 oz AI 25.0%1.333 gal @ 80 psi = 4.00 oz AI 33.3%1.417 gal @ 90 psi = 4.25 oz AI 41.7%1 500 l @ 100 i 4 50 AI 50 0%
4 x Pressure to Double Flow (Active Ingredient)
1.500 gal @ 100 psi = 4.50 oz AI 50.0%1.583 gal @ 110 psi = 4.75 oz AI 58.3%1.667 gal @ 120 psi = 5.00 oz AI 66.7%1.750 gal @ 130 psi = 5.25 oz AI 75.0%1.833 gal @ 140 psi = 5.50 oz AI 83.3%1.917 gal @ 150 psi = 5.75 oz AI 91.7%2.000 gal @ 160 psi = 6.00 oz AI 100.0%
4 x Pressure to Double Flow (Active Ingredient)
1.000 gal @ 40 psi = 3.00 oz AI % increase
1.042 gal @ 45 psi = 3.13 oz AI 4.15%1.083 gal @ 50 psi = 3.25 oz AI 8.3%1.167 gal @ 60 psi = 3.50 oz AI 16.7%1.250 gal @ 70 psi = 3.75 oz AI 25.0%1.333 gal @ 80 psi = 4.00 oz AI 33.3%1 417 l @ 90 i 4 25 AI 41 7%1.417 gal @ 90 psi = 4.25 oz AI 41.7%1.500 gal @ 100 psi = 4.50 oz AI 50.0%1.583 gal @ 110 psi = 4.75 oz AI 58.3%1.667 gal @ 120 psi = 5.00 oz AI 66.7%1.750 gal @ 130 psi = 5.25 oz AI 75.0%1.833 gal @ 140 psi = 5.50 oz AI 83.3%1.917 gal @ 150 psi = 5.75 oz AI 91.7%2.000 gal @ 160 psi = 6.00 oz AI 100.0%
Triple Turret Assembly
Nozzle Selection
• X = 28’’
• W = 20’’
• Z = (28-20)/20*100
• Z = 40%
~ Width = ~ Height
Nozzle Overlap
80° Spray Angle = ? Percentage Overlap
w
z
x
H
Nozzle Overlap
• X = 40’’
• W = 20’’
• Z = (40-20)/20*100
• Z = 100%
110° Spray Angle = ? Percentage Overlap
~ Width = ~ Height
w
z
x
H
Air Induction Spray Nozzles
• Originally developed for Toro, specifically for turf applications
• Available in stainless steel or in polymer (through Tee Jet)
TurfJet (TTJ) - Wide Angle Flat Spray Nozzles
Pressure Range: 25psi - 75psi
• Direct replacement for Delavan Raindrop nozzles
• ¼’ NPT threaded inlet for easy and versatile installation
• Can mount at 45 or 90 degree giving greater nozzle body flexibility
Optional - from Tee Jet
Turbo TurfJet Nozzle Pattern@ 20” Boom Height
280% Overlap280% Overlap
Mode of Action
• Contact
• Systemic
• Penetrant
Nozzle Orifice Size
Cutting Droplet Size in HalfResults in Eight Times the Number of Droplets
500500
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns ==500
Microns500
Microns250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
250Microns
==
++Fills in the gaps
Driftable Fine
Tank MixingTank Mixing
• Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)• Soluble Powers (SP)• Wettable Powders (WP)• Flowables (F)• Water Dispersible Granules (WDG or WG)
Tank MixingFormulations and Mixing OrderFormulations and Mixing Order
• Water Dispersible Granules (WDG or WG)• Dusts (D), Baits (B), Granules (G), Pellets (P)• Adjuvants (read pesticide label)
When mixing multiple chemicals together, always…* Ensure chemicals are compatible (Product Label / Jar Test)
* Add multiple chemicals to tank mix in the specific sequence…1-Wettable Powders, 2-Flowables, 3-Water Solubles,
4-Adjuvants, 5-Emulsifiable Concentrates
• Read Product Label– Review formulation compatibility statements
• Jar Test– Use a 1-quart clear glass jar and add 1-pint of clear water
• add 1-1/2 teaspoons for each pound per acre recommended of the wettable powder
Pesticide Compatibility
of the wettable powder
• followed by 1 teaspoon for each quart per acre recommended of the liquid pesticide
• shake the jar and let it stand for 2-3 minutes
• if pesticides are non-compatible;– products may separate and form layers or a greasy film will
form in the mixing container
Note: In some cases a compatibility agent can be added to solve the problem
High School Football
Target Area: 1.322 Acres (57,6002 ft)
Application Rate: 45 GPA (1.033 GPK)
Target Volume: 59.5 Gallons
Today
Daconil
4 - fluid
1.033
3 8723.872
57.6 / 43.56 = 1.32 Acres 230.4 / 128 = 1.8 Gallons of Product
57.6
59.5 gal.
230.4 ozs.
50 Gallon Tank Sprayer
50 gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 193.6 ozs. of product
OR
193.6 / 128 = 1.50 gal. of product
9.5 gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 36.8 ozs. of product
OR
36.8 / 128 = 0.29 gal. of product
Today
Daconil
4 - fluid
1.033
3.872
57.6
59.5 gal.
230.4 ozs.
50gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 193.6 ozs. of product
OR
193.6 / 128 = 1.5 gal. of product
9.5 gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 36.8 ozs. of product
OR
36.8 / 128 = 0.29 gal. of product
SafetySafetySafetySafety
! WARNING !
CChemicals previously hemicals previously used in your sprayer used in your sprayer could be debilitating could be debilitating or even fatalor even fatalor even fatalor even fatal
Don’t take chances!Know what was last used and dress accordingly!
Pesticide Pesticide ExposureExposure
PERSONAL HEALTH AND SAFETYROUTES OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE
• Convulsions
H d h
• Pinpoint Pupils
Bl d Vi i
Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning
Acute ToxicityAcute Toxicity
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Sweating
• Rashes
• Blisters
• Blurred Vision
• Salivation
• Rapid Heartbeat
• Vomiting
• Muscle Weakness
Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning
Chronic ToxicityChronic Toxicity
• Small doses over a long period of time:– Lack of Personal Safety TrainingLack of Personal Safety Training– Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Long-term Effects:– Birth Defects– Tumors– Blood Disorders– Nerve Disorders
Specimen LabelsLabels
(Pesticide Labels)
Personal Protective Equipment Handling Concentrates
Properly Filling Spray Tanks
A water supply hose should never be placed directly into the spray tank when
i i d l di h i l W tmixing and loading chemicals. Water supply contamination may result in the event that back siphoning should occur.
Anti-Siphon Tank Fill
Anti-Siphon Tank Fill
MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheet)
The Three “C’s”
• Control The Spill
C t i Th S ill• Contain The Spill
• Cleanup The Spill
Today
Insecticide (EC)
Toxic to fish & wildlife. Apply ½” of waterwhen application is complete. Do NOT allow puddling or runoff. Do Not store near heat or open flame.
May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin. Do NOT breath vapors and avoid contact with eyes. If swallowed do NOT induce vomiting. If inhaled, get fresh air. Flush eyes with water. Wash skin with soap & water.
“WARNING” Statement
50 - 500
200 - 2,000
May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Moderately Toxic (Rat = 0.8875 mg/l air - 4 hour)
May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Wash with plenty of soap and water. Get medical attention.
Flush immediately with plenty of water. Get medical attention if irritation persists.
Remove victim to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Get medical attention.
Call physician or Poison Control Center immediately. Do NOT induce vomiting unless instructed.
Approved goggles or face shield for cleaning, mixing and loading.
Long sleeved shirt and long pants. Shoes, plus socks. Gloves and apron whencleaning, mixing and loading.
Dust / mist filtering respirator (MSHA/NIOSH approval # prefix TC-21C)
Triple rinse container, puncture and dispose of in a sanitary land fill, incinerate or burn. If a spill occurs, use absorbent material and properly discard. Do NOT store in or around the home. Do NOT store below 0° F.Follow PPE manufacturer’s washing instructions. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.
CleanupCleanupC ea upC ea up
Triple Rinse
• Containers
• Spray Tanks
Why Triple Rinse?
Dilution RatioDilution Ratio• First Rinse = 1:50
• Second Rinse = 1:250
• Third Rinse = 1:125,000
Always fill container or spray tank to one third capacity per rinse.
TRIPLETRIPLE--RINSERINSENEUTRALIZEDNEUTRALIZEDAccording to the recommendations
of the chemical manufacturer(s)
and…
Always!!!Always!!!
Clean the OUTSIDE of the Sprayer to prevent erosion
caused by chemical residue!
Questions
Questions
Questions
Questions
Thank You!Thank You!
Jim Nedin Consulting Services