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SIEMENS Limited 1999ICN PLM CA NP

O Ls

L

E

C

C

I

P Indoor coverageOutdoor Installatio n

Parking lot

Contiguous M icrocellular Coverage

Hotspot

Subway Coverage Extension

Hierarchical Cell Structures

Underlay/OverlayUmbrella cells: Dominant site with large coverage area

low traffic - fast mobiles

Macrocells: Antenna above average rooftop levelnormal traffic

Microcell: Antenna below average rooftop levelcover small high traffic areas

Picocell: Antenna

usually indoorscoverage to buildingor parts thereof - e.g.Business users

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f3 f1 f2f3

C/I = 17 dB C/I = 17 dB

C/I = 0 dB

Concentric cells

Inner cell can use 1 x 3 reuse pattern Special handover mechanisms between layersLimited gains for uniform traffic distribution

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Macrocells

Microcells

Picocells

Overlaid Micro- and Picocells

The smallest cells should absorb most of the traffic in their coverage areaLarger cells for fast moving mobiles / areas not covered by

small cells

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ServingBTS

Micro BTS

Microcell Frequency Planning

Different resolutions required for different layersflexibility of planning tool needed

Dedicated frequency bands for different layersReduce complexity of frequency optimisation task

Guard band may be needed to avoid adjacent channel interferenceCall Setup/handover strategy

reduce macrocell trafficdetermine mobile speed

Fast handoversLoss around street corner: 20 dB!

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Speed Sensitive Handovers

Mechanisms to separate fast from slow mobilesmobile class

today mostly same class is used (e.g. GSM900 class 4)

measurement of the timing advance deltaonly works for direction away from site

cell typetry to keep handovers within same layer unless speed change

mean time between handovers

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Half Rate Coding / Dual Rate Operation

Has potential to double network capacityAdvantages:

No additional sites / frequencies requiredMinimum investment for infrastructure upgrade

Disadvantage:Speech quality degradation (reduction of speech bit rate from 13 kb/s to6.5 kb/s)

Especially mobile-to-mobile calls

Gain depends on ratio full rate users / half rate users / data traffic

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Cell Parameter Optimisation

Default parameter sets:PS! Standard setting suitable for most casesStarting point for possible optimisation, however

more relevant after other optimisation activities

Different parameter standards may be used for different area typesBTS typesetc.

Danger many parameters easy to lose overview

inconsistenciesdeterioration of quality

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F H

, P C

, D T X

E f f

e c t

Cost, Eff ort

U n

d e r

l a y /

O v e r l a y

C e l l p a r a m e t e r

s e t

t i n g

HR

Dual band

Adding

TRX

Fine tuning of antennaorientation and tilt

FrequencyChanges

Dual mode

S e c

t o r i s a

t i o n

P r e a m p s Repeaters

Overlaidmicrocells

C e l

l s p

i l t t i n g

Possible Network Optimisation Measures

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Increasing Network Capacity

The relationship between quality and capacityIn a congested network, quality can deteriorate very quickly:

Congestion

Interference/Noise

Poor speech quality

Dropped call

Ex tended call setup ti mes

Unavailability of service